Propagation of Annonaceous plants

This review aims to present advances in studies on the propagation of the Annonaceae species, which includes species of economic importance such as: soursop, custard apple, atemoya and cherimoya. In sexual propagation, advances are mainly related to a better understanding of the stages of seed development, dormancy mechanisms, and germination. In asexual propagation, compatibility studies between grafts and rootstocks are presented, focusing on the expression of genes involved in tissue formation. The cutting method is also discussed, which is another option for the propagation for this group of plants considered difficult to root, approaching endogenous and exogenous factors related to the subject, as well as management strategies that affect the success of this technique.

Index terms
Annonaceae; seed dormancy; germination; grafting; cutting

Authorship

Gisela Ferreira

PhD, PhD, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Department of Botany, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:gisela.ferreira@unesp.br Universidade Estadual PaulistaBrasilBotucatu, SP, Brasil PhD, PhD, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Department of Botany, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:gisela.ferreira@unesp.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3065-2152

Iván De-La-Cruz-Chacón

P. PhD, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. E-mail: ivan.cruz@unicach.mx Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de ChiapasMéxicoHuixtla, Chiapas, México P. PhD, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. E-mail: ivan.cruz@unicach.mx

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9908-6278

Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro

PhD, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Department of Botany, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:carmen.boaro@ unesp.br Universidade Estadual Paulista Câmpus BotucatuBrasilBotucatu, SP, Brasil PhD, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Department of Botany, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:carmen.boaro@ unesp.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-0621

Daniel Baron

PhD, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Natural Sciences, Buri, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:danielbaron@ufscar.br Universidade Federal de São CarlosBrasilSão Carlos, SP, Brasil PhD, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Natural Sciences, Buri, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:danielbaron@ufscar.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-9413

Eurico Eduardo Pinto de Lemos

PhD, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Department of Agrarian Sciences, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. E-mail: eurico@ceca.ufal.br Universidade Federal de AlagoasBrasilMaceió, AL, Brasil PhD, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Department of Agrarian Sciences, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. E-mail: eurico@ceca.ufal.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0299-5676

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (2)

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Table 1
Seed biological characteristics from Annonaceae species.

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Table 2
Seed germination of Annonaceae species.

Table 1 Seed biological characteristics from Annonaceae species.

Species	Storage behavior	Germination strategy	References
Annona cacans Warm.		Dormancy: Physiol	Dalanhol et al, 2013
Annona cherimola Mill.	Orthodox	Dormancy	RBG Kew, 2016
Annona coriacea Mart.		Dormancy: Morphophys	Dresch et al, 2014
Annona crassiflora Mart.	Orthodox	Dormancy: Physiol	Da Silva, 2007
Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H.Rainer	Intermediate	No dormancy	Corsato et al, 2012
Annona glabra L.	Orthodox	No dormancy	RBG Kew, 2016
Annona hayesii Saff.	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Annona hypoglauca Mart.		Dormancy	Parolin et al, 2003
Annona macroprophyllata Donn Sm.	Orthodox	Dormancy: Physiol	González-Esquinca et al, 2015
Annona montana Macfad.		No Dormancy	Oliveira et al, 2005
Annona mucosa (Jacq.) Baill. H. Rainer	Orthodox?	No Dormancy	Ferreira et al 2009
Annona muricata L.	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Annona purpurea Moc. Sessé ex Dunal	Orthodox	Dormancy: Physiol	González-Esquinca, 2016, Ferreira et al, 2016.
Annona reticulata L.	Orthodox	No Dormancy	RBG Kew, 2016
Annona spraguei Saff.	Orthodox	Dormancy: Morphophys	RBG Kew, 2016
Annona squamosa L.	Orthodox	?	RBG Kew, 2016
Annona sylvatica A.St.-Hil		Dormancy: Morphophys	Mayer et al, 2008
Annona x atemoya Mabb.		Dormancy: Physiol	Gimenez et al, 2012
Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash	Orthodox	Dormancy	Menges et al, 2012
Asimina parviflora Dunal	Uncertain		RBG Kew, 2016
Asimina triloba Dunal	Recalcitrant	Dormancy: Physiol	Finneseth et al 1998
Cymbopetalum baillonii R.E.Fr.	Uncertain	No Dormancy	RBG Kew, 2016
Dennettia tripetala Baker f.	Orthodox	No Dormancy	Nwachukwu et al 2010
Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc.	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Goniothalamus amuyon (Blanco) Merr.		No Dormancy	Chen et al, 2015
Guatteria australis A.St.-Hil		Dormancy: Physiol	Goncalves et al, 2006
Monodora myristica (Gaertn) Dunal	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites	Recalcitrant?		RBG Kew, 2016
Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. Thomson	Recalcitrant?		RBG Kew, 2016
Unonopsis guatterioides (ADC) R.E.Fr		Dormancy: Morpho	Battilani et al 2007
Uvaria acuminata Oliv.	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Uvaria brevistipitata De Wild.	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Uvaria chamae P.Beauv.	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich.	Orthodox		RBG Kew, 2016
Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart.	Orthodox	Dormancy: Physiol	Socolowski Cicero, 2011
Xylopia frutescens Aubl.		Dormancy: Morphophys	Sautu et al, 2007
Xylopia sericea A.St.-Hil.		Dormancy: Physiol	Santos, 1994 in Socolowski Cicero, 2011

^*
Seed storage behaviour refers to the capacity of seeds to survive desiccation. Germination strategy: Physiological (Physiol), Morphological (Morpho); Morphophysiological (Morpho-Physiol)

Table 2 Seed germination of Annonaceae species.

Species	Treatment	%GT	%GC	References
Annona cherimola	GA₃, 8.67 uM, 24 h	80	--	Padilla and Encina, 2003
Annona coriacea	GA₃,350 mg.L^-1, 144 h	69	--	Dresch et al, 2014
Annona crassiflora	Storage burial, 10 months	60	0	Da Silva et al, 2007
	GA₄₊₇, 500 µM	43	0	Da Silva et al, 2007
	GA₃, 4000 mg.L⁻¹, 73 h, burial in sand	51	--	Cavalcante et al 2007
Annona emarginata	Fresh Seed, GA₄₊₇ + 6-BA, 250 mg.L⁻¹, 60 h	70.5	54.5	Corsato et al, 2012
Annona emarginata	Seed humidity at 23% H, 20/30°C	27.0	8.5	Costa et al, 2011
Annona glabra	Storage 6 months, mechanical scarification	86	--	Zamora-Cornelio et al, 2010
Annona glabra	Floatation inside fruit, 3 months	88	55	Setter et al, 2008
Annona hypoglauca	Fresh Seed, Burial	4	0	Parolin et al, 2003
Annona macroprophyllata	Seed Storage, 8 months	71	0	González-Esquinca et al, 2015
	GA₃, 200 mg.L⁻¹, 96 h	51	0	Ferreira et al 2016
	GA₄₊₇ + 6-BA, 200 mg.L⁻¹, 96 h	77	0	Ferreira et al 2016
Annona montana	Fresh Seed, 30°C vs 25°C	55	25	Oliveira et al, 2005
Annona mucosa	Scarification	76	58	Ferreira et al, 2009
Annona mucosa	Sand burial	75	19	Dos Santos et al, 2005
Annona muricata	Storage 1 month a 6°C, acid scarification	60	--	Oumar et al 2012
	Storage 1 month a 6°C, Shelled seeds	63	--	Oumar et al 2012
	Acid scarification, 1 min	77	71	Meza Bautista, 2004
Annona purpurea	GA₃, 500 mg.L⁻¹, 96 h	29	4	Ferreira et al ,2016
	GA₄₊₇ + 6-BA, 200 mg.L⁻¹, 96 h	30	1	Ferreira et al ,2016
	Storage 6 months, GA₃, 1000 mg.L⁻¹, 120 h	68	8	Gómez-Castañeda et al, 2003
Annona senegalensis	Storage 1 month a 6°C, shelled seeds	60	6	Oumar et al, 2012
Annona senegalensis	Storage 1 month a 6°C, acid scarification	44-58	--	Oumar et al, 2012
Annona spraguei	Fresh seed, burial in sand, 25-31°C, 30% sunlight	15	--	Sautu et al, 2006
Annona squamosa	GA₃, 50 mg.L⁻¹, 24 h	75	3.8	Stenzel et al, 2003
	CK + GA₃ + IBA 750 mg.L⁻¹, 12 h	98	3	Sousa et al, 2008
	Scarification + GA₃	50	4	Vasconcelos et al, 2015
	room Temperature storage, GA₃, 400 mg.L⁻¹	84	--	Vidal-Lezama et al, 2011
	room T storage, 60 and 120 days	80	--	Martínez et al, 2015
	room T storage, 7 days	33	--	Wagner Junior et al, 2006
	Storage 1 month 6°C, Shelled seeds	73	25	Oumar et al, 2012
	Storage 1 month 6°C, acid scarification	44-58	--	Oumar et al ,2012
	Scarification + immersion in water for 6 h	80	42.5	Chagas et al, 2013
	Scarification, + GA₃ 1000 mg L^-1 24 h	72.5	42.5	Chagas et al, 2013
	Zeatin 1 mg L^-1, 48 h	70	24	Moreno et al 2013
	Fresh Seed, Germination a 30°C vs 18.7°C	58	10	Martínez et al, 2012
	Fresh Seed, GA₃, 400 mg.L⁻¹, 72 h	92	9	Martínez et al, 2016
	GA₃, 100 mg.L⁻¹, 12 h	60	28	Parmar et al, 2016
	KNO₃ 2%,12 h	47	28
	Thiourea 1000 mg.L−1, 12 h	51	28
Annona x atemoya	GA₄₊₇ + 6-BA, 300 mg.L^-1, 32 h	44	5	Gímenez et al, 2012
CV Gefner	GA₃, 778 mg.L⁻¹, 36 h	85.5	58	Oliveira et al, 2010
	GA₃, 520 mg.L^-1, 144 h	89	55	Braga et al, 2010
	GA₄₊₇ + 6-BA, 520 mg.L^-1, 36 h	95.5	58.5
	CK+GA+IBA, 2.8 mg.Kg^-1	51	50
CVPR-1	GA₃, 50 mg.L⁻¹, 24 h	36	1	Stenzel et al, 2003
CVPR-3	GA₃, 50 mg.L⁻¹, 24 h	61	1	Stenzel et al, 2003
Asimina obovata	Fresh Seed, mechanical scarification	12	7	Menges et al, 2012
Asimina parviflora	Germination in agar; 25°C, photoperiod 8/16 h	76		RBG Kew, 2016
Asimina triloba	Chilling stratification	84-90	12	Finneseth et al, 1998
Cymbopetallum baillonii	Forest shade environment	92	44	Coates-Estrada, 1988
Dennettia tripetala	Fresh Seed	79.8	--	Nwachukwu et al 2010
Friesodielsia obovata	Seed scarified (chipped with scalpel), agar; 25°C, photopheriod 8/16	100	--	RBG Kew, 2016
Goniothalamus amuyon	Fresh Seeds, 30°C, light, 4 weeks vs 15/5°C	70.0	0	Chen et al, 2015
Goniothalamus amuyon	Fresh Seeds, 30°C, light, 8 weeks vs 15/5°C	97.0	0	Chen et al, 2015
Guatteria australis	Germination in obscurity	28.1	12.5	Goncalves et al, 2006
Unonopsis guatterioides	Germination in green house (Photoblastic)	70	3	Battilani et al 2007
Uvaria acuminata	Seed scarified (chipped with scalpel), agar; photopheriod 8/16; 20°C vs 25°C	100	88	RBG Kew, 2016
Xylopia aromatica	GA₄₊₇ + 6BA 500 mg.L^−1, 48 h	47.5	0	Socolowski Cicero, 2011
	GA₄₊₇ + 6BA 250 mg.L^{−1 ,} 48 h; seeds without aril sacotesta	63.0	0
	GA₄₊₇ + 6BA 500 mg.L^−1, 48 h in sand	70.0	0
	GA₄₊₇ + 6BA 250 mg.L^−1, 48 h, in "Cerrado Soil; seeds without aril sacotesta	57	0
	GA_4+7, 250 mg L^−1, 48 h, burial in sand; seeds without aril sacotesta	59	0
	GA_4+7, 500 mg L^−1, 48 h, in "Cerrado" Soil; seeds without aril sacotesta	67	0
	GA₄₊₇ + 6BA 500 mg.L⁻¹, 48 h. Storage 8 months	80	53
	GA₄₊₇ + 6BA 500 mg.L⁻¹, 48 h. Storage 7 months	67	46
	GA₄₊₇ + 6BA 500 mg.L⁻¹, 48 h. Seed fresh	70	2
	Fresh seed, burial in sand, 25-31°C, 30% sunlight	1.3	--	Sautu et al, 2006
Xylopia frutescens	Fresh seed, burial in sand, 25-31°C, 30% sunlight	9	--	Sautu et al, 2006

^*
% GT: Percentage of Germination or Emergency with treatment. % GC: Percentage of Germination or Emergency without treatment (Control). -- Data not shown GA3 =gibberellic acid; GA4+7 = Giberelins 4 and 7; 6-BA = 6 benzyladenine; CK = Kinetin; AIB = Indol-butyric acid

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[TFN0101] ^*
Seed storage behaviour refers to the capacity of seeds to survive desiccation. Germination strategy: Physiological (Physiol), Morphological (Morpho); Morphophysiological (Morpho-Physiol)