Gastroprotective activity
|
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
100, 300 mg/kg, i.p. |
Ulcer induced by indomethacin, serotonin, reserpine, acetic acid ethanol and stress; Lesion gastric in pylorus-ligated induced by acetylsalicylic acid, Duodenal ulcers induced by histamine |
Charles-Foster rats, albino guinea pigs |
The extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on aspirin-induced ulcers. Pretreatment at 300 mg/kg inhibited the formation of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. There was a significant inhibitory effect on ulcer formation by serotonin and reserpine. The extract protected against of ulcers by stress. The extract reduced the severity of ulcers and caused a significant reduction of ulcer index in the ethanol-induced ulcers. |
Pal and Chaudhuri (1991)Pal, S., Chaudhuri, A.K.N., 1991. Studies on the anti-ulcer activity of a Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract in experimental animals. J. Ethnopharmacol. 33, 97-102.
|
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
10, 20, 40 mg/kg of aqueous extract |
Indomethacin induced gastric ulceration |
Adult male albino Wistar rats |
The extract had a dose-dependent gastro-protective effect on indomethacin induced ulceration. With results, the extract could probably be more potent then propranolol in the measured variables. |
Adesanwo et al. (2007)Adesanwo, J.K., Raji, Y., Olaleye, S.B., Onasanwo, S.A., Fadare, O.O., Ige, O.O., Odusanya, O.O., 2007. Antiulcer activity of methanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rats. J. Biol. Sci. 7, 409-412.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
1 and 2 g/kg, oral |
Gastric lesion induced by indomethacin |
Male Wistar rats |
The aqueous extract showed significant anti-ulcerogenic effect when compared with the negative standard. The ranitidine and aqueous extract at 1 and 2 g/kg reduced the ulceration in 45.49%, 49.51%, respectively. |
Braz et al. (2013)Braz, D.C., Oliveira, L.R.S., Viana, A.F.S.C., 2013. Atividade antiulcerogênica do extrato aquoso da Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz.. Rev. Bras. Plantas Med. 15, 86-90.
|
Whole plant |
Aqueous extract and mucilage |
500 and 750 mg/kg |
Ulcer induced by ethanol |
Female Wistar rats |
The extract at dose of 750 mg/kg p.o. and mucilage at dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. markedly decrease the incidence of ulcers in rats. There was a decrease in the gastric volume, free and total acidity and ulcerative index was 72.69 for extract and 69.65% for mucilage. |
Sharma et al. (2014)Sharma, A., Bhot, M., Chandra, N., 2014. In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz.. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 6, 558-560.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
125, 250, 500 mg/kg, oral |
Gastrics lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin |
Female Wistar rats |
The pre-treatment with protects the mucosa of rats against the gastric damage of indomethacin and ethanol-induced gastric lesions, and significantly reduced damage by improving parameters related to oxidative stress and inflammation on mucosal structures. |
Araújo et al. (2018)Araújo, E.R.D., Guerra, G.C.B., Araújo, D.F.S., Araújo, A.A., Fernandes, J.M., Araújo-Júnior, R.F., Silva, V.C., Carvalho, T.G., Ferreira, L.S., Zucolotto, S.M., 2018. Gastroprotective and antioxidant activity of Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata leaf juices against indomethacin and ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051265...
|
Helicobacter pylori activity
|
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
125, 250, 500 mg/kg, oral |
Inoculation of H. pylori in mice |
Swiss mice |
The extract showed a significant anti- Helicobacter activity and reduced H. pylori colonization of gastric tissue from 100% to 17%. |
Mabeku et al. (2017)Mabeku, L.B.K., Bille, B.E., Tchouangueu, T.F., Nguepi, E., Leundji, H., 2017. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infected mice with Bryophyllum pinnatum , a medicinal plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, reduces bacterial load. Pharm. Biol. 55, 603-610.
|
Anti-inflammatory activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
25-800 mg/kg, oral |
Fresh egg albumin-induced paw edema |
Young adult Wistar rats |
The extract produced dose- and time-related, significant reductions in the fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation in the rat hind paw. |
Ojewole (2005)Ojewole, J.A.O., 2005. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 13-19.
|
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
500 mg/kg, i.p. |
Paw edema induced by formaldehyde in rats |
Sprague Dawley rats and Swiss albino mice |
Significant activity was observed at the third hour after carrageenan injection, with 72.64% reduction in paw volume. |
Gupta et al. (2009)Gupta, R., Lohani, M., Arora, S., Rehni, A.K., Chauhan, R., 2009. Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and isolated alkaloidal fraction from leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Pharmacologyonline 2, 873-886.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract (AE), esteroidal derivative (ED) |
400 mg/kg (AQ); 300 mg/kg (ED), oral |
Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method |
Wistar albino rats |
The AE and ED were active in reducing inflammation (87.29 and 84.45% respectively) somewhat less then diclofenac. |
Afzal et al. (2012)Afzal, M., Gupta, G., Kazmi, I., Rahman, M., Afzal, O., Alam, J., Hakeem, K.R., Pravez, M., Gupta, R., Anwar, F., 2012. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of a novel steroidal derivative from Bryophyllum pinnatum. Fitoterapia 83, 853-858.
|
Leaves |
Ethanolic extract |
0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/ear in 20 ml of acetone, topically applied on the right ear |
Ear edema induced by croton oil, arachidonic acid (AA), phenol and ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP), capsaicin. |
Male Swiss albino mice |
The topical application of extract (0.5 and 1 mg/ear) significantly inhibited the croton oil induced mice ear edema as well as the edema caused by AA, phenol, capsaicin and EPP. |
Chibli et al. (2014)Chibli, L.A., Rodrigues, K.C.M., Gasparetto, C.M., Pinto, N.C.C., Fabri, R.L., Scio, E., Alves, M.S., Del-Vechio-Vieira, G., Sousa, O.V., 2014. Anti-inflammatory effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken ethanol extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 154, 330-338.
|
Flowers |
Aqueous extract |
3, 10, 30 mg/kg, subcutaneously |
Croton oil-induced mice ear edema |
Adult male Swiss mice (25-35 g) |
Extract produced a dose-related antiedematogenic effect evidenced by the reduction in croton oil-induced mice ear edema by 50.8, 54.2, and 64.4%, respectively. |
Ferreira et al. (2014)Ferreira, R.T., Coutinho, M.A.S., Malvar, D.C., Costa, E.A., Florentino, I.F., Costa, S.S., Vanderlinde, F.A., 2014. Mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the main flavonoid from Kalanchoe pinnata. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/429256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/429256...
|
Flowers |
Aqueous extract |
300 mg/kg, subcutaneously |
Carrageenan-Induced Pleurisy |
Adult male Swiss mice (25-35 g) |
The pretreatment with extract or dexamethasone reduced the leukocyte migration into the pleural cavity by 56.1 and 43.9%, respectively. The pretreatment reduced the TNF-α concentration in pleural exudates by 44.7 and 69.8%, respectively. |
Ferreira et al. (2014)Ferreira, R.T., Coutinho, M.A.S., Malvar, D.C., Costa, E.A., Florentino, I.F., Costa, S.S., Vanderlinde, F.A., 2014. Mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the main flavonoid from Kalanchoe pinnata. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/429256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/429256...
|
Immunomodulatory activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
400 mg/kg by gavage; 200 mg/kg, i.p. |
Shock anaphylactic model |
Male BALB/c mice and Lou-M rats |
Oral protection was accompanied by decreased production of OVA specific IgE antibodies, reduction of eosinophilia, and decreased production of IL-5, IL-10 and TNF-α. |
Cruz et al. (2008)Cruz, E.A., Silva, S.A.G., Muzitano, M.F., Silva, P.M.R., Costa, S.S., Rossi-Bergmann, B., 2008. Immunomodulatory pretreatment with Kalanchoe pinnata extract and its quercitrin flavonoid effectively protects mice against fatal anaphylactic shock. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8, 1616-1621.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
400 mg/kg by intragastric |
Airway allergic disease model |
BALB/c mice |
The extract decreased the development of hyporesponsiveness airway, metaplasia and caliciform cells and IL-5, IL-5 and TNF production. |
Cruz et al. (2012)Cruz, E.A., Reuter, S., Martin, H., Dehzad, N., Muzitano, M.F., Costa, S.S., Rossi-Bergmann, B., Buhl, R., Stassen, M., Taube, C., 2012. Kalanchoe pinnata inhibits mast cell activation and prevents allergic airway disease. Phytomedicine 19, 115-121.
|
Wound healing potential
|
Leaves |
Petroleum ether, alcohol, water extracts |
400 mg/kg, oral |
Resutured incision wound, dead space wound, excision wound |
Albino rats |
All the three extracts showed significant increase in the breaking strength of incision wound. Water extract showed significant increase in wound contraction and formation of scars on 17th post wounding day. |
Khan et al. (2004)Khan, M., Patil, P.A., Shobha, J.C., 2004. Influence of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) leaf extract on wound healing in albino rats. J. Nat. Remedies 4, 41-46.
|
Leaves |
Ethanolic extract |
100 mg/kg, topical |
Excision wound model |
Male Sprague Dawley rats |
On the 11th day post-wounding, there was a significant increase in the wound-healing activity. Progressive reduction in the wound area of the extract treated animals was observed by day 11 (86.3%). |
Nayak et al. (2010)Nayak, B.S., Marshall, J.R., Isitor, G., 2010. Wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. leaf – a preliminary study. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 48, 572-576.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract wild-type and transgenic |
1 ml of extract, topical |
A purulent infection was modeled in rat and infected with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa
|
Adult male Wistar rats |
The transgenic extract exhibits favorable effect on healing of wounds infected with S. aureus and with a combination of S. aureus with P. aeruginosa. The extract not transgenic was active, but not as the transgenic ones. |
Lebedeva et al. (2017)Lebedeva, A.A., Zakharchenko, N.S., Trubnikova, V., Medvedeva, O.A., Kuznetsova, T.V., Masgutova, G.A., Zylkova, M.V., Buryanov, Y.I., Belous, A.S., 2017. Bactericide immunomodulating, and wound healing properties of transgenic Kalanchoe pinnata synergize with antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1 in vivo. J. Immunol. Res., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4645701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4645701...
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extracts of wild-type and transgenic plant |
1 ml of extract, topical |
After wounding, the rats were infected with C. albicans
|
Adult male Wistar rats |
The transgenic extract exhibits favorable effect on healing of wounds infected with C. albicans.
|
Zakharchenko et al. (2017)Zakharchenko, N.S., Belous, A.S., Biryukova, Y.K., Medvedeva, O.A., Belyakova, A.V., Masgutova, G.A., Trubnikova, E.V., Buryanov, Y.I., Lebedeva, A.A., 2017. Immunomodulating and Revascularizing Activity of Kalanchoe pinnata Synergize with Fungicide Activity of Biogenic Peptide Cecropin P1. J. Immunol. Res , 1-9.
|
Bronchospasmolytic effects/effects on the contractile responses/anti-asthmatic and antitussive properties
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day, oral |
Effects on the contractile responses of isolated tracheal rings |
Adult guinea pigs |
The extract did not relax histamine or carbachol-induced precontractions. The presence of the extract in organ baths significantly reduced the maximal contractile response to cumulative concentrations of histamine or carbachol irrespective of the experimental group. The aqueous extract exhibited antispasmodic effects on the guinea pig tracheal rings. |
Ozolua et al. (2010a)Ozolua, R.I., Eboka, C.J., Duru, C.N., Uwaya, D.O., 2010. Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on guinea pig tracheal ring contractility. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 25, 149-157.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
200, 400 mg/kg/day |
Phenol red expectorant method (antitussive effects) |
Adult guinea pigs |
The extracts significantly increased the time for guinea pigs to experience preconvulsive dyspnea; reduced muscus viscosity in the sensitized group. Both doses also significant reduced the bouts of cough but only 400 mg/kg/day inhibited the amount of phenol red secretion. |
Salami et al. (2013)Salami, E.O., Ozolua, R.I., Okpo, S.O., Eze, G.I., Uwaya, D.O., 2013. Studies on the anti-asthmatic and antitussive properties of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rodent species. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 6, 421-425.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 mg/ml |
Reduce the force of smooth muscle contraction of isolated guinea pig trachea chains induced by acetylcholine or histamine |
Adult guinea pigs |
The effect of the extract on the acetylcholine-induced force of contraction was apparent at 10 mg/ml and involved a decrease of approximately 50% when compared to that produced by acetylcholine 3 × 105 M alone. |
Mans et al. (2015)Mans, D.R.A., Toelsie, J.R., Oedairadjsingh, K., Magali, I., Soekhoe, R., Bipat, R., 2015. Evaluation of Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential bronchospasmolytic effects in isolated guinea pig tracheal chains. Red. J. Med. Plant 9, 14-23.
|
Analgesic activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract (AE), esteroidal derivative (ED) |
400 mg/kg (AQ); 300 mg/kg (ED), oral |
Acetic acid induced writhing in mice |
Swiss albino male mice |
ED is possessing a significant analgesic activity when compared with a standard drug showing 75.72% of protection as compared to that of aqueous extract of B. pinnatum and diclofenac (100 mg/kg, i.p. ). |
Afzal et al. (2012)Afzal, M., Gupta, G., Kazmi, I., Rahman, M., Afzal, O., Alam, J., Hakeem, K.R., Pravez, M., Gupta, R., Anwar, F., 2012. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of a novel steroidal derivative from Bryophyllum pinnatum. Fitoterapia 83, 853-858.
|
Action on the gabaergic system
|
Leaves |
Juice |
4.0 g/kg, i.p. |
Measure potentiation "sleeping-time" induced by benzodiazepines and seizure threshold measure |
Wistar male rats of 220-250 g |
The juice had no effect on the GABAergic system in rats in working conditions. |
Agostinho et al. (1992)Agostinho, A.G., Freitas, A.L.P., Miaguchi, A.S., Pieralini, C., Sacco, P.C.N., Nassis, C.Z., 1992. Estudo da ação do suco extraído das folhas de Bryophyllum calycinum . Arq. Med. ABC 15, 14-18.
|
Antinociceptive activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg/kg i.p. |
'Hotplate' (thermal) and 'acetic acid' (chemical) test |
BALB/c albino mice |
The extracts (50-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced significant antinociceptive effects against thermally- and chemically induced nociceptive pain stimuli. |
Ojewole (2005)Ojewole, J.A.O., 2005. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 13-19.
|
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight), oral |
Acetic acid-induced gastric pain model |
Male Swiss albino mice |
The extract demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number of writhings. The highest inhibition of writhings was observed at a dose 400 mg/kg. |
Morshed et al. (2010)Morshed, A., Hossain, M.H., Shakil, S., Nahar, K., Rahman, S., Ferdausi, D., Hossain, T., Ahmad, I., Chowdhury, M.H., Rahmatullah, M., 2010. Evaluation of antinociceptive activity of two Bangladeshi medicinal plants, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. and Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.. Adv. Nat. Appl. Sci. 4, 193-197.
|
Flowers |
Aqueous extract |
30, 100, 300 mg/kg, subcutaneous |
Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing |
Swiss mice |
Pretreatment of mice with extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg produced antinociception evidenced by the reduction of the number of acetic acid-induced writhings by 30.1% and 70.1%, respectively, and extract (30 mg/kg) was ineffective. |
Ferreira et al. (2014)Ferreira, R.T., Coutinho, M.A.S., Malvar, D.C., Costa, E.A., Florentino, I.F., Costa, S.S., Vanderlinde, F.A., 2014. Mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of the main flavonoid from Kalanchoe pinnata. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/429256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/429256...
|
Anticonvulsant activity
|
Leaves |
Extraction with saline solution |
50, 100, 200 mg/kg, oral |
Strychnine- and picrotoxin-induced convulsion |
Swiss mice |
Treatment caused a dose-related delay of the onset to tonic convulsion caused by strychnine and picrotoxin. Even if it was unable to prevent convulsion, an inhibition of mortality was also observed with 100 and 200 mg/kg. |
Yemitan and Salahdeen (2005)Yemitan, O.K., Salahdeen, H.M., 2005. Neurosedative and muscle relaxant activities of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum . Fitoterapia 76, 187-193.
|
Roots, stem |
Methanolic extracts |
100, 200, 400, 800 mg/kg, oral |
Induction of seizures by pentylenetetrazole model |
BALB/c mice |
The extract exhibited a dose-dependent increase in latency to myoclonus, clonus, and tonic-clonic seizures, acting similar to diazepam and offering 100% protection against the lethal effects of pentylenetetrazol. |
Mora-Pérez and Hernández-Medel (2016)Mora-Pérez, A., Hernández-Medel, M.R., 2016. Actividad anticonculsivante del extract metanólico de tallo y raíz de Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. en ratones: comparación con diazepam. Neurologia 31, 161-168.
|
Locomotor activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract (Juice) |
4.0 ml/kg |
Avoidance active two-way |
Male Wistar rats |
The juice significantly increased the percentages of avoidance (90.30 ± 7.60%) and leakage (9.36 ± 1.78%) of the animals observed. |
Nassis et al. (1995)Nassis, C.Z., Bagarollo, C.A., Monteiro, N.C., Ozores, D.P., Yamashiro, K., Freitas, A.L.P., 1995. Efeitos do suco extraído de folhas de Bryiphylllum calycinum Salisb (Crassulaceae) sobre o aprendizado da esquiva ativa, em ratos. Arq. Med. ABC 1, 7-9.
|
Stems |
Ethanolic, aqueous extract |
300, 600 mg/kg, v.o. |
Evaluate the CNS-depressant activity of extracts on the locomotor activity |
Swiss albino mice |
The ethanolic extract showed a higher CNS-depressive activity in comparison to aqueous extract, but similar effect to the standard drug (chlorpromazine). |
Matthew et al. (2013b)Matthew, S., Jain, A.K., Matthew, C., Kumar, M., Bhowmik, D., 2013. Antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers in mice. Indian J. Res. Pharm. Biotechnol. 1, 153-155.
|
Neurosedative activity
|
Leaves |
Extraction with a saline solution |
50, 100, 200 mg/kg, oral |
Pentobarbitone-induced sleep, Hole-board method and Evasion test |
Swiss mice |
The aqueous extract produced significant CNS depressant effects. It produced a significant and dose-related prolongation of the onset and duration of the sleeping time on pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, and a reduction in head-dip and an increase in percentage of mice remaining in box in the head-dip and evasion tests. |
Yemitan and Salahdeen (2005)Yemitan, O.K., Salahdeen, H.M., 2005. Neurosedative and muscle relaxant activities of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum . Fitoterapia 76, 187-193.
|
Muscle relaxant activity
|
Leaves |
Extraction with a saline solution |
50, 100, 200 mg/kg, oral |
Chimney test, Traction test, climbing and inclined screen test |
Swiss mice |
A loss of muscle coordination in the inclined screen, traction and climbing tests, and in the chimney test were observed. |
Yemitan and Salahdeen (2005)Yemitan, O.K., Salahdeen, H.M., 2005. Neurosedative and muscle relaxant activities of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum . Fitoterapia 76, 187-193.
|
Hepatoprotective activity
|
Aerial parts |
Ethanolic, aqueous extracts |
250, 500 mg/kg, oral |
Injury hepatic induced by DENA |
Wistar albino male rats |
The ethanolic extract had no significant effect in the parameters. The dose of 500 mg/kg of ethanolic extract significantly increased SGPT and ALP level. Treatment with both doses of aqueous extract significantly reversed the parameters at a dose-dependent manner. |
Afzal et al. (2013)Afzal, M., Ahmad, K., Saleem, S., Kazmi, I., Anwar, F., 2013. Effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. on N -diethylnitrosamine induced hepatic injury in rats. Pharmacologia 4, 82-88.
|
Leaves |
Juice, ethanolic extract |
200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal |
CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity |
Albino Wistar rats of either sex (75-150 g) |
Juice concentrate decreased the SGOT, SGPT, SALP and SBLN levels by 51.69, 92.47, 72.50 and 105.50%, respectively. Ethanolic extract decreased the same levels by 29.45, 81.37, 45.82 and 49.00%. |
Yadav and Dixit (2003)Yadav, N.P., Dixit, V.K., 2003. Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata Pers.. J. Ethnopharmacol. 86, 197-202.
|
Antileishmania activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
Oral: 4 and 8 mg; i.v.: 2 mg; i.p.; topic: 50 µl |
Limiting dilution assay, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and antibody production |
Male BALB/c mice |
The oral treatment significantly delayed disease onset. When started in the early stages of infection, daily oral dose of 8/0.2 mg/ml prevented growth of the lesion and the effect was long lasting, accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of viable parasites. |
Silva et al. (1995)Silva, S.A.G., Costa, S.S., Mendonça, S.C.F., Silva, E.M., Moraes, V.L.G., Rossi-Bergmann, B., 1995. Therapeutic effect of oral Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract in murine leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 60, 201-210.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
400 mg/kg by gavage |
Visceral leishmaniasis, using the Leishmania chagasi infection in mice |
Female BALB/c mice |
The extract prevented parasite growth in both the spleen and the liver, reduced levels of IgG parasite specific serum and decreased ability of spleen cells to produce IL-4, but not IFN-c and nitric oxide. |
Gomes et al. (2009)Gomes, D.C.O., Muzitano, M.F., Costa, S.S., Rossi-Bergmann, B., 2009. Effectiveness of the immunomodulatory extract of Kalanchoe pinnata against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 137, 613-618.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract, isolated flavonoids |
Oral, 320 mg/kg/day to extract and 16 mg/kg/dia. |
Antileishmania activity in mice infected with L. amazonensis
|
BALB/c mice |
All treatments had controlled the growth of the lesion caused by L. amazonensis and significantly reduced parasitic load. These flavonoids were as effective as crude aqueous extract at dose 320 mg/kg. |
Muzitano et al. (2009)Muzitano, M.F., Falcão, C.A.B., Cruz, E.A., Bergonzi, M.C., Bilia, A.R., Vincieri, F.F., Rossi-Bergmann, B., Costa, S.S., 2009. Oral metabolism and efficacy of Kalanchoe pinnata flavonoids in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Planta Med. 75, 307-311.
|
Antimalarial activity
|
Aerial part |
Hydroethanolic 70% extract |
100, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg/day |
Antimalarial activity |
Rodent malaria Plasmodium vinckeipetteri
|
The extract presented an intermediary activity by inhibiting 63% of the parasite growth at 1000 mg/kg. |
Muñoz et al. (2000)Muñoz, V., Sauvain, M., Bourdy, G., Callapa, J., Rojas, I., Vargas, L., Tae, A., Deharo, E., 2000. The search for natural bioactive compounds through a multidisciplinary approach in Bolivia. Part II. Antimalarial activity of some plants used by Mosetene Indians. J. Ethnopharmacol. 69, 139-155.
|
Antihypertensive activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
12.5, 25.0 mg/kg body weight, i.v. |
Blood pressure determination |
Cats |
The dose of 12.5 mg/kg produced a slight reduction in the blood pressure by 3-4 mmHg. At 25.0 mg/kg, the fall in the blood pressure was still slight; it reduced by 8-9 mmHg. The extract given to the cat was increased to 37.5 mg/kg and the fall in blood pressure was between 8 and 12 mmHg. 50 mg/kg reduced the blood pressure more markedly by 8-15 mmHg. |
Ghasi et al. (2011)Ghasi, S., Egwuibe, C., Achukwu, P.U., Onyeanusi, J.C., 2011. Assessment of the medical benefit in the folkloric use of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf among the Igbos of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 5, 83-92.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
25 mg/kg/day, 50 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day by, gavage |
Extract effect on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive rats (NaCl 18% for 4 weeks) |
Male albinos Wistar rats |
The extract significantly prevented the increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in rats with high level of salt. The co-administration of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, significantly decreased the blood pressure at 32, 24 and 47% (PAS) and 35, 33 and 56% (for DBP) respectively. No significant changes were reported for cardiac frequency. |
Bopda et al. (2014)Bopda, O.S.M., Longo, F., Bella, T.N., Edzah, P.M.O., Taïwe, G.S., Bilanda, D.C., Tom, E.N.L., Kamtchouing, P., Dimo, T., 2014. Antihypertensive activities of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) in high salt-loaded rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 153, 400-407.
|
Antidiabetic activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg/kg, oral |
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus |
Young adult Wistar rats |
Pre-treatment of the fasted rats with relatively moderate to high doses aqueous extract produced significant reductions in the blood glucose concentrations of both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. |
Ojewole (2005)Ojewole, J.A.O., 2005. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 13-19.
|
Leaves |
Ethanolic extract |
500 mg/kg |
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |
Wistar strain albino rats |
The postprandial test results showed that the plant extract exerted some hypoglycaemic effects on the blood glucose level in the fasting normal rats. |
Ogbonnia et al. (2008)Ogbonnia, S.O., Odimegwu, J.I., Enwuru, V.N., 2008. Evaluation of hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous ethanolic extracts of Treculia africana Decne and Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. and their mixture on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7, 2535-2539.
|
Stalk |
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts |
300, 600 mg/kg, oral |
Diabetes I Alloxan-induced |
Wistar rats |
The extracts had a good hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity. |
Matthew et al. (2013a)Matthew, S., Singh, D., Jaiswal, S., Kumar, M., Jayakar, B., Bhowmik, D., 2013. Antidiabetic activity of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers inalloxan induced diabetic rats. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 6, 1-7.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
Oral: 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg and glybenclamide 2 mg/k + 800 mg/kg of extract |
Diabetes induced by d -glucose |
Albino rats |
The extract decreased the glucose level after 120 min administration. The dose of 200 mg/kg showed significant decrease in the glucose level compared to the other doses performance. The association of glybenclamide promoted the major decreased in the glucose level. |
Aransiola et al. (2014)Aransiola, E.F., Daramola, M.O., Iwalewa, E.O., Seluwa, A.M., Olufowobi, O.O., 2014. Anti-diabetic effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves. Int. J. Biol. Vet. Agric. Food Eng. 8, 95-99.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
3 mature leaves ∼9.96 g/70 kg or about 0.14 g/kg |
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |
Adult Sprague rats |
There was a decreasing trend in the average food intake among the groups (normal group > diabetic group > treated diabetic group. |
Menon et al. (2015)Menon, N., Sparks, J., Omoruyi, F., 2015. Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous preparation of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 5, 3-9.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
3 mature leaves ∼9.96 g/70 kg or about 0.14 g/kg |
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |
Adult Sprague-Dawley rats |
There was weight loss and reduced food consumption in the treated diabetic group. Serum glucose levels were reduced. Serum catalase activity was significantly increased in the treated diabetic group. There was a significant increase in Mg ATPase activity. |
Menon et al. (2016)Menon, N., Sparks, J., Omoruyi, F.O., 2016. Oxidative stress parameters and erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats administered aqueous preparation of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves. Pharmacogn. Res. 8, 85-88.
|
Hypocholesterolemic activity
|
Leaves |
Ethanolic extract |
500 mg/kg |
Evaluation of hypolipidaemic effects in animals treated with extract for 21 days |
Wistar strain albino rats |
The extract clearly demonstrated the presence hypolipidemic agents in the extract. There was also a significant decrease in both triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels while significant increase in HDL cholesterol levels. |
Ogbonnia et al. (2008)Ogbonnia, S.O., Odimegwu, J.I., Enwuru, V.N., 2008. Evaluation of hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous ethanolic extracts of Treculia africana Decne and Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. and their mixture on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7, 2535-2539.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
3 mature leaves ∼9.96 g/70 kg r about 0.14 g/kg |
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |
Adult Sprague rats |
There was a significant elevation in triglyceride level in the diabetic group, which was reduced toward normal level by the treatment. Total cholesterol level was also elevated in the diabetic group and there was a decreasing trend toward the normal group by the treatment. Additionally, HDL cholesterol was significantly reduced. |
Menon et al. (2015)Menon, N., Sparks, J., Omoruyi, F., 2015. Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous preparation of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 5, 3-9.
|
Hormonal activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract (Juice) |
4.0 mg/kg, s.c. |
Effects on the release of gonadotropins |
Wistar rats |
The rats that received the juice showed lordosis coefficient (sexual receptivity) higher then the control group. It was observed a significancy for latency to ejaculation treated animals compared to control. |
Nassis et al. (1996)Nassis, C.Z., Salaroli, G.R., Rosa, R.C.I., Marques, F.F., Fattrah, S.A., 1996. Efeito do suco extraído das folhas de Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb (Crassulaceae) sobre a liberação de gonadotrofinas. Arq. Med. ABC 1, 6-10.
|
Effect on hematological parameters
|
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
100, 200, 400, 600 mg/kg, oral |
Animals were treated with extracts at the doses once daily during 28 days |
Adult male Wistar rats |
Hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total white blood cell of all treated rats were increased. The platelet count was decreased in all treated groups but only in group A (100 mg/kg). The blood film report revealed normocytic and normochromic red blood cells. |
Ufelle et al. (2011)Ufelle, S.A., Ukaejiofo, E.O., Neboh, E.E., Achukwu, P.U., Nwagha, U.I., Ghasi, S., 2011. The effect of crude methanolic leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on some haematological parameters in Wistar rats. Res. J. Pharmacol. 5, 14-17.
|
Nephroprotective activity
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
125 mg/kg/day, i.p. |
Nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicine at the dose 100 mg/kg/day during 8 days |
Male albino Wistar rats |
The extract protects rat kidneys from gentamicin-induced histopathological changes. This extract also normalized the gentamicin-induced increases in urine and plasma creatinine, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen levels. |
Harlalka et al. (2007)Harlalka, G.V., Patil, C.R., Patil, M.R., 2007. Protective effect of Kalanchoe pinnata Pers (Crassulaceae) on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 39, 201-205.
|
Leaves |
Aqueous extract |
25 and 50 mg/kg, oral for 14 days |
Nephrotoxicity induced by CCl4
i.p. during 7 days |
Albino Wistar rats |
The pre-treatment with the two doses inhibits arginase II preventing renal oxidative damage occasioned by CCl4. In addiction reduced endothelial NO, functional SH groups, oxidative enzymatic antioxidant status and normalizing the histological architecture of the kidney. |
Anadozie et al. (2018)Anadozie, S.O., Akinyemi, J.A., Agunbiade, S., Ajuboye, B.O., Adewale, O.B., 2018. Bryophyllum pinnatum inhibits arginase II activity and prevents oxidative damage occasioned by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) in rats. Biomed. Pharmacother. 101, 8-13.
|
Antilithic activity
|
Leaves |
Ethanolic and hydroethanolic 70% extracts |
100, 200, 400 mg/kg, oral |
Renal calculi induced by ethylene glycol |
Male albino Wistar rats |
The extracts attenuated the EG-induced decrease in body weight and elevation in urinary parameters and serum biochemical parameters. Also decrease in urine volume, pH, magnesium and creatinine clearance, oxidative and histological damages in kidneys. |
Yadav et al. (2016)Yadav, M., Gulkari, V., Wanjari, M.M., 2016. Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extracts prevent formation of renal calculi in lithiatic rats. Anc. Sci. Life 36, 90-97.
|
Adjuvant treatment to poisoning (local anti-inflammatory activity)
|
Leaves |
Hydroethanolic 50% extract |
125, 250, 500 mg/kg, i.p. |
Paw edema and hemorrhagic activity induced by Bhotrops jararaca
|
Swiss albino mice |
In the pre-treatment protocol, the extract reduced the hemorrhagic activity reaching about 40% and in the post-treatment protocol about 30%. In the antiedematogenic activity, B. pinnatum was active inhibiting about 66% and 30% in pre and post-treatment protocols, respectively. |
Fernandes et al. (2016)Fernandes, J.M., Félix-Silva, J., Cunha, L.M., Gomes, J.A.S., Siqueira, E.M.S., Gimenes, L.P., Lopes, N.P., Soares, L.A.L., Fernandes-Pedrosa, M.F., Zucolotto, S.M., 2016. Inhibitory effects of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) against local effects induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. PLOS ONE 11, e0168658.
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