<i>Trichilia catigua</i>: therapeutic and cosmetic values

Longhini, Renata; Lonni, Audrey A.S.G.; Sereia, Ana Luiza; Krzyzaniak, Letícia M.; Lopes, Gisely C.; Mello, João Carlos P. de

doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2016.10.005

Renata Longhini

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil

Audrey A.S.G. Lonni

Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil

Ana Luiza Sereia

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil

Letícia M. Krzyzaniak

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil

Gisely C. Lopes

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil

João Carlos P. de Mello ^** Corresponding author. E-mail:mello@uem.br (J.C. Mello).

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil

* Corresponding author. E-mail:mello@uem.br (J.C. Mello).

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ contributions

RL, AASGL, ALS (Ph.D. student), LMK (M.Sc.), GCL wrote and revised the article. JCPM was responsible for the project concept and supervision of the study, as well as the writing and review of the manuscript.

Species	Biological activities	References
T. americana (Sesse & Moc.) T.D. Penn.	Antifeedant and toxic activity against the larvae of Spodoptera litura.	Wheeler and Isman (2001)Wheeler, D.A., Isman, M.B., 2001. Antifeedant and toxic activity of Trichilia amerina extract against the larvae of Spodoptera litura. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 81, 9-16.
T. casaretti C. DC.	Antimicrobial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, cytotoxic activity in Artemia salina Leach and evidence of antitumour activity.	Almeida et al. (2009)Almeida, J.A.R., Aquino, V.L., Figueiredo, E.R., Carlos, L.A., Motta, O.V., Vieira, I.J.C., 2009. Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de Trichilia casaretti e T. silvatica (Meliaceae) sobre Staphylococcus aureus. In: 32ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Química, Fortaleza, Brasil., Figueiredo (2010)Figueiredo, E.R., 2010. Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação biológica dos extratos de Trichilia casarettii e Trichilia silvatica (Meliaceae), Produção Vegetal. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, pp.167.
T. catigua A. Juss.	Insecticidal activity against the caterpillar of cartridge-of-corn (S. frugiperda), affecting larval development, pupal weights and larval mortality. Trypanocidal activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes forms of Trypanossoma cruzi. Relaxing effect on rabbit corpus cavernosum. Antidepressant-like effect and improvement of memory in mice. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic and antioxidant actions. Antibacterial activity against gram-positive such as Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antiviral activity against poliovirus type 1, bovine herpes virus and poliovirus in HEp-2 cells. Neuroprotective activity.	Albrecht et al. (2006)Albrecht, I., Ito, L.A., Resende, F.O., Mello, J.C.P., 2006. Avaliação da atividade antioxidante de extratos e substâncias isoladas de cascas de Trichilia catigua A. In: Juss. por DPPH, Congresso de Farmácia de Maringá, Maringá, Brasil, p. 159., Antunes et al. (2001)Antunes, E., Gordo, W.M., Oliveira, J.F., Teixeira, C.E., Hyslop, S., Nucci, G., 2001. The relaxation of isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum by the herbal medicine Catuama® and its constituents. Phytother. Res. 15, 416-421., Barbosa et al. (2004)Barbosa, N.R., Fischmann, L., Talib, L.L., Gattaz, W.F., 2004. Inhibition of platelet phospholipase A2 activity by catuaba extract suggests antiinflammatory properties. Phytother. Res. 18, 942-944., Bogorni and Vendramim (2005)Bogorni, P.C., Vendramim, J.D., 2005. Efeito subletal de extratos aquosos de Trichilia spp. sobre o desenvolvimento de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em milho. Neotrop. Entomol. 34, 311-317., Brighente et al. (2007)Brighente, I.M.C., Dias, M., Verdi, L.G., Pizzolatti, M.G., 2007. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Brazilian species. Pharm. Biol. 45, 156-161., Calixto and Cabrini (1997)Calixto, J.B., Cabrini, D.A., 1997. Herbal medicine Catuama induces endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxant action on isolated vessels from rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits. Phytother. Res. 11, 32-38., Campos et al. (2005)Campos, M.M., Fernandes, E.S., Ferreira, J., Santos, A.R.S., Calixto, J.B., 2005. Antidepressant-like effects of Trichilia catigua (Catuaba) extract: evidence for dopaminergic-mediated mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 182, 45-53., Chassot et al. (2011)Chassot, J.M., Longhini, R., Gazarini, L., Mello, J.C.P., Oliveira, R.M.W., 2011. Preclinical evaluation of Trichilia catigua extracts on the central nervous system of mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 137, 1143-1148., Espada et al. (2015)Espada, S.F., Faccin-Galhardi, L.C., Rincao, V.P., Bernardi, A.L.S., Lopes, N., Longhini, R., Mello, J.C.P., Linhares, R.E.C., Nozawa, C., 2015. Antiviral activity of Trichilia catigua bark extracts for herpesvirus and poliovirus. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 16, 724-732., Faccin-Galhardi et al. (2008)Faccin-Galhardi, L.C., Rincão, V.P., Nozawa, C.M., Linhares, R.E.C., Ramos, A.P.D., 2008. Antiviral activity of crude extract and the aqueous and acetate fractions from Trichilia catigua against poliovirus. In: XIX National Meeting of Virology, III Mercosur Meeting of Virology, Caxambu, Brasil., Lonni et al. (2012a)Lonni, A.A.S.G., Longhini, R., Lopes, G.C., Mello, J.C.P., Scarminio, I.S., 2012a. Statistical mixture design selective extraction of compounds with antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content from Trichilia catigua. Anal. Chim. Acta 719, 57-60., Matos et al. (2006)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Calegari, E.R., Batista-Pereia, L.G., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da Silva, M.F.G.F., Ferreira Filho, P., Rodrigues, R.R., 2006. Atividade biológica de extratos orgânicos de Trichilia spp. (Meliaceae) sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em dieta artificial. BioAssay , 1-7., Matos et al. (2009)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da-Silva, M.F.G.F., 2009. Constituintes químicos e atividade inseticida dos extratos de frutos de Trichilia elegans e T. catigua (Meliaceae). Quim. Nova 32, 1553-1556., Nebo (2008)Nebo, L., 2008. Atividade inseticida de espécies de Trichilia frente à lagarta-do-cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, pp. 180., Pizzolatti et al. (2002a)Pizzolatti, M.G., Koga, A.H., Grisard, E.C., Steindel, M., 2002. Trypanocidal activity of extracts from Brazilian Atlantic rain forest plant species. Phytomedicine 9, 422-426., Pizzolatti et al. (2002b)Pizzolatti, M.G., Venson, A.F., Smânia, A.J., Smânia, E.F.A., Braz-Filho, R., 2002. Two epimeric flavalignans from Trichilia catigua (Meliaceae) with antimicrobial activity. Z. Naturforsch. C 57, 483-488., Pontieri et al. (2007)Pontieri, V., Scalabrini-Neto, A., Camargo, A.F.F., Koike, M.K., Velasco, I.T., 2007. The herbal drug Catuama reverts and prevents ventricular fibrillation in the isolated rabbit heart. J. Electrocardiol. 40, 534.e531–534.e538., Quintão et al. (2008)Quintão, N.L.M., Ferreira, J., Beirith, A., Campos, M.M., Calixto, J.B., 2008. Evaluation of the effects of the herbal product Catuama in inflammatory and neuropathic models of nociception in rats. Phytomedicine 15, 245-252., Resende (2007)Resende, F.O., 2007. Trichilia catigua: avaliação farmacognóstica, fitoquímica e biológica in vitro, Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual de Maringá,Maringá., Resende et al. (2011)Resende, F.O., Rodrigues-Filho, E., Luftmann, H., Petereit, F., Mello, J.C.P., 2011. Phenylpropanoid substituted flavan-3-ols from Trichilia catigua and their in vitro antioxidative activity. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 22, 2087-2093., Tang et al. (2007)Tang, W., Hioki, H., Harada, K., Kubo, M., Fukuyama, Y., 2007. Antioxidant phenylpropanoid-substituted epicatechins from Trichilia catigua. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 2010-2013., Truiti et al. (2015)Truiti, M.T., Soares, L.M., Longhini, R., Milani, H., Nakamura, C.V., Mello, J.C.P., Oliveira, R.M.W., 2015. Trichilia catigua ethyl-acetate fraction protects against cognitive impairments and hippocampal cell death induced by bilateral common carotid occlusion in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 172, 232-237., Vaz et al. (1997)Vaz, Z.R., Mata, L.V., Calixto, J.B., 1997. Analgesic effect of the herbal medicine Catuama in thermal and chemical models of nociception in mice. Phytother. Res. 11, 101-106., Viana et al. (2011)Viana, A.F., Maciel, I.S., Motta, E.M., Leal, P.C., Pianowski, L., Campos, M.M., Calixto, J.B., 2011. Antinociceptive activity of Trichilia catigua hydroalcoholic extract: new evidence on its dopaminergic effects. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 1-8.
T. claussenii C. DC.	Toxic activity against larvae and pupae of S. frugiperda and anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.	Cala (2010)Cala, A.C., 2010. Avaliação da atividade de Artemisia annua L., Melia azedarach L. e Trichilia claussenii C. sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, pp. 83., Cala et al. (2012)Cala, A.C., Chagas, A.C.S., Oliveira, M.C.S., Matos, A.P., Borges, L.M.F., Sousa, L.A.D., Souza, F.A., Oliveira, G.P., 2012. In vitro anthelmintic effect of Melia azedarach L. and Trichilia claussenii C. against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Exp. Parasitol. 130, 98-102., Matos et al. (2006)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Calegari, E.R., Batista-Pereia, L.G., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da Silva, M.F.G.F., Ferreira Filho, P., Rodrigues, R.R., 2006. Atividade biológica de extratos orgânicos de Trichilia spp. (Meliaceae) sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em dieta artificial. BioAssay , 1-7., Nebo et al. (2010)Nebo, L., Matos, A.P., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Silva, M.F.G.F., Rodrigues, R.R., 2010. Atividade inseticida dos frutos de Trichilia claussenii (MELIACEAE) sobre Spodoptera frugiperda. Quim. Nova 33, 1849-1852.
T. dregeana Sond.	Antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and cyclooxygenase-1 and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity.	Eldeen et al. (2005)Eldeen, I.M.S., Elgorashi, E.E., Van Staden, J., 2005. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and mutagenic effects of extracts obtained from some trees used in South African traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 102, 457-464., Naidoo et al. (2013)Naidoo, D., Vuuren, S.F.v., Zyl, R.L.v., Wet, H.d., 2013. Plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern Maputaland, South Africa: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 149, 656-667.
T. elegans A. Juss.	Insecticidal activity against larvae and pupae of S. frugiperda. Inhibitory effects on various components of the immune system.	Matos et al. (2006)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Calegari, E.R., Batista-Pereia, L.G., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da Silva, M.F.G.F., Ferreira Filho, P., Rodrigues, R.R., 2006. Atividade biológica de extratos orgânicos de Trichilia spp. (Meliaceae) sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em dieta artificial. BioAssay , 1-7., Matos et al. (2009)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da-Silva, M.F.G.F., 2009. Constituintes químicos e atividade inseticida dos extratos de frutos de Trichilia elegans e T. catigua (Meliaceae). Quim. Nova 32, 1553-1556., Nores et al. (1997)Nores, M.M., Courréges, M.C., Benencia, F., Coulombié, F.C., 1997. Immunomodulatory activity of Cedrele lilloi and Trichilia elegans aqueous leaf extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 55, 99-106.
T. emetica Vahl	Inhibitory activities of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin biosynthesis and antifungal activity against strains of Candida glabrata. Schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma haematobium. Trypanocidal activity against T. brucei rhodesiense and antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania mexicana mexicana. In vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Hormonal influences on prostate cancer cells. Ethnobotanical study for treatment of malaria. Antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial activities. Larvicidal activity against Anopheles arabiensis. Popularly used to treat gynaecological and obstetric disorders. Hepatoprotective and antibacterial effects. Antioxidant properties and intestinal absorption of phenolic acids. Antifungal activity. DNA-damaging activity.	Atindehou et al. (2004)Atindehou, K.K., Schmid, C., Brun, R., Koné, M.W., Traore, D., 2004. Antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from Côte d’Ivoire. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90, 221-227., Bero et al. (2009)Bero, J., Ganfon, H., Jonville, M.C., Frédérich, M., Gbaguidi, F., DeMol, P., Moudachirou, M., Quetin-Leclercq, J., 2009. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat malaria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 122, 439-444., Bobach et al. (2014)Bobach, C., Schurwanz, J., Franke, K., Denkert, A., Sung, T.V., Kuster, R., Mutiso, P.C., Seliger, B., Wessjohann, L.A., 2014. Multiple readout assay for hormonal (androgenic and antiandrogenic) and cytotoxic activity of plant and fungal extracts based on differential prostate cancer cell line behavior. J. Ethnopharmacol. 155, 721-730., Diarra et al. (2015)Diarra, N., Klooster, C., Togola, A., Diallo, D., Willcox, M., Jong, J., 2015. Ethnobotanical study of plants used against malaria in Sélingué subdistrict, Mali. J. Ethnopharmacol. 166, 352-360., Germanò et al. (2006)Germanò, M.P., D’Angelo, V., Biasini, T., Sanogo, R., De Pasquale, R., Catania, S., 2006. Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and bioavailability of free and bound phenolic acids from Trichilia emetica Vahl.. J. Ethnopharmacol. 105, 368-373., Germanò et al. (2005)Germanò, M.P., D’Angelo, V., Sanogo, R., Catania, S., Alma, R., Pasquale, R.D., Bisignano, G., 2005. Hepatoprotective and antibacterial effects of extracts from Trichilia emetica Vahl. (Meliaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 96, 227-232., Geyid et al. (2005)Geyid, A., Abebe, D., Debella, A., Makonnen, Z., Aberra, F., Teka, F., Kebede, T., Urga, K., Yersaw, K., Biza, T., Mariam, B.H., Guta, M., 2005. Screening of some medicinal plants of Ethiopia for their anti-microbial properties and chemical profiles. J. Ethnopharmacol. 97, 421-427., Gunatilaka et al. (1998)Gunatilaka, A.A.L., Bolzani, V.d.S., Dagne, E., Hofmann, G.A., Johnson, R.K., McCabe, F.L., Mattern, M.R., Kingston, D.G.I., 1998. Limonoids showing selective toxicity to DNA repair-deficient yeast and other constituents of Trichilia emetica. J. Nat. Prod. 61, 179-184., Hoet et al. (2004)Hoet, S., Opperdoes, F., Brun, R., Adjakidjé, V., Quetin-Leclercq, J., 2004. In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of ethnopharmacologically selected Beninese plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 91, 37-42., Kolaczkowski et al. (2009)Kolaczkowski, M., Kolaczkowska, A., Sroda, K., Ramalhete, C., Michalak, K., Mulhovo, S., Ferreira, M.J.U., 2009. Substrates and modulators of the multidrug transporter Cdr1p of Candida albicans in antifungal extracts of medicinal plants. Mycoses 53, 305-310., Konaté et al. (2015)Konaté, K., Yomalan, K., Sytar, O., Brestic, M., 2015. Antidiarrheal and antimicrobial profiles extracts of the leaves from Trichilia emetica Vahl. (Meliaceae). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 5, 242-248., List (2010)List, T.P., 2010. The Plant List, Version 1 ed., Mavundza et al. (2013)Mavundza, E.J., Maharaj, R., Chukwujekwu, J.C., Finnie, J.F., Staden, J.V., 2013. Larvicidal activity against Anopheles arabiensis of 10 South African plants that are traditionally used as mosquito repellents. S. Afr. J. Bot. 88, 86-89., Mcgaw et al. (1997)Mcgaw, L.J., Jäger, A.K., Van Staden, J., 1997. Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory activity in Zulu, Xhosa and Sotho medicinal plants. Phytother. Res. 11, 113-117., Shai et al. (2008)Shai, L.J., McGaw, L.J., Masoko, P., Eloff, J.N., 2008. Antifungal and antibacterial activity of seven traditionally used South African plant species active against Candida albicans. S. Afr. J. Bot. 74, 677-684., Sparg et al. (2000)Sparg, S.G., Van Staden, J., Jäger, A.K., 2000. Efficiency of traditionally used South African plants against schistosomiasis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73, 209-214., Wet and Ngubane (2014)Wet, H., Ngubane, S.C., 2014. Traditional herbal remedies used by women in a rural community in northern Maputaland (South Africa) for the treatment of gynaecology and obstetric complaints. S. Afr. J. Bot. 94, 129-139.
T. glabra L.	In vitro anticomplementary and immunomodulatory activities. Anti-inflammatory activity.	Benencia and Coulombie (1998)Benencia, F., Coulombie, F.C., 1998. Immunomodulatory activities of Trichilia glabra leaf aqueous extracts. Phytother. Res. 12, 167-171., Benencia et al. (2000)Benencia, F., Courrèges, M.C., Coulombié, F.C., 2000. Anti-inflammatory activities of Trichilia glabra aqueous leaf extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 71, 293-300.
T. lepidota Mart.	Cytotoxic activity against the MOLT-4 and U937 leukemic cell lines.	Terra et al. (2013)Terra, W.S., Vieira, I.J.C., Braz-Filho, R., Freitas, W.R., Kanashiro, M.M., Torres, M.C.M., 2013. Lepidotrichilins A and B, new protolimonoids with cytotoxic activity from Trichilia lepidota (Meliaceae). Molecules 18, 12180-12191.
T. monadelpha P. Browne.	Child health care. COX-1 inhibitory effect. Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum	Asase and Kadera (2014)Asase, A., Kadera, M.L., 2014. Herbal medicines for child healthcare from Ghana. J. Herb. Med. 4, 24-36., Atindehou et al. (2004)Atindehou, K.K., Schmid, C., Brun, R., Koné, M.W., Traore, D., 2004. Antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from Côte d’Ivoire. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90, 221-227., Larsen et al. (2015)Larsen, B.H.V., Soelberg, J., Jäger, A.K., 2015. COX-1 inhibitory effect of medicinal plants of Ghana. S. Afr. J. Bot. 99, 129-131.
T. pallens C. DC.	Insecticidal activity against caterpillar and larvae of S. frugiperda.	Bogorni and Vendramim (2003)Bogorni, P.C., Vendramim, J.D., 2003. Bioatividade de extratos aquosos de Trichilia spp. sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em milho. Neotrop. Entomol. 32, 665-669.
T. pallida Sw.	Insecticidal activity against caterpillar of S. frugiperda, acaricidal activity against the ectoparasitic Rhipicephalus sanguineus and antifungal activity.	Amaro (2007)Amaro, N.B., 2007. Avaliação do potencial de extratos vegetais de Trichilia pallida (Swartz, 178) (Sapindales: Meliaceae) e Sesamum indicum (Linnaeus, 1753) (Lamiales: Pedaliaceae) na prospecção de acaricidas botânicos para controle de Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública. Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, pp. 108., Bogorni and Vendramim (2003)Bogorni, P.C., Vendramim, J.D., 2003. Bioatividade de extratos aquosos de Trichilia spp. sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em milho. Neotrop. Entomol. 32, 665-669., Pinto et al. (2010)Pinto, J.M.A., Souza, E.A., Oliveira, D.F., 2010. Use of plant extracts in the control of common bean anthracnose. Crop. Prot. 29, 838-842.
T. pleeana (A. Juss.) C. DC.	Antifungal activity.	Ficker et al. (2003)Ficker, C.E., Arnason, J.T., Vindas, P.S., Alvarez, L.P., Akpagana, K., Gbéassor, M., Souza, C., Smith, M.L., 2003. Inhibition of human pathogenic fungi by ethnobotanically selected plant extracts. Mycoses 46, 29-37.
T. quadrijuga (Miq.) Kunth	Antimicrobial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis.	Rodrigues (2009)Rodrigues, V.F., 2009. Constituintes químicos de Trichilia quadrijuga (Meliaceae),Produção Vegetal. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, pp. 338.
T. ramalhoi Rizzini	Trypanocidal activity.	Ambrozin et al. (2004)Ambrozin, A.R.P., Fernandes, J.B., Silva, M.F.G.F., Vieira, P.C., Albuquerque, S., 2004. Trypanocidal activity of Meliaceae and Rutaceae plant extracts. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 99, 227-231.
T. rubescens Oliv.	Antimalarial activity against intra-erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum.	Krief et al. (2006)Krief, S., Huffman, M.A., Venet, T.S., Hladik, C., Grellier, P., Loiseau, P.M., Wrangham, R.W., 2006. Bioactive properties of plant species ingested by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am. J. Primatol. 68, 51-71., Krief et al. (2004)Krief, S., Martin, M.T., Grellier, P., Kasenene, J., Sévenet, T., 2004. Novel antimalarial compounds isolated in a survey of self-medicative behavior of wild Chimpanzees in Uganda. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 3196-3199.
T. silvatica C. DC.	Antimicrobial activity against strains of S. aureus, Streptococcus salivarius and S. mutans and evidence of antitumour activity.	Almeida et al. (2009)Almeida, J.A.R., Aquino, V.L., Figueiredo, E.R., Carlos, L.A., Motta, O.V., Vieira, I.J.C., 2009. Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de Trichilia casaretti e T. silvatica (Meliaceae) sobre Staphylococcus aureus. In: 32ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Química, Fortaleza, Brasil., Figueiredo (2010)Figueiredo, E.R., 2010. Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação biológica dos extratos de Trichilia casarettii e Trichilia silvatica (Meliaceae), Produção Vegetal. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, pp.167.

Species	Isolated and identified substances	References
T. americana (Sesse & Moc.) T.D. Penn.	Trichiliasterones A and B.	Hantos et al. (2001)Hantos, S.M., Tripathy, S., Alibhai, N., Durst, T., 2001. Synthesis of trichiliasterones A and B – 16-ketosteroids isolated from Trichilia hirta and Trichilia americana. J. Chem. 79, 1747-1753.
T. catigua A. Juss.	Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, β-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl sitosterol, 11β-methoxycedrelone, cinchonains Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, IIa and IIb, apocynin, catechin, ent-catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, catiguanins A and B, procyanidins B2, B4 and C1, cedrelone, methylangolensate and epimeric mixture of photogedunin.	Beltrame et al. (2006)Beltrame, F.L., Rodrigues-Filho, E., Barros, F.A.P., Cortez, D.A.G., Cass, Q.B., 2006. A validated higher-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of cinchonain Ib in bark and phytopharmaceuticals of Trichilia catigua used as Catuaba. J. Chromatogr. A 1119, 257-263., Lagos (2006)Lagos, J.B., 2006. Estudo comparativo da composição química das folhas e cascas da Trichilia catigua A. Juss., Meliaceae, Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, pp. 117., Martinelli (2010)Martinelli, F.R., 2010. Cinchonaínas – método cromatográfico e produção de padrões para controle de qualidade de extratos polares de catuaba (Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss.). Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, pp. 139., Matos (2006)Matos, A.P., 2006. Busca de compostos inseticidas: estudo de espécies do gênero Trichilia (Meliaceae). Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, pp. 194., Matos et al. (2006)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Calegari, E.R., Batista-Pereia, L.G., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da Silva, M.F.G.F., Ferreira Filho, P., Rodrigues, R.R., 2006. Atividade biológica de extratos orgânicos de Trichilia spp. (Meliaceae) sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em dieta artificial. BioAssay , 1-7., Matos et al. (2009)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da-Silva, M.F.G.F., 2009. Constituintes químicos e atividade inseticida dos extratos de frutos de Trichilia elegans e T. catigua (Meliaceae). Quim. Nova 32, 1553-1556., Nebo (2008)Nebo, L., 2008. Atividade inseticida de espécies de Trichilia frente à lagarta-do-cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, pp. 180., Resende (2007)Resende, F.O., 2007. Trichilia catigua: avaliação farmacognóstica, fitoquímica e biológica in vitro, Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual de Maringá,Maringá., Tang et al. (2007)Tang, W., Hioki, H., Harada, K., Kubo, M., Fukuyama, Y., 2007. Antioxidant phenylpropanoid-substituted epicatechins from Trichilia catigua. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 2010-2013., Viana et al. (2011)Viana, A.F., Maciel, I.S., Motta, E.M., Leal, P.C., Pianowski, L., Campos, M.M., Calixto, J.B., 2011. Antinociceptive activity of Trichilia catigua hydroalcoholic extract: new evidence on its dopaminergic effects. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 1-8.
T. casaretti C. DC.	Aromadendrane-4β,10α-diol, 8-epi-sclareol, 24-methylenecycloartane-12-oxo-3β,22-diol, 24-methylenecycloartane-3β,22-diol, trichiliol, 24,25-dihydroxycycloart-22-enol, 22-hydroxycycloart-24-enol, lupeol, phytol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmata-5,20(22)-dien-3β-ol, itesmol, scopoletin, β-elemen, germacren D, elemol, ledol, espatulenol, caryophyllene oxide, viridiflorol.	Figueiredo (2010)Figueiredo, E.R., 2010. Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação biológica dos extratos de Trichilia casarettii e Trichilia silvatica (Meliaceae), Produção Vegetal. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, pp.167., Souza (2008)Souza, P.R.T., 2008. Terpenos isolados de Trichilia casaretti e Trichilia silvatica (Meliaceae), Química. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, pp. 133.
T. claussenii C. DC.	Cryptomeridiol, 24-methylene-26-hydroxycycloartan-3-one, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol, lupenone, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, sitostenone, 24-methylene-3β,4β,22α-trihydroxy-cholesterol3-β-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl sitosterol and ω-phenyl alkanoic and alkenoic acids.	Cala (2010)Cala, A.C., 2010. Avaliação da atividade de Artemisia annua L., Melia azedarach L. e Trichilia claussenii C. sobre nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, pp. 83., Matos (2006)Matos, A.P., 2006. Busca de compostos inseticidas: estudo de espécies do gênero Trichilia (Meliaceae). Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, pp. 194., Nebo (2008)Nebo, L., 2008. Atividade inseticida de espécies de Trichilia frente à lagarta-do-cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, pp. 180.
T. connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv.	Trijugin C, 3β,4α-dihydroxypregnan-16-one; Δ^8,14-2-hydroxy-6-deoxyswietenine and trichiliton A. Limonoids: trichagmalin A, B, C, D, E and F; 15-acetyltrichagmalin C, E; 1,2-diacetyltrichagmalin C; 30-acetyltrichagmalin F; 1,30-diacetyltrichagmalin F; trichanolide.	Fang et al. (2010)Fang, X., Di, Y., Geng, Z., Tan, C., Guo, J., Ning, J., Hao, X., 2010. Trichiliton A, a novel limonoid from Trichilia connaroides. Eur. J. Org. Chem. , 1381-1387., Zhang et al. (2003)Zhang, H., Wu, S., Shen, Y., Ma, Y., Wu, D., Qi, S., Luo, X., 2003. A pentanortriterpenoid with a novel carbon skeleton and a new pregnane from Trichilia connaroides. Can. J. Chem. 81, 253-257., Zhang et al. (2011)Zhang, Q., Di, Y.T., He, H.P., Fang, X., Chen, D.L., Yan, X.H., Zhu, F., Yang, T.Q., Liu, L.L., Hao, X.J., 2011. Phragmalin- and mexicanolide-type limonoids from the leaves of Trichilia connaroides. J. Nat. Prod. 74, 152-157.
T. elegans A. Juss.	11β-acetoxyobacunone, 1,2-dihydro-1α-acetoxy-11β-acetoxy-14,15-epoxycneorin, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, sitostenone, campesterol, 3-β-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl sitosterol, scoparone, scopoletin, umbelliferone, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin.	Matos (2006)Matos, A.P., 2006. Busca de compostos inseticidas: estudo de espécies do gênero Trichilia (Meliaceae). Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, pp. 194., Matos et al. (2009)Matos, A.P., Nebo, L., Vieira, P.C., Fernandes, J.B., Da-Silva, M.F.G.F., 2009. Constituintes químicos e atividade inseticida dos extratos de frutos de Trichilia elegans e T. catigua (Meliaceae). Quim. Nova 32, 1553-1556., Nebo (2008)Nebo, L., 2008. Atividade inseticida de espécies de Trichilia frente à lagarta-do-cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, pp. 180.
T. emetica ssp. suberosa J.J. de Wilde	1-methoxy-pregnan-17(R)-1,4-dien-3,16-dione; 1-methoxy-pregnan-17-(S)-1,4-dien-3,16-dione; 1-methoxy-androstan-1,4-dien-3,16-dione; 2,3-seco-pregnan-17(S)-2,3-dioic acid-16-oxo-dimethyl ester; 2,3-seco-androstan-2,3-dioic acid-16-oxo-dimethyl ester; 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,3-seco-androstan-3-oic acid-16-oxo-2,19-lactone; 2,3,16-trihydroxy-5-pregnan-17(R)-20-yl acetate; 2α,3α,16α,20-tetrahydroxy-5α-pregnane; 2β,3β-dihydroxypregnan-16-one; 2β,3α-dihydroxypregnan-16-one. Monosaccharide (arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, mannose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose). Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, protocathecuic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid. Limonoids: nymania 1, drageana 4, trichilin A, rohituka 3, Tr-B, seco-A protolimonoid.	Diallo et al. (2003)Diallo, D., Paulsen, B.S., Liljebäck, T.H.A., Michaelsen, T.E., 2003. The malian medicinal plant Trichilia emetica; studies on polysaccharides with complement fixing ability. J. Ethnopharmacol. 84, 279-287., Germanò et al. (2006)Germanò, M.P., D’Angelo, V., Biasini, T., Sanogo, R., De Pasquale, R., Catania, S., 2006. Evaluation of the antioxidant properties and bioavailability of free and bound phenolic acids from Trichilia emetica Vahl.. J. Ethnopharmacol. 105, 368-373., Gunatilaka et al. (1998)Gunatilaka, A.A.L., Bolzani, V.d.S., Dagne, E., Hofmann, G.A., Johnson, R.K., McCabe, F.L., Mattern, M.R., Kingston, D.G.I., 1998. Limonoids showing selective toxicity to DNA repair-deficient yeast and other constituents of Trichilia emetica. J. Nat. Prod. 61, 179-184., Malafronte et al. (2013)Malafronte, N., Sanogo, R., Vassallo, A., Tommasi, N.d., Bifulco, G., Piaz, F.d., 2013. Androstanes and pregnanes from Trichilia emetica ssp. suberosa J.J. de Wilde. Phytochemistry 96, 437-442.
T. havanensis Jacq.	3,7-di-O-acetyl-14,15-deoxyhavanense, 1,7-di-O-acetyl-14,15-deoxyhavanense, azadirone and γ-hydroxybutenolide.	Rodriguez (2003)Rodriguez, B., 2003. Complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 15 limonoids. Magn. Reson. Chem. 41, 206-212.
T. hirta L.	Trichiliasterones A and B.	Hantos et al. (2001)Hantos, S.M., Tripathy, S., Alibhai, N., Durst, T., 2001. Synthesis of trichiliasterones A and B – 16-ketosteroids isolated from Trichilia hirta and Trichilia americana. J. Chem. 79, 1747-1753.
T. lepidota Mart.	β-Sitosterol, stigmasterol, scopoletin, lepidotrichilins A and B, 21,23-epoxy-7α-21α-dihydroxyapotirucalla-14,24-dien-3-one, 21,23-epoxy-7α-21β-dihydroxyapotirucalla-14,24-dien-3-one, dysoronea D and deoxyflindissone.	Terra et al. (2013)Terra, W.S., Vieira, I.J.C., Braz-Filho, R., Freitas, W.R., Kanashiro, M.M., Torres, M.C.M., 2013. Lepidotrichilins A and B, new protolimonoids with cytotoxic activity from Trichilia lepidota (Meliaceae). Molecules 18, 12180-12191.
T. pallida Sw.	Naphtalene, α-cubebene, α-copaene, β-elemene, caryophyllene, α-humulene, γ-muurolene, viridiflorene, α-selinene, Δ-cadinene, germacrene B, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol and 1-epi-cubenol.	Tissot (2008)Tissot, A.C., 2008. Testes de repelência com nova metodologia em Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 (Culicidae, Diptera) e determinação química do óleo essencial de Trichilia pallida (Meliaceae), Entomologia. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Tese de Doutorado, pp. 100.
T. quadrijuga (Miq.) Kunth	Quadrijugol, kudithyol, spathulenol, bourjotinolone B, nilocitin, piscidinol, dihydronilocitin, 3β,4β-dihydroxypregn-16-one, β-sitosterol, 3-O-β-d-glicopyranosyl itesmol, stigmasterol and 2β,3β,4β-trihydroxypregn-16-one.	Rodrigues (2009)Rodrigues, V.F., 2009. Constituintes químicos de Trichilia quadrijuga (Meliaceae),Produção Vegetal. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, pp. 338., Rodrigues et al. (2009)Rodrigues, V.F., Carmo, H.M., Oliveira, R.R., Filho, R.B., Mathias, L., Vieira, I.J.C., 2009. Isoelation of terpenoids from Trichilia quadrijuga (Meliaceae) by droplet counter-current chromatography. Chromatographia 70, 1191-1195.
T. rubescens Oliv.	Trichirubines A and B.	Krief et al. (2006)Krief, S., Huffman, M.A., Venet, T.S., Hladik, C., Grellier, P., Loiseau, P.M., Wrangham, R.W., 2006. Bioactive properties of plant species ingested by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am. J. Primatol. 68, 51-71., Krief et al. (2004)Krief, S., Martin, M.T., Grellier, P., Kasenene, J., Sévenet, T., 2004. Novel antimalarial compounds isolated in a survey of self-medicative behavior of wild Chimpanzees in Uganda. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 3196-3199.
T. silvatica C. DC.	Ethyl palmitate, α-tocopherol, spathulenol, veridiflorol, humulene oxide, (2S,3S,6R,7R)-humulene-2,3,6,7-diepoxide, (2R,3R,6R,7R)-humulene-2,3,6,7-diepoxide, mustakone, β-sitosterol and a mixture containing triterpenes α-amyrin, β-amyrin, pseudotaraxasterol and lupeol. δ-elemene, isoledene, α-copaene, α-gurjunene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, alloaromadendrene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene A, δ-cadinene, elemol, germacrene B, δ-cadinol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ambrosanoli-11,10-diol and scopoletin.	Figueiredo (2010)Figueiredo, E.R., 2010. Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação biológica dos extratos de Trichilia casarettii e Trichilia silvatica (Meliaceae), Produção Vegetal. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, pp.167., Souza (2008)Souza, P.R.T., 2008. Terpenos isolados de Trichilia casaretti e Trichilia silvatica (Meliaceae), Química. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, pp. 133.
T. trifolia L.	1,3,7,11,12-dolabella-3,7,18-trien-17-oic acid, 1,3,6,7,11,12-dolabella-3,7,18-trien-6,17-olide and (1,3,4,7,11,12)-3-hydroxydolabella-7,18-dien-4,17-olide.	Ramírez et al. (2000)Ramírez, M.C., Toscano, R.A., Arnason, J., Omar, S., Cerda-Garcia-Rojas, C.M., Mata, R., 2000. Structure, conformation and absolute configuration of new antifeedant dolabellanes from Trichilia trifolia. Tetrahedron 56, 5085-5091.
T. welwitschii C. DC.	dregeanin DM4; rohituka 3; trichilia lactone D5; 28,29-dinorcycloart-24-ene-3,4,6-triol; sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucoside; 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-l-proline; stigmasterol and sitosterol.	Tsamo et al. (2013)Tsamo, A., Langat, M.K., Nkounga, P., Waffo, A.F.K., Nkengfack, A.E., Mulholland, D.A., 2013. Limonoids from the West African Trichilia welwitschii (Meliaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 50, 368-370.

[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:mello@uem.br (J.C. Mello).

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Trichilia catigua: therapeutic and cosmetic values

ABSTRACT