Noncommunicable diseases and changes in lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Gomes, Crizian Saar; Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo; Lima, Margareth Guimarães; Almeida, Wanessa da Silva de; Sá, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de; Prates, Elton Junio Sady; Machado, Ísis Eloah; Silva, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da; Werneck, André de Oliveira; Damacena, Giseli Nogueira; Souza Júnior, Paulo Roberto Borges de; Azevedo, Luiz Otávio de; Montilla, Dalia Elena Romero; Szwarcwald, Célia Landmann

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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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SPECIAL ARTICLE • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 24 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720210009 copy

Noncommunicable diseases and changes in lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Objective:

To compare lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 pandemic according to the presence or absence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Brazilian adults.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study, using data from the ConVid survey, between April and May 2020. The following variables were evaluated: lifestyle and presence of one or more NCDs (diabetes, hypertension, respiratory disease, heart disease, and cancer). Sociodemographic characteristics were used as adjustment. Relative frequencies and confidence intervals (CI) of 95% of the explanatory variables were calculated before and during the pandemic. For the comparison of groups, with or without NCDs, crude and adjusted (PRadj) prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression.

Results:

There was a reduction in physical activity (60% in those without NCDs and 58% in those with NCDs) and in vegetable consumption (10.8% in those without NCDs and 12.7% in those with NCDs). On the other hand, there was an increase in the time spent watching television and on screens of computer/tablet (302% and 43.5% in those without NCDs and 196.5% and 30.6% with NCDs, respectively); consumption of frozen meals (43.6% in those without NCDs and 53.7% with NCDs), snacks (42.3% without NCDs and 31.2% with NCDs), and chocolate (14.8% without NCDs). During the pandemic, patients with NCDs were less active (PRadj = 0.77; 95%CI 0.65 - 0.92), had greater habit of watching TV (PRadj = 1.16; 95%CI 1.08 - 1.26), and consumed less vegetables (PRadj = 0.88; 95%CI 0.81 - 0.96).

Conclusion:

It was evident that adults with NCDs had their lifestyles more altered during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords:
Quarantine; Coronavirus; Lifestyle; Risk factors; Noncommunicable diseases; Brazil

Variables	No NCDs	% of change	1 or more NCDs	% of change
Variables	% (CI95%)	% of change	% (CI95%)	% of change
Sufficient physical activity before	32.3 (30.6 - 34.0)	-60*	25.8 (23.8 - 28.1)	-58.0*
Sufficient physical activity during	12.7 (11.6 - 13.8)	-60*	10.8 (9.3 - 12.4)	-58.0*
Television > 4 hours/day before	8.7 (7.7 - 9.7)	+302*	14.4 (12.6 - 16.3)	+196.5*
Television > 4 hours/day during	35.1 (33.4 - 36.8)	+302*	42.7 (40.3 - 45.2)	+196.5*
Computer/tablet > 4 hours/day before	44.8 (43.1 - 44.6)	+43.5*	41.8 (39.4 - 44.3)	+30.6
Computer/tablet > 4 hours/day during	64.3 (62.5 - 66.0)	+43.5*	54.6 (52.01 - 57.1)	+30.6
Adequate consumption of vegetables before	37.0 (35.3 - 38.6)	-10.8*	37.8 (35.6 - 40.1)	-12.7*
Adequate consumption of vegetables during	33.0 (31.4 - 34.6)	-10.8*	33.0 (30.9 - 35.2)	-12.7*
Adequate consumption of fruits before	31.5 (28.9 - 33.2)	-3.5	25.4 (33.1 - 37.7)	+37.4
Adequate consumption of fruits during	30.4 (28.8 - 32.0)	-3.5	34.9 (32.6 - 37.3)	+37.4
Inadequate consumption of frozen meals before	11.0 (9.5 - 12.6)	+43.6*	8.0 (6.9 - 9.3)	+53.7*
Inadequate consumption of frozen meals during	15.8 (14.3 - 17.5)	+43.6*	12.3 (10.8 - 14.0)	+53.7*
Inadequate consumption of snacks before	10.4 (9.2 - 11.7)	+42.30*	7.7 (6.5 - 8.8)	+31.2*
Inadequate consumption of snacks during	14.8 (13.4 - 16.3)	+42.30*	10.1 (8.9 - 11.5)	+31.2*
Inadequate consumption of chocolates before	43.1 (41.4 - 44.9)	+14.8*	37.6 (35.3 - 40.0)	+12.5
Inadequate consumption of chocolates during	49.5 (47.7 - 51.4)	+14.8*	42.3 (39.9 - 44.7)	+12.5
Inadequate consumption of processed meats before	41.6 (39.8 - 43.4)	+0.72	39.7 (37.4 - 42.2)	-6
Inadequate consumption of processed meats during	41.9 (40.1 - 43.8)	+0.72	37.3 (34.9 - 39.7)	-6

Variables during the pandemic	No NCDs	1 or more NCDs	Crude PR	Adjusted PR*
Variables during the pandemic	% (CI95%)	% (CI95%)	% (CI95%)	% (CI95%)
Sufficient physical activity	12.7 (11.6 - 13.8)	10.8 (9.3 - 12.4)	0.85 (0.72 - 1.00)	0.77 (0.65 - 0.92)
Television > 4 hours/day	35.1 (33.4 - 36.8)	42.7 (40.3 - 45.2)	1.22 (1.13 - 1.31)	1.16 (1.08 - 1.26)
Use of computer/tablet > 4 hours/day	64.3 (62.5 - 66.0)	54.6 (52.01 - 57.1)	0.85 (0.80 - 0.89)	0.96 (0.90 - 1.00)
Adequate consumption of vegetables	33.0 (31.4 - 34.6)	33.0 (30.9 - 35.2)	0.99 (0.92 - 1.1)	0.88 (0.81 - 0.96)
Adequate consumption of fruits	30.4 (28.8 - 32.0)	34.9 (32.6 - 37.3)	1.14 (1.05 - 1.25)	0.91 (0.84 - 1.00)
Inadequate consumption of frozen meals	15.8 (14.3 - 17.5)	12.3 (10.8 - 14.0)	0.78 (0.66 - 0.92)	0.98 (0.84 - 1.15)
Inadequate consumption of snacks	14.8 (13.4 - 16.3)	10.1 (8.9 - 11.5)	0.68 (0.58 - 0.80)	0.95 (0.81 - 1.12)
Inadequate consumption of chocolates	49.5 (47.7 - 51.4)	42.3 (39.9 - 44.7)	0.85 (0.80 - 0.91)	0.98 (0.91 - 1.05)
Inadequate consumption of processed meats	41.9 (40.1 - 43.8)	37.3 (34.9 - 39.7)	0.89 (0.82 - 0.96)	1.04 (0.97 - 1.13)
Increased consumption of alcoholic beverages	18.9 (17.3 - 20.6)	15.1 (13.3 - 17.2)	0.80 (0.69 - 0.94)	0.94 (0.81 - 1.10)
Increased number of cigarettes	33.7 (29.1 - 38.6)	34.8 (28.9 - 41.2)	1.03 (0.82 - 1.30)	1.08 (0.87 - 1.34)

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[1] Corresponding author: Deborah Carvalho Malta. Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, CEP: 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. E-mail: dcmalta@uol.com.br