Deindustrialization in Brazilian metropolises

Ribeiro, Marcelo Gomes

doi:10.22296/2317-1529.rbeur.202403en

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Articles - Space, Economy and Population • Rev. Bras. Estud. Urbanos Reg. 26 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.rbeur.202403en copy

Deindustrialization in Brazilian metropolises¹ 1 I would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the funding the project and the ad hoc reviewers at RBEUR for the questions and suggestions that contributed to the improvement of this article. Any possible flaws and limitations, however, are the sole responsibility of the author.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article discusses the phenomenon of deindustrialization in the main metropolitan regions of Brazil during the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The objectives are to present an analysis of the production structure of the manufacturing industry in Brazilian metropolises, vis-à-vis its national insertion, to identify the branches of activity that were most crucial to the country’s metropolitan deindustrialization process, and to characterize the metropolitan regions in which this phenomenon has mostly occurred. For this, public data has been used, together with a tabulation requested from the IBGE regarding the value of industrial manufacturing in metropolitan regions over several years. It was identified that Brazilian deindustrialization is fundamentally a metropolitan phenomenon, specifically when considering the branches with the highest technological intensity. However, this process has not occurred homogeneously across the metropolises. Those that have most contributed to its occurrence were São Paulo, Salvador and Curitiba, while those that most counterbalanced this process were Rio de Janeiro and Recife.

Keywords:
Deindustrialization; Manufacturing Value Added; Technological Intensity Levels; Metropolises; Metropolitan Region

Code	Level of technology intensity/ CNAE 2.0 Division	Manufacturing Value Added*
		MR/BR		Real variation 2007-2019
		2007	2019	BR	MR
High technological intensity
21	Manufacture of pharmachemical and pharmaceutical products	2007	2019	BR	MR	84.0	73.4	3.9	-9.2
26	Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products	70.9	71.8	-16.2	-15.2
Subtotal		77.3	72.7	-6.5	-12.0
Medium-high technological intensity
20	Manufacture of chemical products	64.5	55.1	10.9	-5.3
27	Manufacture of electrical machines, appliances and materials	44.8	37.1	-5.1	-21.4
28	Manufacture of Machinery and equipment	46.3	38.2	-5.4	-21.8
29	Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers	63.8	58.2	-24.9	-31.6
30	Manufacture of other transport equipment, excluding motor vehicles	53.0	37.7	-28.3	-49.0
Subtotal		58.3	50.1	-9.2	-22.0
Medium-low technological intensity
19	Manufacture of coke, petroleum products and biofuel	48.1	40.2	34.6	12.6
22	Manufacture of rubber and plastic products	56.8	48.2	13.6	-3.7
23	Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products	40.3	34.0	-3.3	-18.4
24	Manufacture of basic metals	29.8	27.4	-28.0	-33.7
25	Manufacture of metal product, excluding machines and equipment	43.4	33.8	-6.9	-27.3
33	Maintenance, repair and installation of machinery and equipment	46.2	30.3	67.1	9.8
Subtotal		43.5	37.6	11.2	-3.8
Low technological intensity
10	Manufacture of food products	21.5	17.5	40.1	14.6
11	Manufacture of beverages	62.2	45.8	9.0	-19.8
12	Manufacture of tobacco products	2.2	0.0	-34.7	-
13	Manufacture of textiles	42.0	34.4	-13.2	-28.8
14	Manufacture of clothing and accessories	22.1	22.3	8.4	9.4
15	Tanning of leather and manufacture of leather goods and travel articles and shoes	31.3	27.1	1.6	-12.1
16	Manufacture of products of wood	18.1	12.8	-5.7	-32.9
17	Manufacture of cellulose, paper and paper products	33.7	29.3	15.7	0.4
18	Printing and reproduction of recorded media	57.9	51.9	-30.8	-38.0
31	Manufacture of furniture	22.6	18.2	22.5	-1.4
32	Manufacture of miscellaneous products	45.3	40.3	38.1	22.6
Subtotal		30.6	24.3	19.2	-5.1
Total		45.4	37.6	7.1	-11.2

Metropolitan Region	Level of Technological Intensity												Total
	High			Medium-high			Medium-low			Low			Total
	2007	2019*	Difference (2019-2007)	2007	2019*	Difference (2019-2007)	2007	2019*	Difference (2019-2007)	2007	2019*	Difference (2019-2007)	2007	2019*	Difference (2019-2007)
Manaus	21.1	20.0	-1.1	5.8	4.0	-1.7	2.1	2.4	0.3	9.8	8.6	-1.2	6.8	5.9	-0.8
Belém	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	1.8	1.7	-0.1	0.4	0.5	0.0
Fortaleza	0.6	0.2	-0.4	0.6	1.0	0.5	0.5	1.6	1.1	5.9	7.1	1.2	1.6	2.4	0.8
Recife	0.2	0.2	0.0	1.7	4.7	3.0	1.3	1.5	0.2	4.0	5.2	1.3	1.9	3.3	1.4
Salvador	1.7	0.2	-1.5	8.2	5.3	-2.9	14.2	10.5	-3.7	1.7	2.4	0.6	8.3	6.0	-2.3
Grande Vitória	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.0	4.6	2.4	-2.2	1.7	0.9	-0.8	2.0	1.1	-0.9
Belo Horizonte	1.6	3.0	1.4	9.2	4.3	-4.9	5.8	8.7	2.9	4.5	4.0	-0.5	6.3	5.6	-0.7
Rio de Janeiro	7.3	5.7	-1.6	5.0	4.9	-0.1	17.4	29.4	12.0	7.8	8.7	0.8	10.1	14.3	4.2
Campinas	16.7	20.3	3.7	11.3	10.8	-0.5	14.4	11.9	-2.4	8.3	7.2	-1.1	12.3	11.4	-0.9
São Paulo	41.4	33.2	-8.2	40.1	24.8	-15.3	23.2	15.9	-7.3	30.8	22.7	-8.1	32.4	22.0	-10.3
Curitiba	5.4	1.2	-4.2	9.1	10.0	0.9	11.7	7.8	-3.9	7.6	7.9	0.3	9.4	8.0	-1.4
Florianópolis	0.4	0.5	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.2	0.8	1.0	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.2
Porto Alegre	2.8	1.7	-1.1	8.5	7.1	-1.4	3.8	2.7	-1.0	10.2	11.4	1.2	6.6	5.9	-0.7
Goiânia	0.7	0.4	-0.3	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.1	3.3	4.2	0.9	0.9	1.2	0.2
Brasília	0.1	1.3	1.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.4	0.3	-0.1	1.6	1.9	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.2
Total	100.0	88.0	-12.0	100.0	78.0	-22.0	100.0	96.2	-3.8	100.0	94.9	-5.1	100.0	88.8	-11.2

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[TFN3] Source: Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), IBGE (2007 and 2019, [n.d.]). Special tabulation for metropolitan regionsIBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Industrial Anual - 2007 a 2020 (Tabulação especial). Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, [s.d.] https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/industria/9044-pesquisa-industrial-anual-produto.html.
https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/eco... . Note: *Corrected by the IPA-DI/FGV in values for 2020.