Andrographis paniculata Nees |
Acanthaceae |
Aqueous extracts of leaves contain a bicyclic ent-labdane type diterpene lactone, andrographolide |
Water extracts show EC50 values from 4.2 to 175 µg/ml |
Narayan et al. (2013)Narayan, L.C., Rai, V.R., Tewtrakul, S., 2013. Emerging need to use phytopharmaceuticals in the treatment of HIV. J. Pharm. Res. 6, 218-223., Otake et al. (1995)Otake, T., Mori, H., Morimoto, M., Ueba, N., Sutardjo, S., Kusumoto, I.T., Hattori, M., Namba, T., 1995. Screening of Indonesian plant extracts for anti-human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) activity. Phytother. Res. 9, 6-10.
|
Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. |
Acanthaceae |
Justiprocumins A and B, new arylnaphthalide lignans (ANL) glycosides; the ANL patentiflorin A has significantly higher RT inhibitory effect than AZT, even against drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates |
Aerial part shows RT inhibition ratio higher than 90% at a 200 µg/ml concentration |
Zhang et al. (2017aZhang, H.J., Rumschlag-Booms, E., Guan, Y.F., Wang, D.Y., Liu, K.L., Li, W.F., Nguyen, V.H., Cuong, N.M., Soejarto, D.D., Fong, H.H.S., Rong, L., 2017. Potent inhibitor of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains identified from the medicinal plant Justicia gendarussa. J. Nat. Prod. 80, 1798-1807.,b)Zhang, L., Hou, S., Li, B., Pan, J., Jiang, L., Zhou, G., Gu, H., Zhao, C., Lu, H., Ma, F., 2018. Combination of betulinic acid with diazen-1-ium-1, 2-diolate nitric oxide moiety donating a novel anticancer candidate. OncoTargets Ther. 11, 361-373., Woradulayapinij et al. (2005)Woradulayapinij, W., Soonthornchareonnon, N., Wiwat, C., 2005. In vitro HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities of Thai medicinal plants and Canna indica L. rhizomes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 101, 84-89.
|
Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E.Br. |
Aizoaceae |
Anthraquinones, terpenes, polyphenols, anthocyanin, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates and coumarins |
RT inhibition testing showed ic50 values of <50 and 121 µg/ml for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively |
Kapewangolo et al. (2016aKapewangolo, P., Knott, M., Shithigona, R.E.K., Uusiku, S.L., Kandawa-Schulz, M., 2016. In vitro anti-HIV and antioxidant activity of Hoodia gordonii (Apocynaceae), a commercial plant product. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 16, . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1403-...
,b)Kapewangolo, P., Tawha, T., Nawinda, T., Knott, M., Hans, R., 2016. Sceletium tortuosum demonstrates in vitro anti-HIV and free radical scavenging activity. S. Afr. J. Bot. 106, 140-143.
|
Allium sativum L.
Allium ascalonicum L. |
Alliaceae |
About 80% inhibition of RT; antifungal peptide called ascalin, a 9.5-kDa chitinase-like peptide present in bulbs of A. ascalonicum inhibits RT |
ic50 = 10 µM |
Silprasit et al. (2011)Silprasit, K., Seetaha, S., Pongsanarakul, P., Hannongbua, S., Choowongkomon, K., 2011. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plant Res. 5, 4899-4906., Wang and Ng (2002)Wang, H.X., Ng, T.B., 2002. Ascalin, a new anti-fungal peptide with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase-inhibiting activity from shallot bulbs. Peptides 23, 1025-1029.
|
Aloe chabaudii Schönland |
Aloaceae |
Total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannin, condensed tannin |
Root water extract, ic50 = 0.6 ± 0.06 mg/ml |
Mulaudzi et al. (2011)Mulaudzi, R.B., Ndhlala, A.R., Kulkarni, M.G., Finnie, J.F., Van Staden, J., 2011. Antimicrobial properties and phenolic contents of medicinal plants used by the Venda people for conditions related to venereal diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 330-337.
|
Rhus succedanea L. |
Anacardiaceae |
Eleven bioflavonoids including robustaflavone and hinokiflavone; these two bioflavonoids had similar activity against RT; other biflavonoids were amentoflavone (6), agathisflavone (5) and morelloflavone |
ic50 = 65 µM for robustaflavone and hinokiflavone; ic50 values for other biflavonoids were: amentoflavone, 119 µM; agathisflavone, 100 µM; and morelloflavone, 116 µM |
Lin et al. (1997)Lin, Y.M., Anderson, H., Flavin, M.T., Pai, Y.H.S., Mata-Greenwood, E., Pengsuparp, T., Pezzuto, J.M., Schinazi, R.F., Hughes, S.H., Chen, F.C., 1997. In vitro anti-HIV activity of biflavonoids isolated from Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora. J. Nat. Prod. 60, 884-888.
|
Amphipterygium glaucum (Hemsl. & Rose) Hemsl. & Rose ex Standl. |
Anacardiaceae |
Triterpenes |
ic50 = 59.25-97.83 µg/ml against HIV-RT; low toxicity to macrophages of <23.8% |
Gómez-Cansino et al. (2015)Gómez-Cansino, R., Espitia-Pinzón, C.I., Campos-Lara, M.G., Guzmán-Gutiérrez, S.L., Segura-Salinas, E., Echeverría-Valencia, G., Torras-Claveria, L., Cuevas-Figueroa, X.M., Reyes-Chilpa, R., 2015. Antimycobacterial and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity of Julianaceae and Clusiaceae plant species from Mexico. Evid.-Based Compl. Alt. , . https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/183036...
|
Ancistrocladus korupensis D.W.Thomas & Gereau
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall.
Ancistrocladus congolensis J.Léonard |
Ancistrocladaceae |
Michellamines A and B, RT activity for michellamine B
Betulinic acid, a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene belonging to the lupane family
Michellamines A2, A3, A4, B |
EC50 = 1 µM
ic50 = 8-13 µM
ic50 = 29.6 µM, 15.2 µM, 35.9 µM, 20.4 µM, respectively |
Narayan et al. (2013)Narayan, L.C., Rai, V.R., Tewtrakul, S., 2013. Emerging need to use phytopharmaceuticals in the treatment of HIV. J. Pharm. Res. 6, 218-223., Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290.
Kuo et al. (2009)Kuo, R.Y., Qian, K., Morris-Natschke, S.L., Lee, K.H., 2009. Plant-derived triterpenoids and analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Nat. Prod. Rep. 26, 1321-1344., Yogeeswari and Sriram (2005)Yogeeswari, P., Sriram, D., 2005. Betulinic acid and its derivatives: a review on their biological properties. Curr. Med. Chem. 12, 657-666., Pengsuparp et al. (1995)Pengsuparp, T., Cai, L., Constant, H., Fong, H.H., Lin, L.Z., Kinghorn, A.D., Pezzuto, J.M., Cordell, G.A., Ingolfsdóttir, K., Wagner, H., Hughes, S.H., 1995. Mechanistic evaluation of new plant-derived compounds that inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J. Nat. Prod. 58, 1024-1031.
Bringmann et al. (2016)Bringmann, G., Steinert, C., Feineis, D., Mudogo, V., Betzin, J., Scheller, C., 2016. HIV-inhibitory michellamine-type dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from the Central African liana Ancistrocladus congolensis. Phytochemistry 128, 71-81.
|
Uvaria angolensis Welw. ex Oliv. |
Annonaceae |
Glycosides, chalcone derivatives, angoletin (7) compound, two monoacyl glycerols such as 1-palmitoyl and stearyl glycerol; stem bark methanol extract inhibits both HIV-1 RNase H function and RDDP activity; angoletin inhibits RNase H and RDDP, respectively; water fraction isalso endowed with anti-RNase H activity |
Stem bark methanol extract inhibits both HIV-1 RNase H function and RDDP activity with ic50 values of 1.0 ± 0.2 and 0.62 ± 0.15 µg/ml, respectively; angoletin showed an ic50 of 0.10 ± 0.03 and of 0.23 ± 0.04 µg/ml against RNase H and RDDP, respectively; water fraction endowed with anti-RNase H activity below 1 µg/ml and no cytotoxic effect |
Ngoutane Mfopa et al. (2018)Ngoutane Mfopa, A., Corona, A., Eloh, K., Tramontano, E., Frau, A., Boyom, F.F., Caboni, P., Tocco, G., 2018. Uvaria angolensis as a promising source of inhibitors of HIV-1 RT-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and RNase H functions. Nat. Prod. Res. 32, 640-647.
|
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. |
Asclepiadaceae |
Lupeol, lupeol acetate, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy- 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and β-amyrin acetate; decoction inhibits RT-associated RNase H and RDDP |
Lupeol (ic50 = 3.8 µM), lupeol acetate (ic50 = 6.4 µM), chlorogenic acid and β-amyrin acetate (ic50 = 4.7 µM); decoction inhibits RT-associated RNase H function and RDDP; ic50 values around 3 and 7 µg/ml for RNase H and RDDP functions |
Esposito et al. (2017)Esposito, F., Mandrone, M., Del Vecchio, C., Carli, I., Distinto, S., Corona, A., Lianza, M., Piano, D., Tacchini, M., Maccioni, E., Cottiglia, F., Saccon, E., Poli, F., Parolin, C., Tramontano, E., 2017. Multi-target activity of Hemidesmus indicus decoction against innovative HIV-1 drug targets and characterization of lupeol mode of action. Pathog. Dis. 75, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftx065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftx065...
|
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. |
Asclepiadaceae |
Glycosides, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins and terpenes, H. gordonii extract demonstrated good inhibition against HIV RT for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts |
ic50 values of 73.5 and 69.8 µg/ml for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively |
Kapewangolo et al. (2016aKapewangolo, P., Knott, M., Shithigona, R.E.K., Uusiku, S.L., Kandawa-Schulz, M., 2016. In vitro anti-HIV and antioxidant activity of Hoodia gordonii (Apocynaceae), a commercial plant product. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 16, . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1403-...
,b)Kapewangolo, P., Tawha, T., Nawinda, T., Knott, M., Hans, R., 2016. Sceletium tortuosum demonstrates in vitro anti-HIV and free radical scavenging activity. S. Afr. J. Bot. 106, 140-143.
|
Bulbine frutescens Willd.
Bulbine alooides Willd. |
Asphodelaceae |
Phenols, alkaloids and flavonoids; ethyl acetate fraction reconstituted in dimethyl sulfoxide crude extract inhibits RT
Tannins; water and ethanol root extracts inhibit RT |
ic50 = 0.52 ± 0.03 mg/ml
Water and ethanol root extracts inhibit RT by ≥50% |
Shikalepo et al. (2017)Shikalepo, R., Mukakalisa, C., Kandawa-Schulz, M., Chingwaru, W., Kapewangolo, P., 2017. In vitro anti-HIV and antioxidant potential of Bulbine frutescens (Asphodelaceae). J. Herb. Med. 12, 73-78.
Klos et al. (2009)Klos, M., Van de Venter, M., Milne, P.J., Traore, H.N., Meyer, D., Oosthuizen, V., 2009. In vitro anti-HIV activity of five selected South African medicinal plant extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124, 182-188.
|
Parthenium hysterophorus L. |
Asteraceae |
Sesquiterpene lactones, hysterin, ambrosin, flavonoids such as quercelagetin 3,7-dimethylether, 6-hydroxyl kaempferol 3-O- arabinoglucoside, fumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p courmaric, anisic acid, p-anisic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sitosterol and some unidentified alcohols |
About 40% inhibition of RT activity was observed in hexane fraction in anti-HIV assay at 6.0 µg/ml concentration |
Kumar et al. (2013)Kumar, S., Chashoo, G., Saxena, A.K., Pandey, A.K., 2013. Parthenium hysterophorus: a probable source of anticancer, antioxidant and anti-HIV agents. BioMed. Res. Int. , . https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/810734...
, Patel (2011)Patel, S., 2011. Harmful and beneficial aspects of Parthenium hysterophorus: an update. 3 Biotech 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-011-0007-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-011-000...
|
Centratherum punctatum Cass. |
Asteraceae |
Germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones, centratherin and its derivative isocentratherin; crude extract exhibit RT inhibitory activity |
ic50 = 72.8 µg/ml; remarkable RT inhibitory activity, ic50 = 52.4 µg/ml, observed with dichloromethane fraction |
Chukwujekwu et al. (2014)Chukwujekwu, J.C., Ndhlala, A.R., De Kock, C.A., Smith, P.J., Van Staden, J., 2014. Antiplasmodial, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory and cytotoxicity properties of Centratherum punctatum Cass. and its fractions. S. Afr. J. Bot. 90, 17-19.
|
Vernonia stipulacea Klatt |
Asteraceae |
Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoyl acids, quercetin, vernolide, vernodalin, vernodalinol, vernonioside A3, octahydroverdalin |
Weak RT activity of >100 µg/ml; RDDP ic50 = 350 µg/ml for methanol extract; the methanol extract stimulates RT activity at 100 µg/ml |
Prinsloo et al. (2018)Prinsloo, G., Marokane, C.K., Street, R.A., 2018. Anti-HIV activity of southern African plants: current developments, phytochemistry and future research. J. Ethnopharmacol. 210, 133-155., Bessong et al. (2005)Bessong, P.O., Obi, C.L., Andréola, M.L., Rojas, L.B., Pouységu, L., Igumbor, E., Meyer, J.J., Quideau, S., Litvak, S., 2005. Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 83-91.
|
Artemisia annua L. |
Asteraceae |
Artemisinin (8) |
ic50 100 µM (Tietjen et al., 2016Tietjen, I., Gatonye, T., Ngwenya, B.N., Namushe, A., Simonambanga, S., Muzila, M., Mwimanzi, P., Xiao, J., Fedida, D., Brumme, Z.L., Brockman, M.A., Andrae-Marobela, K., 2016. Croton megalobotrys Müll Arg. and Vitex doniana (Sweet): traditional medicinal plants in a three-step treatment regimen that inhibit in vitro replication of HIV-1. J. Ethnopharmacol. 191, 331-340.) stated that EC50 value of 20.9 µg/ml for A. afra confirms previously reported ic50 values in the range of 1.0-48.0 µg/ml repoted by Lubbe et al. (2012)Lubbe, A., Seibert, I., Klimkait, T., Van der Kooy, F., 2012. Ethnopharmacology in overdrive: the remarkable anti-HIV activity of Artemisia annua. J. Ehnopharmacol. 141, 854-859.
|
Tietjen et al. (2016)Tietjen, I., Gatonye, T., Ngwenya, B.N., Namushe, A., Simonambanga, S., Muzila, M., Mwimanzi, P., Xiao, J., Fedida, D., Brumme, Z.L., Brockman, M.A., Andrae-Marobela, K., 2016. Croton megalobotrys Müll Arg. and Vitex doniana (Sweet): traditional medicinal plants in a three-step treatment regimen that inhibit in vitro replication of HIV-1. J. Ethnopharmacol. 191, 331-340., Lubbe et al. (2012)Lubbe, A., Seibert, I., Klimkait, T., Van der Kooy, F., 2012. Ethnopharmacology in overdrive: the remarkable anti-HIV activity of Artemisia annua. J. Ehnopharmacol. 141, 854-859., Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290.
|
Petasites japonicus F.Schmidt |
Asteraceae |
Sesquiterpenes and a carcinogenic compound called petasitenine (a new pyrrolizidine alkaloid) have been isolated from young flower stalks; also contains fukinone and eremophilenolides, including a mixture of two new compounds 6β-angeloyloxy-3β,8α-dihydroxyeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8β-olide and 6β-angeloyloxy-3β,8β-dihydroxyeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8α-olide; ethanol and water extracts inhibit both RDDP and RNase H of RT |
EC50 values of 1-2 µg/ml |
Hisayoshi et al. (2015)Hisayoshi, T., Shinomura, M., Yokokawa, K., Kuze, I., Konishi, A., Kawaji, K., Kodama, E.N., Hata, K., Takahashi, S., Nirasawa, S., Sakuda, S., Yasukawa, K., 2015. Inhibition of the DNA polymerase and RNase H activities of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 replication by Brasenia schreberi (Junsai) and Petasites japonicus (Fuki) components. J. Nat. Med. 69, 432-440., Sugama et al. (1985)Sugama, K.O., Hayashi, K., Mitsuhashi, H., 1985. Eremophilenolides from Petasites japonicus. Phytochemistry 24, 1531-1535., Hirono et al. (1977)Hirono, I., Mori, H., Yamada, K., Hirata, Y., Haga, M., Tatematsu, H., Kanie, S., 1977. Carcinogenic activity of petasitenine, a new pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from Petasites japonicus Maxim. J. Natl. Cancer I 58, 1155-1157.
|
Onopordum illyricum L. |
Asteraceae |
Luteolin (9), apigenin, hispidulin, arctiin, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), and two germacranes, 8α-(5-hydroxy)-angeloylsalonitenolide and onopordopicrin |
Luteolin is the most effective on RNase H RT-associated function (ic50 of 12.8 µM), followed by 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and apigenin with ic50 values of 16.9 and 59.6 µM, respectively |
Sanna et al. (2018aSanna, C., Rigano, D., Corona, A., Piano, D., Formisano, C., Farci, D., Ballero, M., Chianese, G., Tramontano, E., Taglialatela-Scafati, O., Esposito, F., 2018. Dual HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors from Limonium morisianum Arrigoni, an endemic species of Sardinia (Italy). Nat. Prod. Res., http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1434649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018....
,b)Sanna, C., Rigano, D., Cortis, P., Corona, A., Ballero, M., Parolin, C., Del Vecchio, C., Chianese, G., Saccon, E., Formisano, C., Tramontano, E., Esposito, F., 2018. Onopordum illyricum L., a Mediterranean plant, as a source of anti HIV-1 compounds. Plant Biosyst., http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018.1439118, An Interna-tional Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018....
|
Alnus firma Siebold & Zucc. |
Betulaceae |
Terpenoids, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, phenols, steroids, tannins; luteolin 7,4'-dimethyl ether; myricetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside displayed inhibition against HIV-1 RT |
ic50 values of 60 mM |
Sati et al. (2011)Sati, S.C., Sati, N., Sati, O.P., 2011. Bioactive constituents and medicinal importance of genus Alnus. Pharmacogn. Rev. 5, 174-183.
|
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. |
Bignoniaceae |
Flavonoids and phenolics, iridoids and limonoids, phenyl ethanoglycosides and naphthoquinones, terpenes, terpenoids and steroids, meroterpenoid naphthoquinones, iridoid glycosides and phenylpropanoid/eucommiol derivatives, coumarins, lignans; weak RT inhibition of 33.1% by a 100 µg/ml leaf extract; even weaker is the fruit extract |
13.2% RT inhibition at 100 µg/ml |
Osman et al. (2017)Osman, A.G., Ali, Z., Chittiboyina, A.G., Khan, I.A., 2017. Kigelia africana fruit: constituents, bioactivity, and reflection on composition disparities. World J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 3, . https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_15_1...
, Bello et al. (2016)Bello, I., Shehu, M.W., Musa, M., Asmawi, M.Z., Mahmud, R., 2016. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (sausage tree): phytochemistry and pharmacological review of a quintessential African traditional medicinal plant. J. Ethnopharmacol. 189, 253-276., Rukunga et al. (2002)Rukunga, G.M., Kofi-Tsekpo, M.W., Kurokawa, M., Kageyama, S., Mungai, G.M., Muli, J.M., Tolo, F.M., Kibaya, R.M., Muthaura, C.N., Kanyara, J.N., Tukei, P.M., Shiraki, K., 2002. Evaluation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties of extracts from some medicinal plants in Kenya. Afr. J. Health Sci. 9, 81-90.
|
Adansonia digitata L. |
Bombacaceae |
Terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, vitamins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids; flavonoid glycosides, proanthocyanidin compounds, epicatechin |
80% methanol stem bark extract, ic50 = 2.3 µg/ml; ic50 = 0.1 ± 0.01 mg/ml for bark water extract |
Sharma and Rangari (2016)Sharma, A., Rangari, V., 2016. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease assay of methanolic extracts of Adansonia digitata L.. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 8, 124-127., Mulaudzi et al. (2011)Mulaudzi, R.B., Ndhlala, A.R., Kulkarni, M.G., Finnie, J.F., Van Staden, J., 2011. Antimicrobial properties and phenolic contents of medicinal plants used by the Venda people for conditions related to venereal diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 330-337.
|
Lobostemon trigonus H.Buek |
Boraginaceae |
Naphthoquinone derivatives, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, cyclitols, phenolic acids, and tannins; leaf extracts contain a potent RT inhibitor |
ic50 value of 49 µg/ml |
Prinsloo et al. (2018)Prinsloo, G., Marokane, C.K., Street, R.A., 2018. Anti-HIV activity of southern African plants: current developments, phytochemistry and future research. J. Ethnopharmacol. 210, 133-155., Harnett et al. (2005)Harnett, S.M., Oosthuizen, V.D.V., Van de Venter, M., 2005. Anti-HIV activities of organic and aqueous extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens and Lobostemon trigonus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96, 113-119.
|
Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel. |
Cabombaceae |
15 polyphenols including gossypetin and hypolaetin 7-O-glucoside weakly inhibit HIV-1 RT activity; ethanol and water extracts inhibit both DNA polymerase and RNase H of RT |
EC50 values of 1-2 µg/ml |
Hisayoshi et al. (2015)Hisayoshi, T., Shinomura, M., Yokokawa, K., Kuze, I., Konishi, A., Kawaji, K., Kodama, E.N., Hata, K., Takahashi, S., Nirasawa, S., Sakuda, S., Yasukawa, K., 2015. Inhibition of the DNA polymerase and RNase H activities of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 replication by Brasenia schreberi (Junsai) and Petasites japonicus (Fuki) components. J. Nat. Med. 69, 432-440.
|
Humulus lupulus Thunb. |
Cannabaceae |
Xanthohumol (11), a prenylchacone flavonoid, inhibits RT |
EC50 = 0.50 µg/ml; therapeutic index = 10.8 |
Wang et al. (2004)Wang, Q., Ding, Z.H., Liu, J.K., Zheng, Y.T., 2004. Xanthohumol, a novel anti-HIV-1 agent purified from Hops Humulus lupulus. Antivir. Res. 64, 189-194.
|
Canna indica L. |
Cannaceae |
Active proteins Cip31 (31 kDa) and Cip14 (14 kDa) |
ic50 of 17.41 and 19.25 µg/ml, respectively |
Woradulayapinij et al. (2005)Woradulayapinij, W., Soonthornchareonnon, N., Wiwat, C., 2005. In vitro HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities of Thai medicinal plants and Canna indica L. rhizomes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 101, 84-89.
|
Capparis spinosa L. |
Capparaceae |
Kaempferol 3-rhamnosyl-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside and quercetin 3-rutinoside, rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside), benzofuranone enantiomers 2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-yl)acetonitrile, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuric acid, butanedioic acid, uracil, uridine and daucosterol; protein similar to imidazoleglycerol phosphate synthase has RT inhibitory activity |
ic50 of 0.23 µM |
Zhang and Ma (2018)Zhang, H., Ma, Z.F., 2018. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Capparis spinosa as a medicinal plant. Nutrients 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10020116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10020116...
, Lam and Ng (2009)Lam, S.K., Ng, T.B., 2009. A protein with antiproliferative, antifungal and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds. Phytomedicine 16, 444-450.
|
Maytenus buchananii (Loes.) R.Wilczek |
Celastraceae |
Triterpenes, phenolic glucosides, flavonoids and alkaloids such as maytansine, maytanprine and maytanbutine |
Stem bark water extract inhibits RT by 95% |
Tebou et al. (2017)Tebou, P.L.F., Tamokou, J.D.D., Ngnokam, D., Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, L., Kuiate, J.R., Bag, P.K., 2017. Flavonoids from Maytenus buchananii as potential cholera chemotherapeutic agents. S. Afr. J. Bot. 109, 58-65., Rukunga et al. (2002)Rukunga, G.M., Kofi-Tsekpo, M.W., Kurokawa, M., Kageyama, S., Mungai, G.M., Muli, J.M., Tolo, F.M., Kibaya, R.M., Muthaura, C.N., Kanyara, J.N., Tukei, P.M., Shiraki, K., 2002. Evaluation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties of extracts from some medicinal plants in Kenya. Afr. J. Health Sci. 9, 81-90.
|
Elaeodendron schlechterianum Loes.
Elaeodendron transvaalense (Burtt Davy) R.H.Archer |
Celastraceae |
Cardiac glycosides and tannins, 3-Oxo-28-hydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene and 3,28-dihydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene; cardiac glycoside, digitoxigenin-3-O-glucoside, is the main anti-HIV agent |
RNase H ic50 = 31.2 µg/ml for water extract |
Maregesi et al. (2010)Maregesi, S.M., Hermans, N., Dhooghe, L., Cimanga, K., Ferreira, D., Pannecouque, C., Vanden Berghe, D.A., Cos, P., Maes, L., Vlietinck, A.J., Apers, S., Pieters, L., 2010. Phytochemical and biological investigations of Elaeodendron schlechteranum. J. Ethnopharmacol. 129, 319-326., Bessong et al. (2005)Bessong, P.O., Obi, C.L., Andréola, M.L., Rojas, L.B., Pouységu, L., Igumbor, E., Meyer, J.J., Quideau, S., Litvak, S., 2005. Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 83-91.
|
Garcinia multiflora Champ. ex Benth
Garcinia speciosa Wall
Garcinia nuntasaenii Ngerns. & Suddee |
Clusiaceae |
Biflavonoids including amentoflavone (6), agathisflavone (5), robustaflavone, hinokiflavone, volkensiflavone, morelloflavone, rhusflavanone; robustaflavone and hinokiflavone inhibit RT Protostanes, garcisaterpenes A and C; four benzophenones (garciosones A-D), four xanthones (garciosones E-H) and three biphenyls (garciosines A-C); 2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone was the most active compound RT assay
Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (garcinuntins A-C), biphenyl derivatives (garcinuntabiphenyls A-C) and a lanostane triterpene (garcinuntine) were isolated from the root; while compounds garcinuntin B, garcinuntabiphenyl C, 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B, morelloflavone and volkensiflavone showed anti- RT activity; the compound 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone or mangiferin (3) exhibited the most potent anti-RT activity with comparable activity to that of fagaronine chloride |
Robustaflavone and hinokiflavone inhibit RT with ic50 of 65 µM
Protostanes, garcisaterpenes A and C, EC50 = 5.8 µg/ml
2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone was the most active compound RT assay, ic50 = 58.24 µM
Morelloflavone and volkensiflavone showed anti-RT activity with ic50 values in the range of 86.94 to 202.50 µM; mangiferin exhibited the most potent anti-RT activity with comparable activity to that of fagaronine chloride, ic50 = 28.25 µM, and garcinuntine inhibits RT with ic50 >45 µM |
Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290., Lin et al. (1997)Lin, Y.M., Anderson, H., Flavin, M.T., Pai, Y.H.S., Mata-Greenwood, E., Pengsuparp, T., Pezzuto, J.M., Schinazi, R.F., Hughes, S.H., Chen, F.C., 1997. In vitro anti-HIV activity of biflavonoids isolated from Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora. J. Nat. Prod. 60, 884-888.
Pailee et al. (2018)Pailee, P., Kuhakarn, C., Sangsuwan, C., Hongthong, S., Piyachaturawat, P., Suksen, K., Jariyawat, S., Akkarawongsapat, R., Limthongkul, J., Napaswad, C., Kongsaeree, P., Prabpai, S., Jaipetch, T., Pohmakotr, M., Tuchinda, P., Reutrakul, V., 2018. Anti-HIV and cytotoxic biphenyls, benzophenones and xanthones from stems, leaves and twigs of Garcinia speciosa. Phytochemistry 147, 68-79. Chaturonrutsamee et al. (2018)Chaturonrutsamee, S., Kuhakarn, C., Surawatanawong, P., Prabpai, S., Kongsaeree, P., Jaipetch, T., Piyachaturawat, P., Jariyawat, S., Akkarawongsapat, R., Suksen, K., Limthongkul, J., Napaswad, C., Nuntasaen, N., Reutrakul, V., 2018. Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols and biphenyl derivatives from the roots of Garcinia nuntasaenii Ngerns. & Suddee. Phytochemistry 146, 63-74.
|
Calophyllum inophyllum L.
Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. |
Clusiaceae |
Coumarins, xanthones, flavonoids and triterpenes; pyranocoumarins and inophyllums such as caloinophyllin A, inophyllum B, nobiletin, pentamethylquercetin and inophyllum B
Triterpenes such as oleanolic acid; masticadienonic acid, 3-hydroxymasticadienonic acid, and 3-hydroxymasticadienonic acid; apetalic acid, calanolide B and C and soulatrolide inhibit RT; apetalic acid and calanolides B and C are potent RT inhibitors |
Inophyllum B inhibits RT non-competitively with a Ki of 42 nM; ic50 = 1.5 µM
Oleanolic acid, ic50 = 3.1 µM; masticadienonic acid, 3-hydroxymasticadienonic acid, and 3-hydroxymasticadienonic acid; apetalic acid, calanolide B and C and soulatrolide inhibit RT (ic50 26.24-35.17 µg/ml); apetalic acid and calanolides B and C are RT inhibitors, ic50 = 20.2 µg/ml |
Ponguschariyagul et al. (2018)Ponguschariyagul, S., Sichaem, J., Khumkratok, S., Siripong, P., Lugsanangarm, K., Tip-pyang, S., 2018. Caloinophyllin A, a new chromanone derivative from Calophyllum inophyllum roots. Nat. Prod. Res. 32, 2535-2541., Laure et al. (2008)Laure, F., Raharivelomanana, P., Butaud, J.F., Bianchini, J.P., Gaydou, E.M., 2008. Screening of anti-HIV-1 inophyllums by HPLC–DAD of Calophyllum inophyllum leaf extracts from French Polynesia Islands. Anal. Chim. Acta 624, 147-153., Taylor et al. (1994)Taylor, P.B., Culp, J.S., Debouck, C., Johnson, R.K., Patil, A.D., Woolf, D.J., Brooks, I., Hertzberg, R.P., 1994. Kinetic and mutational analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibition by inophyllums, a novel class of non-nucleoside inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6325-6331., Patil et al. (1993)Patil, A.D., Freyer, A.J., Eggleston, D.S., Haltiwanger, R.C., Bean, M.F., Taylor, P.B., Caranfa, M.J., Breen, A.L., Bartus, H.R., Johnson, R.K., 1993. The inophyllums, novel inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase isolated from the Malaysian tree, Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. J. Med. Chem. 36, 4131-4138.
Gómez-Cansino et al. (2015)Gómez-Cansino, R., Espitia-Pinzón, C.I., Campos-Lara, M.G., Guzmán-Gutiérrez, S.L., Segura-Salinas, E., Echeverría-Valencia, G., Torras-Claveria, L., Cuevas-Figueroa, X.M., Reyes-Chilpa, R., 2015. Antimycobacterial and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity of Julianaceae and Clusiaceae plant species from Mexico. Evid.-Based Compl. Alt. , . https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/183036...
, César et al. (2011)César, G.Z.J., Alfonso, M.G.G., Marius, M.M., Elizabeth, E.M., Ángel, C.B.M., Maira, H.R., Guadalupe, C.L., Manuel, J.E., Ricardo, R.C., 2011. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, toxicological and chemical profile of Calophyllum brasiliense extracts from Chiapas, Mexico. Fitoterapia 82, 1027-1034., Akihisa et al. (2001)Akihisa, T., Ogihara, J., Kato, J., Yasukawa, K., Ukiya, M., Yamanouchi, S., Oishi, K., 2001. Inhibitory effects of triterpenoids and sterols on human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. Lipids 36, 507-512.
|
Vismia cayennensis (Jacq.) Pers. |
Clusiaceae |
Anthraquinones, prenylated benzophenones |
Vismiaphenone D has EC50 = 11 µg/ml |
Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290., Fuller et al. (1999)Fuller, R.W., Westergaard, C.K., Collins, J.W., Cardellina, J.H., Boyd, M.R., 1999. Vismiaphenones D–G, new prenylated benzophenones from Vismia cayennensis. J. Nat. Prod. 62, 67-69.
|
Hypericum hircinum L. |
Clusiaceae |
Essential oils from aerial parts are dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as cis-β-guaiene, δ-selinene and (E)-caryophyllene, while the non-volatile leaf extract contains chlorogenic acid, quercetin, mangiferin (3), and biagenin but lacks hypericin; betulinic acid, shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, 5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxyflavanone, and 5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxyflavanone 7-O-glucoside |
Shikimic acid, ic50 as low as 2 µg/ml; quercetin's RNase H ic50 = 4.5 µM; betulinic acid has ic50 of 2 µM on RNase H |
Ornano et al. (2018)Ornano, L., Feroci, M., Guarcini, L., Venditti, A., Bianco, A., 2018. Anti-HIV agents from nature: natural compounds from Hypericum hircinum and carbocyclic nucleosides from iridoids. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 56, 173-228., Esposito et al. (2013)Esposito, F., Sanna, C., Del Vecchio, C., Cannas, V., Venditti, A., Corona, A., Bianco, A., Serrilli, A.M., Guarcini, L., Parolin, C., Ballero, M., Tramontano, E., 2013. Hypericum hircinum L. components as new single-molecule inhibitors of both HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H activities. Pathog. Dis. 68, 116-124.
|
Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume |
Clusiaceae |
Betulinic acid, lupenediol and lupenoic acid |
ic50 = 10.8, 14.0, and 8.7 µg/ml, respectively |
Cassels and Asencio (2011)Cassels, B.K., Asencio, M., 2011. Anti-HIV activity of natural triterpenoids and hemisynthetic derivatives 2004–2009. Phytochem. Rev. 10, 545-564.
|
Combretum molle Engl. & Die
Combretum hartmannianum Schweinf. |
Combretaceae |
Gallotannin, ellagitannin, pentacyclic triterpene glucosides like punicalagin, arjunglucoside and sericoside |
Stem bark aqueous extract inhibits RDDP by 58%, ic50 = 81.3 µg/ml; stem bark aqueous extract inhibits RNase H function by 64%; stem bark methanol extract, ic50 for RNase H = 21.6 µg/ml; methanol extract of the roots, RNase H activity, IC50 9.7 µg/ml
Extracts of the leaves of C. hartmannianum totally inhibit the enzyme RT at a concentration of 66 µg/ml |
Bessong et al. (2004)Bessong, P.O., Obi, C.L., Igumbor, E., Andreola, M.L., Litvak, S., 2004. In vitro activity of three selected South African medicinal plants against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 3, 555-559.
Ali et al. (2002)Ali, H., König, G.M., Khalid, S.A., Wright, A.D., Kaminsky, R., 2002. Evaluation of selected Sudanese medicinal plants for their in vitro activity against hemoflagellates, selected bacteria, HIV-1-RT and tyrosine kinase inhibitory, and for cytotoxicity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 83, 219-228.
|
Terminalia chebula Willd. ex Flem.
Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC.
Terminalia catappa L. |
Combretaceae |
Gallic acid and galloyl glucoses; chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid
Triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, anolignan B;
Tannins, gallotannins, ellagitannins, cyanidin, and flavonoids like cyanidins, proanthocyanidin, flavonols and flavononols; gallic acid and its derivatives like ethyl and methyl gallate, chebulagic and chebulinic acid, tetra and penta-galloylglucose; gallo- and ellagi-tannins such as 1,3,4-tri-O-galloylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-galloyl-shikimic acid, 3,4,5-tri-O-galloylshikimic acid, punicalin (10), punicacortein and punicalagin |
ic50 ≤50 µg/ml
Methanol extract strongly inhibits RDDP (ic50 = 7.2 µg/ml) and the ribonuclease H, ic50 = 8.1 µg/ml
Punicalin and punicacortein C inhibit purified HIV RT with ID50 of 8 µM and 5 µM, respectively |
Bessong et al. (2005)Bessong, P.O., Obi, C.L., Andréola, M.L., Rojas, L.B., Pouységu, L., Igumbor, E., Meyer, J.J., Quideau, S., Litvak, S., 2005. Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 83-91. El-Mekkawy et al. (1995)El-Mekkawy, S., Meselhy, M.R., Kusumoto, I.T., Kadota, S., Hattori, M., Namba, T., 1995. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 43, 641-648. Mahmood et al. (2018)Mahmood, K., Kamilah, H., Alias, A.K., Ariffin, F., 2018. Nutritional and therapeutic potentials of rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and the by-products: a review.. J. Food Measurement and Character. 12, 1556-1571., Dwevedi et al. (2016)Dwevedi, A., Dwivedi, R., Sharma, Y.K., 2016. Exploration of phytochemicals found in Terminalia sp. and their antiretroviral activities. Pharmacogn. Rev. 10, 73-83., Eldeen et al. (2011)Eldeen, I.M.S., Seow, E.M., Abdullah, R., Sulaiman, S.F., 2011. In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, total phenolic contents and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of extracts of seven Phyllanthus sp.. S. Afr. J. Bot. 77, 75-79.
|
Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guillem. & Perr. |
Combretaceae |
Anolignan A and B |
Anolignan A, ic50 of 156.9 µg/ml against HIV-2 RT; also showed moderate inhibitory activity against a drug-resistant form of HIV-1 RT with ic50 of 106.0 µg/ml; in other studies, anolignan A showed ic50 = 60.4 µg/ml; anolignan B showed ic50 = 1072 µg/ml |
Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290., Rimando et al. (1994)Rimando, A.M., Pezzuto, J.M., Farnsworth, N.R., Santisuk, T., Reutrakul, V., Kawanishi, K., 1994. New lignans from Anogeissus acuminata with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity. J. Nat. Prod. 57, 896-904.
|
Momordica charantia Descourt. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Glycosidic compounds, cucurbitane glucoside, momordicine, triterpene glycosides, cucurbitane-type triterpenoids, iridoid lactone and α-and β-momorcharin; Momordica anti-HIV protein (MAP30); lectins; Kuguacins A-E, belong to family of cucurbitacins; lectins and MAP30 inhibit RT; protein (MRK29) isolated from ripe fruit and seed at the concentration of 18 mg/ml showed RT inhibition ratio of 50% |
Cucurbitacins, ic50 = 28 µM |
Palamthodi and Lele (2014)Palamthodi, S., Lele, S.S., 2014. Nutraceutical applications of gourd family vegetables: Benincasa hispida, Lagenaria siceraria and Momordica charantia. Biomed. Prev. Nutr. 4, 15-21., Kuo et al. (2009)Kuo, R.Y., Qian, K., Morris-Natschke, S.L., Lee, K.H., 2009. Plant-derived triterpenoids and analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Nat. Prod. Rep. 26, 1321-1344., Akihisa et al. (2001)Akihisa, T., Ogihara, J., Kato, J., Yasukawa, K., Ukiya, M., Yamanouchi, S., Oishi, K., 2001. Inhibitory effects of triterpenoids and sterols on human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. Lipids 36, 507-512.
|
Coccinia rehmannii Cogn. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Unknown compounds |
Inhibit RT by at least 40% |
Sigidi et al. (2017)Sigidi, M.T., Traoré, A.N., Boukandou, M.M., Tshisikhawe, M.P., Ntuli, S.S., Potgieter, N., 2017. Anti-HIV, pro-inflammatory and cytotoxicity properties of selected Venda plants. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 16, 545-552.
|
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Quercetin, kaempferol, sitosterol-β-d-glucoside, (+)-catechin, diosbulbin E acetate, and lectins; a mannose binding lectin showed strong anti-RT activity; |
One novel lectin inhibited RT with an ic50 of 0.93 µM; a trypsin-stable lectin inhibted RT with ic50 = 73 µM |
Sharma et al. (2017aSharma, M., Hotpet, V., Sindhura, B.R., Kamalanathan, A.S., Swamy, B.M., Inamdar, S.R., 2017. Purification, characterization and biological significance of mannose binding lectin from Dioscorea bulbifera bulbils. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 102, 1146-1155.,b)Sharma, N., Murali, A., Singh, S.K., Giri, R., 2017. Epigallocatechin gallate, an active green tea compound inhibits the Zika virus entry into host cells via binding the envelope protein. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 104, 1046-1054., Chaniad et al. (2016)Chaniad, P., Wattanapiromsakul, C., Pianwanit, S., Tewtrakul, S., 2016. Inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase from Dioscorea bulbifera. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 38, 229-236., Li et al. (2008)Li, Y.R., Liu, Q.H., Wang, H.X., Ng, T.B., 2008. A novel lectin with potent antitumor, mitogenic and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from the edible mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1780, 51-57., Wong and Ng (2003)Wong, J.H., Ng, T.B., 2003. Purification of a trypsin-stable lectin with antiproliferative and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301, 545-550.
|
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC. |
Ebenaceae |
Tannins, steroids, anthocyanins and flavonoids; root extracts showed 17.4% inhibition RT; d-Pinitol rich leaf extract |
d-Pinitol rich leaf extract at 0.1 mg/ml had 78.7% RT inhibitory activity |
Mamba et al. (2016)Mamba, P., Adebayo, S.A., Tshikalange, T.E., 2016. Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity of selected South African plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. 8, 1870-1876.
|
Phyllanthus niruri Roxb. ex Wall.
Phyllanthus pulcher (Baill.) Wall. ex Müll.Arg.
Phyllanthus urinaria Wall.
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Corilagin, gallic acid, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes and lignans; main RT inhibitor is repandusinic acid A (RA); approx. 10-fold more sensitivity to RT than DNA polymerase α; niruside has anti-RT activity
Terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols
A variety of compounds including polyphenols, tannins, lignans, triterpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids; flavonoids such as astragalin, quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin and kaempferol; triterpenes like lupeol acetate and β-amyrin; sterols like daucosterol and β-sitosterol; coumarins such as trimethylester dehydrochebulic acid, methylbrevifolin carboxylate and ellagic acid; gallic acid, a major polyphenol compound, inhibits RT 1, 6-di-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, 1-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside, digallic acid and putranjivain A
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts rich in corilagin |
Main RT inhibitor is RA; ID50 of RA on RT and DNA polymerase α were 0.05 µM and 0.6 µM, respectively; approx. 10-fold more sensitivity to RT than DNA polymerase α
Strong inhibition of RT was obtained by P. pulcher (ic50 5.9 µg/ml) followed by P. urinaria and P. myrtifolius, ic50 of 10.4 and 12.7 µg/ml, respectively
Gallic acid, ic50 = 0.76 µg/ml; binding rate 37%; polyphenol extract, ic50 = 0.61 µg/ml, 66% binding rate
Most potent compound is putranjivain A, ic50 = 3.9 µM
ic50 = 8.17 µg/ml (Notka et al., 2003Notka, F., Meier, G.R., Wagner, R., 2003. Inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus and reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants by Phyllanthus amarus. Antivir. Res. 58, 175-186.) reported ic50 values from 1.8 to 14.6 µg/ml; inhibition of RNase H activity by 99% and 98%, respectively; 50 µg/ml of the methanol extracts of leaves and stem of P
.
reticulatus were the most active against RNase H, with inhibition of 99% and 96%, respectively |
Eldeen et al. (2011)Eldeen, I.M.S., Seow, E.M., Abdullah, R., Sulaiman, S.F., 2011. In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, total phenolic contents and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of extracts of seven Phyllanthus sp.. S. Afr. J. Bot. 77, 75-79., Ogata et al. (1992)Ogata, T., Higuchi, H., Mochida, S., Matsumoto, H., Kato, A., Endo, T., Kaji, H., 1992. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 8, 1937-1944.
Zhang et al. (2017aZhang, H.J., Rumschlag-Booms, E., Guan, Y.F., Wang, D.Y., Liu, K.L., Li, W.F., Nguyen, V.H., Cuong, N.M., Soejarto, D.D., Fong, H.H.S., Rong, L., 2017. Potent inhibitor of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains identified from the medicinal plant Justicia gendarussa. J. Nat. Prod. 80, 1798-1807.,b)Zhang, L., Hou, S., Li, B., Pan, J., Jiang, L., Zhou, G., Gu, H., Zhao, C., Lu, H., Ma, F., 2018. Combination of betulinic acid with diazen-1-ium-1, 2-diolate nitric oxide moiety donating a novel anticancer candidate. OncoTargets Ther. 11, 361-373., Mao et al. (2016)Mao, X., Wu, L.-F., Guo, H.-L., Chen, W.-J., Cui, Y.-P., Qi, Q., Li, S., Liang, W.-Y., Yang, G.-H., Shao, Y.-Y., Zhu, D., She, G.-M., You, Y., Zhang, L.-Z., 2016. The genus Phyllanthus: an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological review. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. , .
Calixto et al. (1998)Calixto, J.B., Santos, A.R., Filho, V.C., Yunes, R.A., 1998. A review of the plants of the genus Phyllanthus: their chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential. Med. Res. Rev. 18, 225-258., El-Mekkawy et al. (1995)El-Mekkawy, S., Meselhy, M.R., Kusumoto, I.T., Kadota, S., Hattori, M., Namba, T., 1995. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 43, 641-648.
Akram et al. (2018)Akram, M., Tahir, I.M., Shah, S.M.A., Mahmood, Z., Altaf, A., Ahmad, K., Munir, N., Daniyal, M., Nasir, S., Mehboob, H., 2018. Antiviral potential of medicinal plants against HIV, HSV, influenza, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus: a systematic review. Phytother. Res. 32, 811-822.
Notka et al. (2003)Notka, F., Meier, G.R., Wagner, R., 2003. Inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus and reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants by Phyllanthus amarus. Antivir. Res. 58, 175-186., Tai et al. (2011)Tai, B.H., Nhut, N.D., Nhiem, N.X., Tung, N.H., Quang, T.H., Luyen, B.T.T., Huong, T.T., Wilson, J., Beutler, J.A., Cuong, N.M., Kim, Y.H., 2011. Evaluation of the RNase H inhibitory properties of Vietnamese medicinal plant extracts and natural compounds. Pharm. Biol. 49, 1046-1051., Notka et al. (2003)Notka, F., Meier, G.R., Wagner, R., 2003. Inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus and reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants by Phyllanthus amarus. Antivir. Res. 58, 175-186.
|
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Phenols, diterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, cardenolides, triterpenoids, coumarins, isocoumarins, bergenin, mallotophilippinens, rottlerin, isorottlerin, and phloroglucinol derivative called mallotojaponin is a competitive RT inhibitor |
Mallotojaponin is a competitive RT inhibitor with Ki value of 6.1 µM; no RT acivity in study by Silprasit et al. (2011)Silprasit, K., Seetaha, S., Pongsanarakul, P., Hannongbua, S., Choowongkomon, K., 2011. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plant Res. 5, 4899-4906.
|
Gangwar et al. (2014)Gangwar, M., Goel, R.K., Nath, G., 2014. Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg (Euphorbiaceae): ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry review. BioMed. Res. Int., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/213973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/213973...
, Silprasit et al. (2011)Silprasit, K., Seetaha, S., Pongsanarakul, P., Hannongbua, S., Choowongkomon, K., 2011. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plant Res. 5, 4899-4906., Nakane et al. (1991)Nakane, H., Arisawa, M., Fujita, A., Koshimura, S., Ono, K., 1991. Inhibition of HIV-reverse transcriptase activity by some phloroglucinol derivatives. FEBS Lett. 286, 83-85.
|
Euphorbia hirta L.
Euphorbia characias Sm. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Triterpenes, phytosterols, tannins, alkanes, polyphenols and flavonoids
Phenolic compounds including flavonoids; organic extracts inhibit HIV-1 RT-associated RDDP and RNase H functions |
ic50 = 73 µg/ml for 80% methanol extract; 27 µg/ml for water extract
ic50 = 0.2 µg/ml |
Gyuris et al. (2009)Gyuris, A., Szlavik, L., Minarovits, J., Vasas, A., Molnar, J., Hohmann, J., 2009. Antiviral activities of extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. against HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVmac251. In Vivo 23, 429-432.
Pisano et al. (2016)Pisano, M.B., Cosentino, S., Viale, S., Spanò, D., Corona, A., Esposito, F., Tramontano, E., Montoro, P., Tuberoso, C.I.G., Medda, R., Pintus, F., 2016. Biological activities of aerial parts extracts of Euphorbia characias. BioMed. Res. Int., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1538703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1538703...
|
Croton echinocarpus Baill. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Two alkaloids: corydine and norisoboldine |
Both alkaloids have significant in vitro anti-HIV potential, inhibiting 40% of the HIV-1 RT activity at a concentration of 100 µg/ml of norisoboldine and 450 µg/ml of corydine; corydine, ic50 = 356.8 µg/ml, norisoboldine, ic50 = 153.7 µg/ml |
Ravanelli et al. (2016)Ravanelli, N., Santos, K.P., Motta, L.B., Lago, J.H.G., Furlan, C.M., 2016. Alkaloids from Croton echinocarpus Baill.: anti-HIV potential. S. Afr. J. Bot. 102, 153-156.
|
Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach.) Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Tannins, phenolic acids such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, flavonoids including quercetin, hyperin and guaijaverin, some imidazopyrimidine alkaloids named as alchorneine, alchornidine and several guanidine alkaloids, six terpenoids notably stigmasterol, stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one, friedelin, friedelane-3-one-28-al, 3-O-acetyl-erythrodiol and 3-O-acetyl-aleuritolic acid as well as a phenolic acid called methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate |
Aqueous seed extract inhibited HIV-1 RT activity at EC50 values of <0.01-0.03 mg/ml |
Boniface et al. (2016)Boniface, P.K., Ferreira, S.B., Kaiser, C.R., 2016. Recent trends in phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacological significance of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Muell. Arg. J. Ethnopharmacol. 191, 216-244., Ayisi and Nyadedzor (2003)Ayisi, N.K., Nyadedzor, C., 2003. Comparative in vitro effects of AZT and extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Ficus polita, Clausena anisata, Alchornea cordifolia, and Elaeophorbia drupifera against HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. Antivir. Res. 58, 25-33.
|
Bridelia micrantha Baill. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Flavonoids, tannins, friedelin, phenolic derivatives such as gallic and ellagic acids; caffeic acid, friedelin and β-sistosterol |
n-Butanol fraction of B. micrantha was the most active with an ic50 of 7.3 µg/ml against the RDDP function of HIV-1 RT |
Bessong et al. (2006)Bessong, P.O., Rojas, L.B., Obi, L.C., Tshisikawe, P.M., Igunbor, E.O., 2006. Further screening of Venda medicinal plants for activity against HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5, 526-528.
|
Ricinus communis L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Essential oils such as α-thujone, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, camphor and camphene |
RDDP ic50 = 42.5 µg/ml for a methanol extract |
Bessong et al. (2005)Bessong, P.O., Obi, C.L., Andréola, M.L., Rojas, L.B., Pouységu, L., Igumbor, E., Meyer, J.J., Quideau, S., Litvak, S., 2005. Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 83-91.
|
Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. |
Fabaceae |
Gallotannin called corilagin has anti-RT activity |
ic50 = 6.24 µg/ml |
Li et al. (2018aLi, C., Zhang, C., Zhou, H., Feng, Y., Tang, F., Hoi, P.M.M., He, C., Ma, D., Zhao, C., Lee, S.M.Y., 2018. Inhibitory effects of betulinic acid on LPS-induced neuroinflammation involve M2 microglial polarization via CaMKKβ-dependent AMPK activation. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 11, . https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00098...
,bLi, J., Zhao, Y.L., Huang, H.Y., Wang, Y.Z., 2017. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): a review. Am. J. Chin. Med. 45, 667-736.,c)Li, L., Wijaya, H., Samanta, S., Lam, Y., Yao, S.Q., 2015. In situ imaging and proteome profiling indicate andrographolide is a highly promiscuous compound. Sci. Rep-UK 5, . https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11522...
|
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. ex W.T.Aiton |
Fabaceae |
Free amino acids, non-protein amino acids such as canavanine and GABA, cyclitol pinitol, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, hexadecanoic acid, γ-sitosterol, stigmast-4-en-3-one and at least three long chain fatty acids |
RNase H ic50 = 100 µg/ml for water extract; >50% inhibition |
Prinsloo et al. (2018)Prinsloo, G., Marokane, C.K., Street, R.A., 2018. Anti-HIV activity of southern African plants: current developments, phytochemistry and future research. J. Ethnopharmacol. 210, 133-155., Van Wyk and Albrecht (2008)Van Wyk, B.E., Albrecht, C., 2008. A review of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 119, 620-629., Harnett et al. (2005)Harnett, S.M., Oosthuizen, V.D.V., Van de Venter, M., 2005. Anti-HIV activities of organic and aqueous extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens and Lobostemon trigonus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96, 113-119.
|
Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth |
Fabaceae |
A polygalactouronic acid-specific lectin (sesquin) |
Inhibits RT with ic50 of 0.73 µM |
Wong and Ng (2005)Wong, J.H., Ng, T.B., 2005. Sesquin, a potent defensin-like antimicrobial peptide from ground beans with inhibitory activities toward tumor cells and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Peptides 26, 1120-1126.
|
Phaseolus vulgaris L. |
Fabaceae |
P. vulgaris lectins block HIV replication by directly inhibiting HIV-1 RT |
About 95.4% HIV-1 RT inhibition by 5 mg/ml red kidney bean lectin with an EC50 of 2.19 mg/ml |
He et al. (2018aDwevedi, A., Dwivedi, R., Sharma, Y.K., 2016. Exploration of phytochemicals found in Terminalia sp. and their antiretroviral activities. Pharmacogn. Rev. 10, 73-83.,b)He, S., Simpson, B.K., Sun, H., Ngadi, M.O., Ma, Y., Huang, T., 2018. Phaseolus vulgaris lectins: a systematic review of characteristics and health implications. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 58, 70-83., Wang and Ng (2001)Wang, H.X., Ng, T.B., 2001. Examination of lectins, polysaccharopeptide, polysaccharide, alkaloid, coumarin and trypsin inhibitors for inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and glycohydrolases. Planta Med. 67, 669-672.
|
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. |
Fabaceae |
Total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannin |
Leaf meathnol extract, ic50 = 0.03 ± 0.00 mg/ml |
Mulaudzi et al. (2011)Mulaudzi, R.B., Ndhlala, A.R., Kulkarni, M.G., Finnie, J.F., Van Staden, J., 2011. Antimicrobial properties and phenolic contents of medicinal plants used by the Venda people for conditions related to venereal diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 330-337.
|
Peltophorum africanum Sond. |
Fabaceae |
Flavonoids and C-galloyl glycosides namely (+)-catechin, bergenin and betulinic acid, a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene belonging to the lupane family; gallotannin |
RDDP ic50 = 3.5 µg/ml for a methanol extract; RNase H ic50 = 10.6 for methanol extract; gallotannin inhibited the RDDP and RNase H functions of RT with ic50 values of 6.0 and 5.0 µM, respectively; catechin and bergenin showed no effect on RT; ic50 = 0.05 mg/ml for methanol bark extract |
Mulaudzi et al. (2011)Mulaudzi, R.B., Ndhlala, A.R., Kulkarni, M.G., Finnie, J.F., Van Staden, J., 2011. Antimicrobial properties and phenolic contents of medicinal plants used by the Venda people for conditions related to venereal diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 330-337., Bessong et al. (2005)Bessong, P.O., Obi, C.L., Andréola, M.L., Rojas, L.B., Pouységu, L., Igumbor, E., Meyer, J.J., Quideau, S., Litvak, S., 2005. Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 83-91.
|
Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. |
Fabaceae |
Catechins; (-)epicatechin 3-gallate being the most potent |
ic50 = 0.5 µg/ml |
Moore and Pizza (1992)Moore, P.S., Pizza, C., 1992. Observations on the inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by catechins. Biochem. J. 288, 717-719.
|
Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth.
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.
Acacia confusa Merr. Seeds
Acacia karroo Hayne
Acacia mellifera Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Alkaloids, ellagic acid, and for saponins
Unknown compounds in n-butanol fraction
A dimeric 70-kDa chymotrypsin inhibits RT; a chitinase-like antifungal protein designated as acaconin isolated from A. confusa seeds inhibited RT; another protein, acafusin inhibits RT mildly
25 compounds including epicatechin, β-sitosterol, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), cyclohexanone, 2-methylene-5-(1-methylethyl) |
Alkaloids and ellagic acid inhibit RT with ic50 = 200 µg/ml; anti-RT activity for saponins, ic50 = 0.5 µg/ml
Silprasit et al. (2011)Silprasit, K., Seetaha, S., Pongsanarakul, P., Hannongbua, S., Choowongkomon, K., 2011. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plant Res. 5, 4899-4906. found <10% inhibition of RT by hexane extract; Modi et al. (2013)Modi, M., Dezzutti, C.S., Kulshreshtha, S., Rawat, A.K.S., Srivastava, S.K., Malhotra, S., Verma, A., Ranga, U., Gupta, S.K., 2013. Extracts from Acacia catechu suppress HIV-1 replication by inhibiting the activities of the viral protease and Tat. Virol. J. 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-3...
reported that n-butanol fraction had potent inhibitory activity against the viral protease (ic50 = 12.9 µg/ml) but not RT 70-kDa chymotrypsin inhibitor, ic50 of 8 µM, complete inhibition at 100 µM; chitinase-like antifungal protein, ic50 = 10 µM; acafusin, ic50 of 80 µM
70% RT inhibition at 1 mg/ml; EGCG strongly inhibits RDDP, ic50 values as low as 45 nM
Stem bark water extract inhibits RT by 85% |
Narayan et al. (2013)Narayan, L.C., Rai, V.R., Tewtrakul, S., 2013. Emerging need to use phytopharmaceuticals in the treatment of HIV. J. Pharm. Res. 6, 218-223., Bodeker et al. (2001)Bodeker, G., Burford, G., Chamberlain, J., Chamberlain, J.R., hat, K.K.S., 2001. The underexploited medicinal potential of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) and Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Leguminosae) in sub-Saharan Africa: a case for a review of priorities. Int. Forest Rev. 3, 285-298.
Modi et al. (2013)Modi, M., Dezzutti, C.S., Kulshreshtha, S., Rawat, A.K.S., Srivastava, S.K., Malhotra, S., Verma, A., Ranga, U., Gupta, S.K., 2013. Extracts from Acacia catechu suppress HIV-1 replication by inhibiting the activities of the viral protease and Tat. Virol. J. 10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-3...
, Silprasit et al. (2011)Silprasit, K., Seetaha, S., Pongsanarakul, P., Hannongbua, S., Choowongkomon, K., 2011. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plant Res. 5, 4899-4906.
Lam and Ng (2010)Lam, S.K., Ng, T.B., 2010. Acaconin, a chitinase-like antifungal protein with cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities from Acacia confusa seeds. Acta Biochim. Pol. 57, 299-304. Mamba et al. (2016)Mamba, P., Adebayo, S.A., Tshikalange, T.E., 2016. Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity of selected South African plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. 8, 1870-1876., Mulaudzi et al. (2011) Rukunga et al. (2002)Rukunga, G.M., Kofi-Tsekpo, M.W., Kurokawa, M., Kageyama, S., Mungai, G.M., Muli, J.M., Tolo, F.M., Kibaya, R.M., Muthaura, C.N., Kanyara, J.N., Tukei, P.M., Shiraki, K., 2002. Evaluation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties of extracts from some medicinal plants in Kenya. Afr. J. Health Sci. 9, 81-90.
|
Psoralea corylifolia L. |
Fabaceae |
Isobavachalcone, a prenylated chalcone of the class flavonoid |
56.26% inhibition of RT at 100 µg/ml |
Kuete and Sandjo (2012)Kuete, V., Sandjo, L.P., 2012. Isobavachalcone: an overview. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 18, 543-547.
|
Bolusanthus speciosus Harms |
Fabaceae |
Total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannin, and condensed tannin |
Leaf methanol extract, ic50 = 0.43 mg/ml |
Mulaudzi et al. (2011)Mulaudzi, R.B., Ndhlala, A.R., Kulkarni, M.G., Finnie, J.F., Van Staden, J., 2011. Antimicrobial properties and phenolic contents of medicinal plants used by the Venda people for conditions related to venereal diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 330-337.
|
Swertia franchetiana Harry Sm. |
Gentianaceae |
Flavonone-xanthone glucoside, iridoid glycosides, xanthones, xanthone glycosides, flavone glycosides, and triterpenoids; main constituent is swertifrancheside |
Swertifrancheside, ic50 = 43 µM |
Narayan et al. (2013)Narayan, L.C., Rai, V.R., Tewtrakul, S., 2013. Emerging need to use phytopharmaceuticals in the treatment of HIV. J. Pharm. Res. 6, 218-223.
|
Hypoxis sobolifera var. sobolifera (Jacq.) Nel
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. |
Hypoxidaceae
|
Hypoxis spp. are rich in hypoxoside, β-sitosterol, aglycone rooperol, tannins, sterols and sterolins; |
H. sobolifera aqueous extract inhibits RT by approx. 80% at 0.2 mg/ml, but this reduces to 10.1% after removal of tannins to 3 and 5% (w/w)
H. hemerocallidea extract, ic50 = 17.4 µg/ml; methanol extract of tuber has TI of 15 to 18, and reduction factor of 103
|
Ncube et al. (2013)Ncube, B., Ndhlala, A.R., Okem, A., Van Staden, J., 2013. Hypoxis (Hypoxidaceae) in African traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 150, 818-827.
Klos et al. (2009)Klos, M., Van de Venter, M., Milne, P.J., Traore, H.N., Meyer, D., Oosthuizen, V., 2009. In vitro anti-HIV activity of five selected South African medicinal plant extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124, 182-188.
|
Salvia officinalis L.
Salvia elegans Vahl |
Lamiaceae |
Oleanolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid
The flavonoid apigenin, and 28 volatile constituents, among them are mono- and sesqui-terpenoids such as trans-ocimene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D and spathulenol, aliphatic alcohols such as 2-propanol and 3-octanol, and trans-3-hexenal |
Oleanolic acid, ic50 = 1.6-2.0 µg/ml, similar to the authentic oleanolic acid preparation; EC50 = 62 µ/ml
ED50 = 3.2 µg/ml, EC50 = 31 µg/ml |
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., Watanabe et al. (2000)Watanabe, M., Kobayashi, Y., Ogihara, J., Kato, J., Oishi, K., 2000. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-inhibitory compound in Salvia officinalis. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 6, 216-220.
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., Herrera-Ruiz et al. (2006)Herrera-Ruiz, M., García-Beltrán, Y., Mora, S., Díaz-Véliz, G., Viana, G.S., Tortoriello, J., Ramírez, G., 2006. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of hydroalcoholic extract from Salvia elegans. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107, 53-58., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
|
Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. |
Lamiaceae |
Tannins, polysaccharides, sterols, diterpenes, triterpenoids, tannins, flavonois, alkaloids, quinines and saponins |
Water and ethanol extracts inhibit RT by 60% and 40%, respectively |
Klos et al. (2009)Klos, M., Van de Venter, M., Milne, P.J., Traore, H.N., Meyer, D., Oosthuizen, V., 2009. In vitro anti-HIV activity of five selected South African medicinal plant extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124, 182-188.
|
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews |
Lamiaceae |
Betulinic acid, caffeic acid, diterpenes and forskolin |
Extracts have poor inhibition of RT of <50% |
Kapewangolo et al. (2013)Kapewangolo, P., Hussein, A.A., Meyer, D., 2013. Inhibition of HIV-1 enzymes, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Plectranthus barbatus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 149, 184-190.
|
Thymus quinquecostatus Čelak.
Thymus serpyllum L. |
Lamiaceae |
(-)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and rosmarinic acid
p-cymene and γ-terpinene; potent activity against RT |
EC50 = 31 µg/ml; weak activity against RT, ED50 = 128 µg/ml
ED50 = 7.6 µg/ml; EC50 = 31 µg/ml |
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., Hyun et al. (2014)Hyun, T.K., Kim, H.C., Kim, J.S., 2014. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. Ind. Crops Prod. 52, 611-616., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., D'Auria and Racioppi (2015)D’Auria, M., Racioppi, R., 2015. The effect of drying of the composition of volatile organic compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Salvia officinalis and Thymus serpyllum. A HS-SPME-GC-MS study. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Pl. 18, 1209-1223., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
|
Mentha spicata L.
Mentha longifolia (L.) L. |
Lamiaceae |
Phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, gallic acid, quinic acid, caffeic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, naringenin, trans-ferulic acid, (-)-carvone, limonene, carvacrol and thymol
Flavonoids, phenolic acids, cinnamates, ceramides, sesquiterpenes, terpenes, and terpenoids; flavonoids include apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoronide; monoterpenes such as α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, p-cymene, menthol and ocimene; flavonoids are the major inhibitors of RT |
EC50 = 31 µg/ml
Up to 90% inhibition of RT |
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., Ben Saad et al. (2017)Ben Saad, A., Rjeibi, I., Alimi, H., Ncib, S., Bouhamda, T., Zouari, N., 2017. Protective effects of Mentha spicata against nicotine-induced toxicity in liver and erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 43, 77-83., Fatiha et al. (2015)Fatiha, B., Didier, H., Naima, G., Khodir, M., Martin, K., Léocadie, K., Caroline, S., Mohamed, C., Pierre, D., 2015. Phenolic composition, in vitro antioxidant effects and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of three Algerian Mentha species: M. spicata (L.), M. pulegium (L.) and M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds (Lamiaceae). Ind. Crops Prod. 74, 722-730., Snoussi et al. (2015)Snoussi, M., Noumi, E., Trabelsi, N., Flamini, G., Papetti, A., De Feo, V., 2015. Mentha spicata essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Vibrio spp. strains. Molecules 20, 14402-14424.
Amzazi et al. (2003)Amzazi, S., Ghoulami, S., Bakri, Y., Idrissi, A.I., Fkih-Tétouani, S., Benjouad, A., 2003. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibitory activity of Mentha longifolia. Therapie 58, 531-534.
|
Melissa officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae |
Rosmarinic acid |
Potent activity against RT, EC50 = 16 µg/ml, ED50 = 1.6 µg/ml |
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
|
Ocimum basilicum L. cultivar "cinnamon"
Ocimum labiatum (N.E.Br.) A.J.Paton
Ocimum sanctum L. |
Lamiaceae |
Phenolics such as rosmarinic acid, chicoric and caffeic acids; essential oils such as linalool, α-bergamotene (2), epi-α-cadinol;
Pheophytin-a
Betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, pomolic acid, stigmasterol, vanillin, and ferulaldehyde; five triterpenes and three 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl derivatives including tetradecyl ferulate; among triterpenes, ursolic acid was the most potent inhibitor; oleanolic acid and pomolic acid show high anti-RT potency |
Potent activity against RT, EC50 = 16 µg/ml, ED50 = 15 µg/ml
Weak inhibition of 21% against HIV-1 RT
Five triterpenes and three 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl derivatives including tetradecyl ferulate showed RNase H ic50 value of 12.4 µM; dichloromethane leaf extract has good RNase H inhibition, ic50 of 4.2 µg/ml; ursolic acid was the most potent inhibitor, ic50 = 5.5 µM; oleanolic acid and pomolic acid exert high anti-RT potency, ic50 of 7.5 and 9.3 µM, respectively |
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., Kwee and Niemeyer (2011)Kwee, E.M., Niemeyer, E.D., 2011. Variations in phenolic composition and antioxidant properties among 15 basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars. Food Chem. 128, 1044-1050., Hussain et al. (2008)Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Sherazi, S.T.H., Przybylski, R., 2008. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem. 108, 986-995., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
Kapewangolo et al. (2017)Kapewangolo, P., Kandawa-Schulz, M., Meyer, D., 2017. Anti-HIV activity of Ocimum labiatum extract and isolated pheophytin-a. Molecules 22, 1763. Sonar et al. (2017)Sonar, V.P., Corona, A., Distinto, S., Maccioni, E., Meleddu, R., Fois, B., Floris, C., Malpure, N.V., Alcaro, S., Tramontano, E., Cottiglia, F., 2017. Natural product-inspired esters and amides of ferulic and caffeic acid as dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 130, 248-260.
|
Perilla frutescens Britton |
Lamiaceae |
Polyphenol compounds including anthocyanins and flavonoids |
ED50 = 7.1 µg/ml |
Saita et al. (2012)Saita, E., Kishimoto, Y., Tani, M., Iizuka, M., Toyozaki, M., Sugihara, N., Kondo, K., 2012. Antioxidant activities of Perilla frutescens against low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro and in human subjects. J. Oleo Sci. 61, 113-120., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
|
Satureja montana L. |
Lamiaceae |
Triterpenes, phenolic compounds, and essential oils such as thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and carvacrol; aglycones such as thymoquinone, eugenol, cis-3-hexene-1-ol and thymol |
Potent activity against RT, EC50 = 16 µg/ml, ED50 = 5.5 µg/ml |
Bekut et al. (2018)Bekut, M., Brkić, S., Kladar, N., Dragović, G., Gavarić, N., Božin, B., 2018. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol. Res. 133, 301-314., Ćetković et al. (2007)Ćetković, G.S., Čanadanović-Brunet, J.M., Djilas, S.M., Tumbas, V.T., Markov, S.L., Cvetković, D.D., 2007. Antioxidant potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition and antimicrobial activities of Satureja montana L. subsp. kitaibelii extracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 8, 1013-1027., Mastelić and Jerković (2003)Mastelić, J., Jerković, I., 2003. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of free and glycoconjugated aroma compounds of seasonally collected Satureja montana L.. Food Chem. 80, 135-140., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
|
Lavandula dentata L. |
Lamiaceae |
29 compounds representing 99.87% of the essential oils: 1,8 cineol, sabinene, myrtenal, α-pinene, borneol, linalool, myrtenol and pinocarvone |
ED50 = 7.6 µg/ml |
Imelouane et al. (2009)Imelouane, B., Elbachiri, A., Ankit, M., Benzeid, H., Khedid, K., 2009. Physico-chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of eastern Moroccan Lavandula dentata. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 11, 113-118., Yamasaki et al. (1998)Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., Nakanishi, T., 1998. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 829-833.
|
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi |
Lamiaceae |
Flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside and their aglycones baicalein (1) wogonin are the major bioactive compounds; baicalin has very good anti-HIV-1 activity as NNRTI; 5,6,7-Trihydorxyflavone (baicalein) has four times stronger inhibitory activity on HIV-1 RT than baicalin; baicalin can be deglycosylated to form baicalein in the human body |
2 µg/ml baicalein competively inhibits 90% of the activity of RT; Ki value of baicalein for RT = 0.37 µM |
Zhao et al. (2016)Zhao, Q., Chen, X.Y., Martin, C., 2016. Scutellaria baicalensis, the golden herb from the garden of Chinese medicinal plants. Sci. Bull. 61, 1391-1398., Ono et al. (1989)Ono, K., Nakane, H., Fukushima, M., Chermann, J.C., Barré-Sinoussi, F., 1989. Inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by a flavonoid compound, 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160, 982-987.
|
Prunella vulgaris L. |
Lamiaceae |
Triterpenoids and their saponins, phenolic acids, sterols and associated glycosides, flavonoids, organic acids, volatile oil and saccharides |
Water extract inhibits RT activity with ID50 of 26.0 µg/ml; also contains betulinic acid, ic50 = 8-13 µM; and ursolic acid, ic50 = 5.5 µM |
Bai et al. (2016)Bai, Y., Xia, B., Xie, W., Zhou, Y., Xie, J., Li, H., Liao, D., Lin, L., Li, C., 2016. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Prunella. Food Chem. 204, 483-496., Kim et al. (2014)Kim, H.I., Quan, F.S., Kim, J.E., Lee, N.R., Kim, H.J., Jo, S.J., Lee, C.M., Jang, D.S., Inn, K.S., 2014. Inhibition of estrogen signaling through depletion of estrogen receptor alpha by ursolic acid and betulinic acid from Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 451, 282-287., Collins et al. (1997)Collins, R.A., Ng, T.B., Fong, W.P., Wan, C.C., Yeung, H.W., 1997. A comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibition by partially purified aqueous extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Sci. 60, .
|
Hoslundia opposita Vahl |
Lamiaceae |
Euscaphic acid, hoslunddiol, and 5,7-dimethoxy-6-methylflavone |
Inhibit RT by 52% at 100 µg/ml |
Said (2017)Said, S.A., 2017. Antimalarial effect and other properties of Hoslundia opposita – a review. Global J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4, 1-5.
|
Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. |
Lythraceae |
Rutin, gallic acid and ellagic acid |
Gallic acid inhibits RT by ±70% (50 µg/ml); % inhibition was greater than for nevirapine (1 µM) |
Nutan et al. (2013)Nutan, M.M., Goel, T., Das, T., Malik, S., Suri, S., Rawat, A.K.S., Srivastava, S.K., Tuli, R., Malhotra, S., Gupta, S.K., 2013. Ellagic acid & gallic acid from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. inhibit HIV-1 infection through inhibition of HIV-1 protease & reverse transcriptase activity. Indian J. Med. Res. 137, 540-548.
|
Marcetia taxifolia Triana |
Melastomataceae |
Myricetin, myricetin 3-rhamnoside (MR), myricetin 3-(6-rhamnosylgalactoside) (MRG); all compounds inhibit RT activity |
ic50 of 10.6 µM for MR and 13.8 µM for MRG; myricetin is the most potent, ic50 of 7.6 µM and an inhibition greater than 80% |
Ortega et al. (2017)Ortega, J.T., Suárez, A.I., Serrano, M.L., Baptista, J., Pujol, F.H., Rangel, H.R., 2017. The role of the glycosyl moiety of myricetin derivatives in anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. AIDS Res. Ther. 14, . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-017-0183-...
|
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
More than 300 phytochemicals isolated and characterized including triterpenoids, diterpenoids, steroids such as β-sitosterol and stigmasterol terpenoids; non-isoprenoids include flavonoids (quercetin, catechin and nimbaflavanone), coumarins (scopoletin), isocoumarins (margocetin) etc.
|
A 50 µg/ml of stem bark ethanol extract exerts 88% RT inhibition |
Patel et al. (2016)Patel, S.M., Venkata, K.C.N., Bhattacharyya, P., Sethi, G., Bishayee, A., 2016. Potential of neem (Azadirachta indica L.) for prevention and treatment of oncologic diseases. Seminars in Cancer Biology, vol. 40. Academic Press, pp. 100–115., Rukunga et al. (2002)Rukunga, G.M., Kofi-Tsekpo, M.W., Kurokawa, M., Kageyama, S., Mungai, G.M., Muli, J.M., Tolo, F.M., Kibaya, R.M., Muthaura, C.N., Kanyara, J.N., Tukei, P.M., Shiraki, K., 2002. Evaluation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties of extracts from some medicinal plants in Kenya. Afr. J. Health Sci. 9, 81-90.
|
Bersama engleriana Gürke |
Melianthaceae |
Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, saponins, terpenoids, abyssinin, bufadienolidess which are cardiac glycosides, sterols and mangiferin (3) |
Up to 92% RT inhibition; ic50 = 9.38 µg/ml; up to 92% RT inhibition; ic50 values of 9.38, 11.95 and 18.75 µg/ml for root, leaf and stem bark extracts, respectively |
Mbaveng et al. (2011)Mbaveng, A.T., Kuete, V., Mapunya, B.M., Beng, V.P., Nkengfack, A.E., Meyer, J.J.M., Lall, N., 2011. Evaluation of four Cameroonian medicinal plants for anticancer, antigonorrheal and antireverse transcriptase activities. Environ. Toxicol. Pharm. 32, 162-167.
|
Treculia acuminata Baill.
Treculia africana Decne. ex Trécul
Treculia obovoidea N.E.Br.
|
Moraceae |
Triterpenes, coumarins, saponins, phenols, and flavonoids |
All studied extracts inhibit at various extents the anti-RT activity at 200 µg/ml; the best ic50 values, 31.1 µg/ml, 29.5 µg/ml and 21.1 µg/ml were recorded respectively with the extracts of the leaves of T. obovoidea, T. acuminata and T. africana
|
Kuete et al. (2010)Kuete, V., Metuno, R., Keilah, P.L., Tshikalange, E.T., Ngadjui, B.T., 2010. Evaluation of the genus Treculia for antimycobacterial, anti-reverse transcriptase, radical scavenging and antitumor activities. S. Afr. J. Bot. 76, 530-535.
|
Morus nigra Thunb. |
Moraceae |
Gallic acid, quercetin, and linoleic, palmitic, oleic acids and kuwanon-L |
Kuwanon-L inhibits RT with an EC50 of 1.9 µM, showing no toxic effect at the highest tested concentration (CC50 > 20 µM); kuwanon-L, isolated from the black mulberry tree M. nigra, has anti-RT activity comparable to antiretroviral drugs |
Cary and Peterlin (2018)Cary, D.C., Peterlin, B.M., 2018. Natural products and HIV/AIDS. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 34, 31-38., Martini et al. (2017)Martini, R., Esposito, F., Corona, A., Ferrarese, R., Ceresola, E.R., Visconti, L., Canducci, F., 2017. Natural product kuwanon-L inhibits HIV-1 replication through multiple target binding.. Chembiochem 18, 374-377., Wang et al. (2017)Wang, Y., Lin, H.Q., Wang, P., Hu, J.S., Ip, T.M., Yang, L.M., Zheng, Y.T., Chi-Cheong Wan, D., 2017. Discovery of a novel HIV-1 integrase/p75 interacting inhibitor by docking screening, biochemical assay, and in vitro studies. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 57, 2336-2343., Esposito et al. (2015)Esposito, F., Tintori, C., Martini, R., Christ, F., Debyser, Z., Ferrarese, R., Cabiddu, G., Corona, A., Ceresola, E.R., Calcaterra, A., Iovine, V., Botta, B., Clementi, M., Canducci, F., Botta, M., Tramontano, E., 2015. Kuwanon-L as a new allosteric HIV-1 integrase inhibitor: molecular modeling and biological evaluation. Chembiochem 16, 2507-2512.
|
Moringa oleifera Lam. |
Moringaceae |
Saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, resins, rhamnose, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, two alkaloids moringine and moringinine, vanillin, β-sitosterol, β-sitostenone, 4-hydroxymellin and octacosanoic acid; rich in protein, calcium, iron and vitamin C |
Strong HIV-1 RT inhibitors, ic50 = 9 µg/ml for water extract, and ic50 = 79 µg/ml for 50% methanol extract; about 35% inhibition of RT mainly due to tannins and flavonoids |
Ndhlala et al. (2016)Ndhlala, A.R., Cele, K., Mulaudzi, R., du Plooy, C.P., Venter, S., Mashela, P.W., Abdelgadir, H.A., 2016. The potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. to manage HIV-1 infections and its positive pharmaco-synergy with antiretroviral therapies. Planta Med. 82, . https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596331...
, Nworu et al. (2013)Nworu, C.S., Okoye, E.L., Ezeifeka, G.O., Esimone, C.O., 2013. Extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. showing inhibitory activity against early steps in the infectivity of HIV-1 lentiviral particles in a viral vector-based screening. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 12, 4866-4873., Silprasit et al. (2011)Silprasit, K., Seetaha, S., Pongsanarakul, P., Hannongbua, S., Choowongkomon, K., 2011. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plant Res. 5, 4899-4906.
|
Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. |
Myrothamnaceae |
Gallotannins, 3,4,5-tri-O-galloylquinic acids; polyphenolic compounds; pinocarveol, pinocarvone, and β-selinene are the most abundant volatiles, along with α-pinene, limonene, and a few other terpenoids; |
Non-competitive inhibitor of RT; ic50 for 3, 4, 5, tri-O-galloylquinic acid = 34 µM |
Brar et al. (2018)Brar, J., Fultang, N., Askey, K., Tettamanzi, M.C., Peethambaran, B., 2018. A novel anti-triple negative breast cancer compound isolated from medicinal herb Myrothamnus flabellifolius. J. Med. Plant Res. 12, 7-14.
|
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Eucalyptus globoidea Blakely |
Myrtaceae |
β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, euscaphic acid, anthocyanins, eucalyptone, betulinic, gallic and ellagic acids, and macrocarpals A-E; essential oil contains 1,8-cineole (45.4%), limonene (17.8%), p-cymene (9.5%), γ-terpinene (8.8%), α-pinene (4.2%) and α-terpineol (3.4%)
Globoidnan A |
Macrocarpal C inhibits RT, ic50 = 5.3 µM
ic50 = 0.64 µM |
Kato et al. (2018)Kato, E., Kawakami, K., Kawabata, J., 2018. Macrocarpal C isolated from Eucalyptus globulus inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in an aggregated form. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 33, 106-109., Nishizawa et al. (1992)Nishizawa, M., Emura, M., Kan, Y., Yamada, H., Ogawa, K., Hamanaka, N., 1992. Macrocarpals: HIV-RTase inhibitors of Eucalyptus globulus. Tetrahedron Lett. 33, 2983-2986. Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290.
|
Eugenia hyemalis Cambess. |
Myrtaceae |
Galloyl arbutins (hyemalosides A-C) |
Inhibit HIV-1 RNase H in vitro with IC50 values of 1.46, >18, and 1.19 µM, respectively |
Bokesch et al. (2008)Bokesch, H.R., Wamiru, A., Le Grice, S.F.J., Beutler, J.A., McKee, T.C., McMahon, J.B., 2008. HIV-1 ribonuclease H inhibitory phenolic glycosides from Eugenia hyemalis. J. Nat. Prod. 71, 1634-1636.
|
Ximenia caffra Sond. |
Olacaceae |
p-Coumarins, condensed tannins, flavonoids, gallotannins and phenolics |
Aqueous and methanol extracts of roots and leaves show good HIV-1 RT inhibition (>70%) at 1 mg/ml; ic50 = 0.15 mg/ml for methanol root extract |
Mulaudzi et al. (2011)Mulaudzi, R.B., Ndhlala, A.R., Kulkarni, M.G., Finnie, J.F., Van Staden, J., 2011. Antimicrobial properties and phenolic contents of medicinal plants used by the Venda people for conditions related to venereal diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 330-337.
|
Petiveria alliacea L. |
Phytolaccaceae |
Principal bioactive compounds present in the roots are polysulphides, cysteine sulfoxide derivatives and sulfine; flavonoids have also been isolated from the leaves; thiosulfinates, trisulfides and benzylsulfinic acid were observed to be the most active, with the benzyl-containing thiosulfinates exhibiting the strongest activity |
Dibenzyl trisulfide, crude methanol and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited HIV-1 RT in infected cells, with EC50 concentrations of 5.60 µg/ml, 21.6 µg/ml and 68.0 µg/ml, respectively; tested extracts had ic50/EC50 selectivity index values of ≥1.47 |
Lowe et al. (2015)Lowe, H.I., Toyang, N.J., Heredia, A., Ayeah, K.N., Watson, C.T., Bryant, J., 2015. Petiveria alliacea L. (guinea hen weed) and its major metabolite dibenzyl trisulfide demonstrate HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity. Eur. J. Med. Plant 5, 88-94., Blainski et al. (2010)Blainski, A., Piccolo, V.K., Mello, J.C.P., de Oliveira, R.M., 2010. Dual effects of crude extracts obtained from Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) on experimental anxiety in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 128, 541-544., Kim et al. (2006)Kim, S., Kubec, R., Musah, R.A., 2006. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L.. J. Ethnopharmacol. 104, 188-192.
|
Pinus parviflora Siebold & Zucc |
Pinaceae |
PC6, an extract from cones, has potent immune modulatory activities |
54% inhibition of RT |
Tamura et al. (1991)Tamura, Y., Lai, P.K., Bradley, W.G., Konno, K., Tanaka, A., Nonoyama, M., 1991. A soluble factor induced by an extract from Pinus parviflora Sieb et Zucc can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2249-2253.
|
Limonium morisianum Arrigoni |
Plumbaginaceae |
Myricetin, myricetin 3-O-rutinoside, tryptamine, ferulic acid, phloretic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate and myricetin-3-O-(6"-O-galloyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside; (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) |
EGCG strongly inhibits RDDP, ic50 values as low as 45 nM; (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate and myricetin-3-O-(6"-O-galloyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside inhibit RT with values ranging from 0.21 to 10.9 µM; at a concentration of 1 and 2 µg/ml, myricetin completely inhibits the activities of RT with a Ki value of 0.08 µM; ferulic and phloretic acids are not significantly active against RNase H (ic50 values >100 µM), and tryptamine is weakly active on RT, ic50 value of 94.9 µM. |
Sanna et al. (2018aSanna, C., Rigano, D., Corona, A., Piano, D., Formisano, C., Farci, D., Ballero, M., Chianese, G., Tramontano, E., Taglialatela-Scafati, O., Esposito, F., 2018. Dual HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors from Limonium morisianum Arrigoni, an endemic species of Sardinia (Italy). Nat. Prod. Res., http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1434649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018....
,b)Sanna, C., Rigano, D., Cortis, P., Corona, A., Ballero, M., Parolin, C., Del Vecchio, C., Chianese, G., Saccon, E., Formisano, C., Tramontano, E., Esposito, F., 2018. Onopordum illyricum L., a Mediterranean plant, as a source of anti HIV-1 compounds. Plant Biosyst., http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018.1439118, An Interna-tional Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018....
, Semwal et al. (2016)Semwal, D.K., Semwal, R.B., Combrinck, S., Viljoen, A., 2016. Myricetin: a dietary molecule with diverse biological activities. Nutrients 8, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8020090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8020090...
|
Rheum palmatum L.,
Rheum officinale Baill. |
Polygonaceae |
Seven phenolic components such as Aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, sennoside A and sennoside B |
Sennoside A (RNase H ic50 = 1.9 µM; RDDP ic50 = 5.3 µM) and Sennoside B (RNase H ic50 = 2.1 µM; RDDP ic50 = 2.3 µM) were effective on both RT-associated functions; extracts of R. palmatum and R. officinale potently inhibit RT with ic50 values of 0.9 and 0.25 µg/ml, respectively |
Esposito et al. (2016)Esposito, F., Carli, I., Del Vecchio, C., Xu, L., Corona, A., Grandi, N., Piano, D., Maccioni, E., Distinto, S., Parolin, C., Tramontano, E., 2016. Sennoside A, derived from the traditional Chinese medicine plant Rheum L., is a new dual HIV-1 inhibitor effective on HIV-1 replication. Phytomedicine 23, 1383-1391.
|
Ziziphus mucronata Willd. |
Rhamnaceae |
Tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids in its fruits, anthocyanins in its roots and bark, vitamin C concentration ranges from 70 to 165 mg per 100 g, cyclopeptide alkaloids e.g. mucronines F, G and H |
RNase H ic50 = 75.0 µg/ml for methanol extract; methanol extract stimulates RT activity at 100 µg/ml |
Mokgolodi et al. (2011)Mokgolodi, N.C., Hu, Y., Shi, L.L., Liu, Y.J., 2011. Ziziphus mucronata: an underutilized traditional medicinal plant in Africa. For. Stud. China 13, . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11632-011-0309-...
, Bessong et al. (2005)Bessong, P.O., Obi, C.L., Andréola, M.L., Rojas, L.B., Pouységu, L., Igumbor, E., Meyer, J.J., Quideau, S., Litvak, S., 2005. Evaluation of selected South African medicinal plants for inhibitory properties against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. J. Ethnopharmacol. 99, 83-91.
|
Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge |
Rosaceae |
Ursolic acid |
ic50 = 8 µM |
Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290.
|
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman |
Rosaceae |
Ferulic acid, n-docosanol, lauric acid myristic acid, β-sitostenone and β-sitosterol |
50 µg/ml stem bark methanol extract inhibits RT by 97% |
Kadu et al. (2012)Kadu, C.A., Parich, A., Schueler, S., Konrad, H., Muluvi, G.M., Eyog-Matig, O., Muchugi, A., Williams, V.L., Ramamonjisoa, L., Kapinga, C., Foahom, B., Katsvanga, C., Hafashimana, D., Obama, C., Vinceti, B., Schumacher, R., Geburek, T., 2012. Bioactive constituents in Prunus africana: geographical variation throughout Africa and associations with environmental and genetic parameters. Phytochemistry 83, 70-78., Rukunga et al. (2002)Rukunga, G.M., Kofi-Tsekpo, M.W., Kurokawa, M., Kageyama, S., Mungai, G.M., Muli, J.M., Tolo, F.M., Kibaya, R.M., Muthaura, C.N., Kanyara, J.N., Tukei, P.M., Shiraki, K., 2002. Evaluation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties of extracts from some medicinal plants in Kenya. Afr. J. Health Sci. 9, 81-90.
|
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston |
Rubiaceae |
Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols |
Methanolic extract inhibits RT by 78.67%; most studies consider inhibition of ≥50% as significant |
Chinnaiyan et al. (2013)Chinnaiyan, S.K., Subramanian, M.R., Kumar, S.V., Chandu, A.N., Deivasigamani, K., 2013. Antimicrobial and anti-HIV activity of extracts of Canthium coromandelicum (Burm. f.) Alston leaves. J. Pharm. Res. 7, 588-594.
|
Gardenia carinata Wall. |
Rubiaceae |
Flavones; cycloartane triterpenoids named carinatins A-H, and the known compounds secaubryolide and dikamaliartane D were isolated from leaves and twigs |
Flavonoids have IC50 = 18 to 65 µg/ml on RT; ring-secocycloartene triterpenoids inhibit RT, ic50 = 72-94.1 µg/ml; cycloartane compounds (4 mg/ml) inhibit RT by 72-94%, ic50 = 1.9-4.2 µM |
Kongkum et al. (2013)Kongkum, N., Tuchinda, P., Pohmakotr, M., Reutrakul, V., Piyachaturawat, P., Jariyawat, S., Suksen, K., Akkarawongsapat, R., Kasisit, J., Napaswad, C., 2013. Cytotoxic, antitopoisomerase IIα, and anti-HIV-1 activities of triterpenoids isolated from leaves and twigs of Gardenia carinata. J. Nat. Prod. 76, 530-537., Akihisa et al. (2001)Akihisa, T., Ogihara, J., Kato, J., Yasukawa, K., Ukiya, M., Yamanouchi, S., Oishi, K., 2001. Inhibitory effects of triterpenoids and sterols on human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. Lipids 36, 507-512.
|
Psychotria ipecacuanha Stokes |
Rubiaceae |
Emetine, an alkaloid |
At 0.01 mM of emetine, the reduction in RT activity in vitro was up to 50%; complete elimination of RT activity at 0.9 mM of emetine; 90% inhibition of RT activity at 14.4 mM of emetine in cell-free virions; Tan et al. (1991)Tan, G.T., Kinghorn, A.D., Hughes, S.H., Pezzuto, J.M., 1991. Psychotrine and its O-methyl ether are selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23529-23536. reported that emetine inhibits 10%-20% of RT activity in vitro at 400 µg/ml (0.72 µM) |
Valadão et al. (2015)Valadão, A.L.C., Abreu, C.M., Dias, J.Z., Arantes, P., Verli, H., Tanuri, A., de Aguiar, R.S., 2015. Natural plant alkaloid (emetine) inhibits HIV-1 replication by interfering with reverse transcriptase activity. Molecules 20, 11474-11489., Tan et al. (1991)Tan, G.T., Kinghorn, A.D., Hughes, S.H., Pezzuto, J.M., 1991. Psychotrine and its O-methyl ether are selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23529-23536.
|
Toddalia asiatica Baill. |
Rutaceae |
Nitidine, an alkaloid |
ic50 = 14 µM |
Yadav et al. (2017)Yadav, M., Sehrawat, A., Kumar, D., Bhidhasra, A., 2017. Therapeutic plants and phytoconstituents as natural anti-HIV agents: a review. Inventi Rapid: Planta Activa 2017, 1-5., Singh et al. (2005)Singh, I.P., Bharate, S.B., Bhutani, K.K., 2005. Anti-HIV natural products. Curr. Sci. 89, 269-290., Rashid et al. (1995)Rashid, M.A., Gustafson, K.R., Kashman, Y., Cardellina, J.H., McMahon, J.B., Boyd, M.R., 1995. Anti-HIV alkaloids from Toddalia asiatica. Nat. Prod. Lett. 6, 153-156.
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Nephelium lappaceum L. |
Sapindaceae |
Lectins; 22.5 kDa protein |
Protein exhibits significant HIV-1-RT inhibitory activity with an ic50 of 0.73 µM; mechanism of the inhibitory action of protein on RT activity probably involves protein-protein interaction |
Fang and Ng (2015)Fang, E.F., Ng, T.B., 2015. A trypsin inhibitor from rambutan seeds with antitumor, anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and nitric oxide-inducing properties. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 175, 3828-3839.
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Schisandra sphaerandra Stapf
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) K.Koch
Schisandra neglecta A.C.Sm. |
Schisandraceae |
Nigranoic acid inhibits RT
Lignans; among the fruit lignans, schisandrin B and deoxyschisandrin selectively inhibit RT associated DNA polymerase activity; schisandrin B was also able to impair HIV-1 RT drug resistant mutants
A dibenzocyclooctadiene lignin |
ic50 = 74.1 µg/ml
EC50 values in the 1-3 µM range; one fraction inhibited RT activity in a dose-dependent manner with an ic50 of 17.25 µM |
Cassels and Asencio (2011)Cassels, B.K., Asencio, M., 2011. Anti-HIV activity of natural triterpenoids and hemisynthetic derivatives 2004–2009. Phytochem. Rev. 10, 545-564., Sun et al. (1996)Sun, H.D., Qiu, S.X., Lin, L.Z., Wang, Z.Y., Lin, Z.W., Pengsuparp, T., Pezzuto, J.M., Fong, H.H., Cordell, G.A., Farnsworth, N.R., 1996. Nigranoic acid, a triterpenoid from Schisandra sphaerandra that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 525-527. Xu et al. (2015)Xu, L., Grandi, N., Del Vecchio, C., Mandas, D., Corona, A., Piano, D., Esposito, F., Parolin, C., Tramontano, E., 2015. From the traditional Chinese medicine plant Schisandra chinensis new scaffolds effective on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistant to non-nucleoside inhibitors. J. Microbiol. 53, 288-293. Han et al. (2015)Han, Y.S., Xiao, W.L., Xu, H., Kramer, V.G., Quan, Y., Mesplède, T., Oliveira, M., Colby-Germinario, S.P., Sun, H.D., Wainberg, M.A., 2015. Identification of a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan as a HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 24, 28-38.
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Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. |
Solanaceae |
Flavonoids |
Anti-RT activity is low, < 30% for organic and water extracts |
Kumar and Pandey (2014)Kumar, S., Pandey, A.K., 2014. Medicinal attributes of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit consumed by several tribal communities as food: an in vitro antioxidant, anticancer and anti HIV perspective. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14, . https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-112...
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Daphne acutiloba Rehder |
Thymelaeaceae |
Phenols, diterpenoids, diterpene esters, sesquiterpenoids, lignans, bioflavonoids, coumarins and flavans; wikstroelide M (a daphnane diterpene) |
Wikstroelide M exerts moderate inhibitory effect on RT, EC50 = 92.23 ng ml-1, this suggests that wikstroelide M may be a non-specific RT inhibitor |
Zhang et al. (2014aZhou, J., Ci’an Zhang, Y.S., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Li, F., Mao, W., 2018. Corilagin attenuates allergy and anaphylactic reaction by inhibiting degranulation of mast cells. Med. Sci. Monit. 24, 891-896.,b)Zhou, X., Shang, J., Wang, J., Jiang, B., Wang, Q., 2018. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the aril of Torreya fargesii Franch. and its protection on the oxidation of DHA algal oil. CyTA-J. Food 16, 381-389.
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Curcuma longa L. |
Zingiberaceae |
Curcuminoids including curcumin I, curcumin II, curcumin III and cyclocurcumin; curcumin (diferuloylmethane, from turmeric, the roots/rhizomes of C. longa) inhibit RT |
Docking results at cavity 1 of RT revealed binding affinity of -11.22; ligand efficiency values of -5.36, -0.41 and -4.10 were observed |
Mathew and Hsu (2018)Mathew, D., Hsu, W.L., 2018. Antiviral potential of curcumin. J. Funct. Foods 40, 692-699., Seal et al. (2011)Seal, A., Aykkal, R., Babu, R.O., Ghosh, M., 2011. Docking study of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with phytochemicals. Bioinformation 5, 430-439.
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