Fertilization strategies to reduce the formation of stenospermocarpic mango fruits in the semiarid region

The mango cultivation has shown considerable losses, due to the intense occurrence of physiological disorders in its fruits, and stenospermocarpy is the main disorder under tropical semiarid conditions. So, the experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential loss of yield of mango cv. Palmer by stenospermocarpy, its relation with the nutritional state of the plant and yield as a function of fertilization strategies. The study was conducted in two experimental areas in the Brazilian semiarid. There is evidence that the leaf contents of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) influenced the development of stenospermocarpy fruits, associated with high temperature and low relative humidity in the flowering period of the crop. The incidence of fruits affected by stenospermocarpy reaches 90%, with an estimated yield loss of 28.81 Mg ha-1 for the mango cv. Palmer.

Index terms
Mangifera indica L.; Mineral nutrition; Physiological disorder; Yield

Authorship

Ítalo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante

Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil. Universidade Federal do Vale do São FranciscoBrasilPetrolina, PE, Brasil Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1610-1546

Camila Israela Freire Silva Carvalho

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0770-8867

Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima E-mail:augusto.lima@univasf.edu.br

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-9600

Roberto Lustosa Silva

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil. Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrasilViçosa, MG, Brasil Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4868-1709

Kátia Araújo da Silva

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6618-8753

Marcos Sales Rodrigues

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6567-1273

Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima E-mail:augusto.lima@univasf.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil. Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrasilViçosa, MG, Brasil Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil.

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
External (a) and internal (b) aspects of mango fruits cv. ‘Palmer’ affected by the stenospermocarpy physiological disorder.

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Figure 2
Number of stenospermocarpic (SSC) fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 31.22 and 58.39%; LSD= 72.62 and 4.95, respectively] (a) percentage of SSC fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 6.77 and 107%; LSD= 13.37 and 16.95, respectively] (b), and yield [1st and 2nd half: CV= 23.34 and 36.63%; LSD= 1.76 and 8.63, respectively] (c) of the mango cv. Palmer in the second half of 2016 and first half of 2017 as a function of fertilization strategies.T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H3BO3 + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine. Bars with the same letter do not differ from each other by Tukey test (p < 0.01), for the same period. The bars represent the average standard deviation.

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Table 1
Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil in the 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m layers before setting up the experiment.

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Table 2
Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer before setting up the experiment and reference values1/ for the mango crop. Petrolina, Pernambuco state.

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Table 3
Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer in different production periods (2nd half of 2016 and 1st half of 2017) as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

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Table 4
Deviation from the Optimum Percentage (DOP) of leaf nutrient contents of mango cv. Palmer as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

Figure 1 External (a) and internal (b) aspects of mango fruits cv. ‘Palmer’ affected by the stenospermocarpy physiological disorder.

Figure 2 Number of stenospermocarpic (SSC) fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 31.22 and 58.39%; LSD= 72.62 and 4.95, respectively] (a) percentage of SSC fruits per plant [1st and 2nd half: CV= 6.77 and 107%; LSD= 13.37 and 16.95, respectively] (b), and yield [1st and 2nd half: CV= 23.34 and 36.63%; LSD= 1.76 and 8.63, respectively] (c) of the mango cv. Palmer in the second half of 2016 and first half of 2017 as a function of fertilization strategies.T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H3BO3 + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine. Bars with the same letter do not differ from each other by Tukey test (p < 0.01), for the same period. The bars represent the average standard deviation.

Table 1 Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil in the 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m layers before setting up the experiment.

Attributes	2^nd half/2016		1^st half/2017
Attributes	0.0-0.2 m	0.2-0.4 m	0.0-0.2 m	0.2-0.4 m
pH (water)	6.46	5.72	7.62	7.32
ECse (dS m^-1)	0.31	0.25	1.34	0.86
Ca²⁺ (cmol_cdm^-³)	2.28	1.77	3.33	1.98
Mg²⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	3.64	3.51	3.72	3.45
Al³⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	0.16	0.09	0.00	0.00
K⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	0.14	0.21	0.36	0.13
Na⁺(cmol_cdm^-³)	0.04	0.04	1.01	0.53
P (mg dm^-³)	75.20	46.06	162.19	53.36
B (mg dm^-³)	0.29	0.32	0.54	0.42
H+Al (cmol_cdm^-³)	2.00	2.43	0.71	1.24
CEC_pH7.0(cmol_cdm^-³)	8.10	7.96	9.13	7.33
SB (cmol_cdm^-3)	6.10	5.53	8.42	6.09
V (%)	75.31	69.47	92.22	83.08
OM (dag kg^-1)	0.66	0.67	2.38	1.14
Mn²⁺ (mg dm^-³)	20.00	19.43	61.59	21.71
Zn²⁺ (mg dm^-³)	34.82	4.79	37.52	8.13
Fe²⁺ (mg dm^-³)	20.34	18.53	24.33	27.89
BD (g cm^-3)	1.48	1.57	1.28	1.55
Sand (dag kg^-1)	88.27	85.24	90.00	89.56
Silt (dag kg^-1)	4.57	5.10	3.53	2.44
Clay (dag kg^-1)	7.17	9.67	6.47	8.00

^*
ECse: electrical conductivity of saturation extract; Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al: 1 mol·L^-1 KCl extractant; P, K⁺, Na⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe2+: Mehlich-1 extractant; H+Al: potential acidity, 0.5 mol·L^-1 calcium acetate extractant; CEC: cation exchange capacity; SB: sum of bases; V (%): base saturation; OM: organic matter; BD: bulk density.

Table 2 Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer before setting up the experiment and reference values1/ for the mango crop. Petrolina, Pernambuco state.

	N	P	Ca	Mg	K	B	Fe	Mn	Zn
	^{_________________} g kg^{-1________________}					^{______________}mg kg^{-1_______________}
2^nd half/2016	4.62	0.78	24.96	1.98	3.60	56.71	36.31	197.90	13,99
1^st half/2017	4.06	0.75	18.49	2.58	2.85	55.03	28.48	222.31	12,43
^1/Quaggio (1996)	12-14	0.8-1.6	20-35	2.5-5	5-10	50-100	50-200	50-100	20-40

Table 3 Leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in mango cv. Palmer in different production periods (2nd half of 2016 and 1st half of 2017) as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

Source of Variation	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	B	Zn	Fe	Mn
Source of Variation	------------------------- g kg^-1-------------------------------					---------------------- mg kg^-1--------------------
	2^nd Half of 2016
F_treatment	2.30 ^ns	15.67 **	8.95 **	1.38 ^ns	3.35 ^ns	14.89 **	0.52 ^ns	0.62 ^ns	0.48^ns
T1	1.97	0.09 d	3.90 a	28.08	1.82	60.22 b	9.69	33.71	228.47
T2	2.81	0.10 cd	1.64 b	25.26	1.18	58.19 b	9.10	32.02	219.42
T3	2.80	0.12 bc	1.01 b	26.55	1.78	186.52 a	6.87	38.87	220.59
T4	2.90	0.15 a	1.98 b	23.17	1.36	55.03 b	9.73	47.51	201.10
T5	2.82	0.14 ab	5.45 a	22.73	2.01	63.16 b	9.48	50.14	243.73
LSD	1.15	0.03	1.91	8.68	0.85	66.66	7.52	28.97	100.25
CV (%)	19.16	11.45	30.26	15.29	23.12	34.93	37.17	33.63	19.97
	1^st Half of 2017
F_treatment	0.22^ns	0.01 **	0.20^ns	0.16^ns	0.06^ns	0.002**	0.05^ns	0.004**	0.73^ns
T1	2.50	0.17 b	8.17	11.27	2.07	49.38 b	17.06	49.58 a	249.68
T2	2.42	0.22 ab	9.87	9.62	1.59	42.84 b	14.26	30.06 b	223.66
T3	2.69	0.25 ab	8.87	7.74	1.53	228.96 a	10.53	30.85 b	237.46
T4	2.83	0.28 a	5.54	6.82	1.22	44.89 b	15.64	17.51 b	239.46
T5	2.41	0.30 a	4.71	7.94	1.49	49.84 b	8.68	22.45 b	192.00
LSD	0.65	0.09	7.15	5.64	0.80	37.41	8.78	15.93	140.85
CV (%)	11.23	16.23	40.73	28.85	22.48	19.95	29.43	23.49	27.35

^*
^ns: not significant; * and **: significant at p> 0.05 and p <0.01 probability levels, respectively. T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H₃BO₃ + five sprays with H₃BO₃ [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine. Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by Tukey test at p > 0.05 and p > 0.01 probability levels.

Table 4 Deviation from the Optimum Percentage (DOP) of leaf nutrient contents of mango cv. Palmer as a function of fertilization strategies. Petrolina-PE.

Source of Variation	DOP_N	DOP_P	DOP_K	DOP_Ca	DOP_Mg	DOP_B	DOP_Zn	DOP_Fe	DOP_Mn
Source of Variation	2^nd Half of 2016
T1	-84,85	-92,50	-48,00	2,11	-51,47	-19,71	-67,70	-73,03	204,63
T2	-78,38	-91,67	-78,13	-8,15	-68,53	-22,41	-69,67	-74,38	192,56
T3	-78,46	-90,00	-86,53	-3,45	-52,53	148,69	-77,10	-68,90	194,12
T4	-77,69	-87,50	-73,60	-15,75	-63,73	-26,63	-67,57	-61,99	168,13
T5	-78,31	-88,33	-35,47	-17,35	-46,40	-15,79	-68,40	-59,89	224,97
Mean	-79.54	-90.00	-64.35	-8.52	-56.53	12.83	-70.09	-67.64	196.88
	1^st Half of 2017
T1	-80,77	-85,83	8,93	-59,02	-44,80	-34,16	-43,13	-60,34	232,91
T2	-81,38	-81,67	31,60	-65,02	-57,60	-42,88	-52,47	-75,95	198,21
T3	-79,31	-79,17	18,27	-71,85	-59,20	205,28	-64,90	-75,32	216,61
T4	-78,23	-76,67	-26,13	-75,20	-67,47	-40,15	-47,87	-85,99	219,28
T5	-81,46	-75,00	-37,20	-71,13	-60,27	-33,55	-71,07	-82,04	156,00
Mean	-80.23	-79.67	-0.91	-68.44	-57.87	10.91	-55.89	-75.93	204.60

^*
T1 = without fertilization; T2 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L-a-amino acids; T3 = two fertilizations with 50 g per plant of H₃BO₃ + five sprays with H3BO3 [first two (0.3%) and others (0.2%)]; T4 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + free amino acids + algae extract; T5 = foliar application of water-soluble calcium and boron + L amino acids glycine and betaine.

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Fertilization strategies to reduce the formation of stenospermocarpic mango fruits in the semiarid region

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[1] Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima E-mail:augusto.lima@univasf.edu.br