Phenolic composition, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of edible and medicinal plants from the Peruvian Amazon

Tauchen, Jan; Bortl, Ludvik; Huml, Lukas; Miksatkova, Petra; Doskocil, Ivo; Marsik, Petr; Villegas, Pablo Pedro Panduro; Flores, Ymber Bendezu; Damme, Patrick Van; Lojka, Bohdan; Havlik, Jaroslav; Lapcik, Oldrich; Kokoska, Ladislav

doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2016.03.016

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Original articles • Rev. bras. farmacogn. 26 (6) • Nov-Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.03.016 copy

Phenolic composition, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of edible and medicinal plants from the Peruvian Amazon

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Among 23 extracts of medicinal and edible plants tested, Mauritia flexuosa L.f., Arecaceae, showed significant antioxidant ability (DPPH and ORAC = 1062.9 and 645.9 ± 51.4 µg TE/mg extract, respectively), while Annona montana Macfad., Annonaceae, demonstrated the most promising anti-proliferative effect (IC₅₀ for Hep-G2 and HT-29 = 2.7 and 9.0 µg/ml, respectively). However, combinatory antioxidant/anti-proliferative effect was only detected in Oenocarpus bataua Mart., Arecaceae (DPPH = 903.8 and ORAC = 1024 µg TE/mg extract; IC₅₀ for Hep-G2 and HT-29 at 102.6 and 38.8 µg/ml, respectively) and Inga edulis Mart., Fabaceae (DPPH = 337.0 and ORAC = 795.7 µg TE/mg extract; IC₅₀ for Hep-G2 and HT-29 at 36.3 and 57.9 µg/ml, respectively). Phenolic content was positively correlated with antioxidant potential, however not with anti-proliferative effect. None of these extracts possessed toxicity towards normal foetal lung cells, suggesting their possible use in development of novel plant-based agents with preventive and/or therapeutic action against oxidative stress-related diseases.

Keywords:
Antioxidant; Anticarcinogenic; Phenolic compounds; Plant extracts

Botanical name [voucher specimen]	Family	Vernacular name^a a Vernacular names apply in the area of collection (Ucayali region, Peruvian Amazon).	Part(s) tested	Way of consumption	Traditional medicinal use^b b Only diseases or conditions likely to be associated to oxidative stress are recorded.	Reference^d d References are related to plant parts tested in this study.
Annona montana Macfad. [LB0037]	Annonaceae	Guanabana	Leaf	Infusion/decoction	Cancer	(Duke and Vásquez, 1994Duke, J.A., Vásquez, R., 1994. Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary, 1st ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.; Barbalho et al., 2012Barbalho, S.M., de Alvares Goulart, R., Farinazzi-Machado, F.M.V., de Souza, M.S.S., dos Santos Bueno, P.C., Guiguer, É.L., Araújo, A.C., Groppo, M., 2012. Annona sp: plants with multiple applications as alternative medicine – a review. Curr. Bioact. Compd. 8, 277-286.)
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. [LB0120]	Lecythidaceae	Castaña	Leaf	Infusion/decoction	Cancer	(Duke et al., 2009Duke, J.A., Bogenschutz-Godwin, M.J., Ottesen, A.R., 2009. Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America, 1st ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.)
Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC. [LB0044]	Malpighiaceae	Ciruela (china)	Seed, pericarp	Fruit eaten fresh or in processed form	n/a^c c To our best knowledge, documentation on traditional use as remedy in the Amazon region is not available.	(Lim, 2012Lim, T.K., 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.)
Genipa americana L. [LB0032]	Rubiaceae	Huito, Lana	Whole fruit	Fruit eaten fresh or in processed form	Cancer	(Duke et al., 2009Duke, J.A., Bogenschutz-Godwin, M.J., Ottesen, A.R., 2009. Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America, 1st ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.)
Inga edulis Mart. [LB0013]	Fabaceae	Guaba	Leaf, pericarp, aril, seed	Pulp eaten fresh or used for flavouring; leaves used as infusion	Rheumatoid arthritis	(Lim, 2012Lim, T.K., 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.)
Mauritia flexuosa L. f. [LB0084]	Arecaceae	Aguaje	Exocarp, mesocarp	Processed into juices	Neurodegenerative diseases	(Duke et al., 2009Duke, J.A., Bogenschutz-Godwin, M.J., Ottesen, A.R., 2009. Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America, 1st ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.)
Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh [LB0095]	Myrtaceae	Camu camu	Leaf, pericarp	Processed into juices; leaves used as infusion	Neurodegenerative diseases	(Duke et al., 2009Duke, J.A., Bogenschutz-Godwin, M.J., Ottesen, A.R., 2009. Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America, 1st ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.)
Oenocarpus bataua Mart. [LB0123]	Arecaceae	Ungurahui	Exocarp + mesocarp	Fruit eaten fresh or in processed form	Cancer	(Sosnowska and Balslev, 2009Sosnowska, J., Balslev, H., 2009. American palm ethnomedicine: a meta-analysis. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-43... )
Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal [LB0046]	Solanaceae	Cocona	Whole fruit	Fruit eaten fresh or cooked	Diabetes	(Duke and Vásquez, 1994Duke, J.A., Vásquez, R., 1994. Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary, 1st ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.; Lim, 2012Lim, T.K., 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.)
Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl. [LB0073]	Malvaceae	Macambo	Pericarp, aril + seed	Pulp is eaten fresh, seeds are consumed roasted	Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes	(Lim, 2012Lim, T.K., 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.)
Theobroma cacao L. [LB0016]	Malvaceae	Cacao	Leaf, pericarp, aril + seed	Pulp is eaten fresh, seeds are consumed roasted; leaves used as infusion/decoction	Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes	(Lim, 2012Lim, T.K., 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.)
Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K.Schum. [LB0052]	Malvaceae	Copoazú	Leaf, pericarp, aril	Pulp is eaten fresh, seeds are consumed roasted; leaves used as infusion/decoction	Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes	(Lim, 2012Lim, T.K., 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Fruits. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.)

Compound	Ionization mode	Retention time (min)^a a Retention time window (minutes) is given in brackets.	Fragmentor (V)	Precursor ion (m/z)	Product (m/z)				LOD (ng/ml)^c c Limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio of 3).	LOQ (ng/ml)^d d Limits of quantification (signal-to-noise ratio of 10).
					Quantification transition	E (eV)^b b Collision energy.	Confirmation transition	E (eV)^b b Collision energy.
Anisic acid	ESI+	5.35 (0.5)	72	153.06	77.2	5	109.1	9	3.6	11.9
Apigenin	ESI−	7.98 (0.6)	108	269.04	117.0	3	151.1	7	0.1	0.3
Apigenin-7-glucoside	ESI+	5.54 (0.5)	109	433.12	271.0	3	153.0	60	0.2	0.8
Caffeic acid	ESI−	3.60 (0.4)	81	179.00	89.0	30	135.1	3	2.3	7.7
Chlorogenic acid	ESI−	3.01(1.0)	81	353.09	191.1	9	^e e Only one transition was used for detection.	^e e Only one transition was used for detection.	0.6	1.9
p-Coumaric acid	ESI+	4.37 (0.5)	60	165.05	147.1	9	^e e Only one transition was used for detection.	^e e Only one transition was used for detection.	0.9	3.0
(−)-Epicatechin	ESI−	3.10 (0.5)	111	289.07	109	3	245.1	5	0.7	2.4
Ferulic acid	ESI+	4.65 (0.5)	63	195.07	145.0	3	177.0	5	1.0	3.2
Flavone	ESI+	8.80 (0.5)	119	223.10	77.2	1	121.1	25	0.2	0.8
Gallic acid	ESI−	2.43 (0.6)	75	169.01	124.9	9	169.0	5	0.7	2.2
Hesperetin	ESI−	7.30 (0.5)	108	301.07	164.0	17	286.0	9	0.1	0.3
Isoquercitrin	ESI−	4.87 (0.5)	150	463.09	300.3	18	271.0	42	0.4	1.2
Kaempferol	EIS+	7.55 (0.6)	161	287.06	153.0	1	69.1	3	1.1	3.6
Luteolin	ESI−	7.23 (0.8)	128	285.04	133.0	33	151.0	0	0.4	1.4
Luteolin-7-glucoside	ESI−	4.92 (0.6)	151	447.09	285.0	25	133.0	0	1.3	4.4
Morin	ESI+	6.22 (0.8)	141	303.05	152.9	0	69.1	4	22.0	73.2
Myricetin	ESI−	5.72 (0.8)	113	317.03	151.0	7	137.0	1	30.3	101.0
Naringenin	ESI−	7.05 (0.5)	93	271.06	119.0	1	151.0	9	0.1	0.1
Naringenin-7-glucoside	ESI−	4.76 (0.5)	117	433.11	271.1	0	119.0	0	0.1	0.4
Naringin	ESI−	4.57 (0.5)	166	579.17	271.1	9	151.0	9	3.0	10.0
Pterostilbene	ESI−	9.07 (0.5)	102	255.10	240.1	3	197.1	5	0.3	1.0
Quercetin	ESI−	6.70 (0.9)	106	301.03	151.0	3	121.1	4	1.3	4.2
Quercetin-3-arabinoside	ESI−	5.18 (0.5)	114	433.07	300.0	7	271.0	7	0.3	0.9
Resveratrol	ESI−	5.25 (0.5)	102	227.10	143.0	5	185.1	3	0.1	0.2
Rutin	ESI−	4.69 (0.5)	163	609.14	271.0	1	300.0	5	0.3	0.9
Salicylic acid	ESI−	5.22 (0.6)	72	137.02	93.1	3	65.1	9	0.5	1.8
Scopoletin	ESI−	4.84 (0.5)	81	191.03	176.0	0	104.0	2	0.4	1.2
Sinapic acid	ESI−	4.80 (0.4)	81	223.06	208.1	9	149.0	7	0.1	0.2
syringic acid	ESI+	3.99 (0.5)	60	199.06	140.1	3	77.2	5	0.5	1.7
Vanillic acid	ESI+	3.79 (0.5)	78	169.05	65.2	2	125.1	5	1.4	4.6

Species	Plant part(s)^a a Abbreviation refers to plant part(s).	Antioxidant assay/mean ± SD^b b Standard deviation.			Cell type/mean IC₅₀ ± SD^b b Standard deviation.
		DPPH^c c µg TE/mg extract.	ORAC^c c µg TE/mg extract.	TPC^d d µg GAE/mg extract.	Hep-G2^e e µg/ml.	HT-29^e e µg/ml.	MRC-5^e e µg/ml.
A. montana	L	186.9 ± 16.7	608.3 ± 18.8	196.8 ± 10.7	2.7 ± 0.2	9.0 ± 1.3	>500
B. excelsa	L	258.8 ± 6.4	613.3 ± 26.8	266.4 ± 14.1	>500	41.3 ± 3.4	>500
B. armeniaca	P	1.5 ± 0.1	10.7 ± 1.0	6.5 ± 0.7	>500	>500	>500
	S	☐0.2	27.3 ± 2.6	3.6 ± 0.7	>500	>500	>500
G. americana	FW	20.6 ± 4.7	113.9 ± 4.7	28.0 ± 2.2	>500	>500	>500
I. edulis	A	21.2 ± 3.2	69.9 ± 3.9	20.8 ± 1.8	>500	>500	>500
	L	337.0 ± 26.3	795.7 ± 25.4	262.3 ± 11.8	36.3 ± 15.7	57.9 ± 2.1	>500
	P	288.0 ± 8.8	645.7 ± 33.9	207.2 ± 13.8	>500	190.9 ± 1.1	>500
	S	7.9 ± 0.5	51.5 ± 2.8	17.2 ± 3.3	179.1 ± 13.7	148.5 ± 41.7	>500
M. flexuosa	E	1062.9 ± 163.9	645.9 ± 51.4	461.5 ± 32.5	>500	>500	>500
	M	130.8 ± 15.4	244.5 ± 7.5	87.0 ± 3.9	>500	262.6 ± 2.2	>500
M. dubia	L	641.9 ± 127.9	642.6 ± 32.7	342.0 ± 18.7	149.5 ± 23.8	>500	>500
	P	440.9 ± 62.7	333.0 ± 21.6	275.8 ± 13.2	124.0 ± 12.3	>500	>500
O. bataua	FO	903.8 ± 158.1	1024.4 ± 69.3	672.3 ± 46.9	102.6 ± 4.2	38.8 ± 5.4	>500
S. sessiliflorum	FW	8.8 ± 1.2	88.9 ± 6.0	18.1 ± 2.0	>500	>500	>500
T. bicolor	A + S	107.4 ± 13.6	243.0 ± 20.7	102.9 ± 4.3	>500	294.0 ± 34.9	>500
	P	152.4 ± 3.8	217.9 ± 16.8	104.9 ± 4.7	388.5 ± 22.2	156.8 ± 11.4	>500
T. cacao	A + S	329.9 ± 59.5	587.3 ± 48.8	217.2 ± 5.5	407.8 ± 4.6	137.6 ± 12.0	>500
	L	152.2 ± 7.5	542.7 ± 23.1	149.8 ± 4.4	>500	82.6 ± 5.5	>500
	P	51.6 ± 6.1	179.7 ± 12.3	49.4 ± 3.6	>500	>500	>500
T. grandiflorum	A	25.9 ± 4.2	145.5 ± 9.5	57.6 ± 3.2	>500	>500	>500
	L	714.8 ± 111.3	821.9 ± 65.6	400.6 ± 25.9	140.4 ± 3.0	46.5 ± 0.2	>500
	P	188.2 ± 10.9	434.9 ± 38.8	163.0 ± 8.1	218.6 ± 26.2	83.9 ± 0.7	>500

Species	Plant part(s)^a a Abbreviation refers to plant part(s).	Compound (ng/g DW)^b b ND, compound not detected. ,^c c <LOQ, compound presented in sample under limit of quantification.
		Anisic acid	Caffeic acid	Chlorogenic acid	p-Coumaric acid	Ferulic acid	Gallic acid	Salicylic acid	Sinapic acid	Syringic acid	Vanillic acid
A. montana	L	116.3 ± 3.0	115.7 ± 4.3	267.1 ± 9.6	153.4 ± 4.2	81.8 ± 2.4	253.2 ± 1.4	64.3 ± 0.6	17.7 ± 0.5	94.2 ± 2.7	317.7 ± 7.2
B. excelsa	L	35.3 ± 0.7	25.5 ± 0.4	45.6 ± 2.3	391.5 ± 7.0	84.5 ± 1.5	3929.8 ± 25.4	665.9 ± 0.1	35.4 ± 1.1	123.9 ± 1.0	183.6 ± 5.4
B. armeniaca	P	ND	<LOQ	65.4 ± 3.1	48.1 ± 0.3	10.6 ± 0.0	ND	37.1 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.0	43.9 ± 1.0	37.2 ± 0.5
	S	ND	ND	<LOQ	25.3 ± 0.6	22.7 ± 0.3	ND	16.2 ± 0.3	ND	ND	ND
G. americana	FW	197.5 ± 2.4	46.9 ± 1.1	ND	56.1 ± 1.8	591.2 ± 5.4	ND	104.2 ± 0.1	155.6 ± 3.4	87.7 ± 2.2	6642.9 ± 86.1
I. edulis	A	ND	<LOQ	16.8 ± 0.9	33.6 ± 0.7	19.5 ± 0.5	647.5 ± 11.1	681.7 ± 5.2	26.8 ± 0.6	18.6 ± 0.4	43.9 ± 1.1
	L	ND	46.7 ± 2.0	ND	272.8 ± 0.4	32.1 ± 0.4	829.5 ± 3.5	2158.9 ± 2.5	17.8 ± 0.6	107.1 ± 2.2	1270.1 ± 29.6
	P	ND	<LOQ	5.7 ± 0.3	60.4 ± 1.4	15.0 ± 0.1	789.0 ± 19.3	1985.2 ± 4.1	1.0 ± 0.0	47.9 ± 1.9	456.7 ± 10.3
	S	ND	<LOQ	<LOQ	42.0 ± 1.2	277.8 ± 8.6	62.4 ± 1.1	43.1 ± 0.9	66.1 ± 0.4	16.9 ± 0.5	87.1 ± 2.1
M. flexuosa	E	<LOQ	162.7 ± 4.9	11,767.9 ± 75.0	52.3 ± 0.5	98.9 ± 2.9	159.0 ± 0.9	13.9 ± 0.1	188.0 ± 1.4	177.3 ± 6.4	390.5 ± 7.9
	M	ND	53.8 ± 1.8	10,354.6 ± 73.5	58.8 ± 1.6	93.4 ± 3.5	61.7 ± 1.0	16.5 ± 0.1	347.3 ± 3.4	48.6 ± 1.5	115.1 ± 2.1
M. dubia	L	37.6 ± 0.3	<LOQ	66.3 ± 0.1	159.9 ± 5.8	<LOQ	4087.7 ± 10.1	111.8 ± 0.8	5.2 ± 0.1	82.9 ± 1.2	108.0 ± 1.4
	P	<LOQ	<LOQ	15.3 ± 0.4	165.2 ± 5.1	19.0 ± 0.1	163.8 ± 4.1	51.3 ± 1.3	ND	10.7 ± 0.1	38.3 ± 3.1
O. bataua	FO	ND	256.3 ± 8.1	2324.7 ± 45.2	501.8 ± 14.7	351.6 ± 1.2	15.4 ± 0.4	39.6 ± 0.1	52.2 ± 0.5	704.2 ± 4.1	980.1 ± 24.0
S. sessiliflorum	FW	ND	235.4 ± 5.3	15,066.5 ± 106.2	295.0 ± 7.2	99.6 ± 1.1	ND	432.8 ± 3.6	103.0 ± 2.6	24.1 ± 0.3	59.8 ± 1.2
T. bicolor	A + S	49.1 ± 0.9	23.8 ± 0.3	ND	47.9 ± 1.0	34.7 ± 0.6	ND	153.8 ± 4.3	134.7 ± 3.0	166.7 ± 4.5	261.7 ± 6.8
	P	36.6 ± 0.5	59.1 ± 0.7	5318.4 ± 29.1	100.0 ± 3.3	178.1 ± 2.3	15.3 ± 1.0	51.9 ± 1.2	90.9 ± 1.5	165.7 ± 3.8	1066.3 ± 31.7
T. cacao	A + S	20.9 ± 0.8	42.6 ± 1.0	<LOQ	22.6 ± 0.3	8.5 ± 0.0	<LOQ	13.5 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.0	7.2 ± 0.1	121.1 ± 2.0
	L	ND	180.9 ± 4.9	6678.4 ± 38.5	748.0 ± 15.7	198.1 ± 5.1	6.1 ± 0.3	350.6 ± 1.3	274.7 ± 8.2	170.1 ± 3.8	593.6 ± 8.5
	P	ND	66.3 ± 2.0	<LOQ	29.5 ± 1.2	620.0 ± 11.7	<LOQ	53.8 ± 0.2	87.3 ± 2.7	54.7 ± 1.5	307.6 ± 5.9
T. grandiflorum	A	20.2 ± 0.7	<LOQ	9.5 ± 0.8	112.0 ± 2.6	52.5 ± 1.0	8.4 ± 0.9	146.3. ± 1.5	3.7 ± 0.1	240.5 ± 7.9	1179.8 ± 25.5
	L	<LOQ	27.9 ± 0.7	8.7 ± 0.4	142.6 ± 3.3	54.7 ± 0.5	28.2 ± 1.0	1853.9 ± 1.8	102.7 ± 2.3	379.9 ± 6.4	948.1 ± 9.8
	P	ND	<LOQ	16.9 ± 0.8	148.8 ± 3.9	76.8 ± 0.2	6.7 ± 0.2	121.6 ± 0.4	13.1 ± 0.2	497.5 ± 0.7	2723.8 ± 36.9

Species	Plant part(s)^a a Abbreviation refers to plant part(s).	Compound (ng/g DW)^b b ND, compound not detected. ,^c c <LOQ, compound presented in sample under limit of quantification.
		Apigenin	(−)-Epicatechin	Flavone	Hesperetin	Kaempferol	Luteolin	Morin	Myricetin	Naringenin	Quercetin
A. montana	L	ND	602.2 ± 4.9	ND	ND	54.8 ± 1.1	<LOQ	ND	473.4 ± 0.7	<LOQ	55.3 ± 0.6
B. excelsa	L	<LOQ	137.1 ± 3.9	ND	ND	271.9 ± 7.7	<LOQ	<LOQ	500.0 ± 2.3	5.7 ± 0.0	293.3 ± 0.3
B. armeniaca	P	ND	11.5 ± 0.4	ND	2.0 ± 0.1	<LOQ	<LOQ	ND	ND	1.6 ± 0.0	12.8 ± 0.2
	S	ND	9.8 ± 0.3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
G. americana	FW	<LOQ	126.3 ± 3.8	ND	1.5 ± 0.0	34.3 ± 0.1	<LOQ	ND	ND	1.6 ± 0.1	29.2 ± 0.8
I. edulis	A	32.6 ± 0.4	1284.7 ± 24.9	ND	ND	<LOQ	167.6 ± 1.9	ND	ND	0.6 ± 0.0	127.9 ± 2.5
	L	18.4 ± 0.0	298.3 ± 9.9	ND	ND	32.2 ± 0.6	692.1 ± 19.3	ND	3593.1 ± 29.5	1.2 ± 0.0	934.0 ± 8.5
	P	7.7 ± 0.2	2229.3 ± 22.4	ND	1.4 ± 0.0	ND	600.4 ± 5.2	ND	ND	1.6 ± 0.0	153.8 ± 1.6
	S	16.5 ± 0.1	14.1 ± 0.9	ND	ND	51.5 ± 1.4	281.5 ± 8.3	ND	569.7 ± 1.4	0.3 ± 0.0	134.4 ± 5.3
M. flexuosa	E	528.6 ± 0.4	228.8 ± 7.5	ND	8.7 ± 0.1	158.6 ± 3.7	477.8 ± 3.2	454.2 ± 1.2	471.2 ± 0.0	171.0 ± 2.6	252.6 ± 4.9
	M	15.0 ± 0.1	186.1 ± 6.7	ND	<LOQ	ND	5.5 ± 0.1	ND	ND	7.1 ± 0.1	32.7 ± 0.5
M. dubia	L	ND	<LOQ	ND	ND	247.2 ± 3.5	ND	ND	1147.8 ± 8.0	8.7 ± 0.3	375.9 ± 8.9
	P	ND	ND	6.0 ± 0.2	ND	27.7 ± 0.7	ND	ND	1010.4 ± 2.3	0.7 ± 0.0	161.9 ± 1.1
O. bataua	FO	54.4 ± 0.4	8628.5 ± 36.8	ND	2.4 ± 0.1	82.3 ± 2.7	30.9 ± 0.2	ND	473.7 ± 0.7	21.9 ± 0.1	687.2 ± 8.3
S. sessiliflorum	FW	7.1 ± 0.0	ND	ND	ND	302.0 ± 8.9	9.2 ± 0.1	ND	ND	1449.8 ± 17.0	124.0 ± 2.2
T. bicolor	A + S	ND	6495.1 ± 7.4	ND	0.7 ± 0.0	16.4 ± 0.3	7.3 ± 0.6	ND	6282.9 ± 38.8	4.2 ± 0.2	358.4 ± 3.5
	P	1.2 ± 0.0	6055.4 ± 46.3	ND	7.9 ± 0.0	60.1 ± 0.6	24.9 ± 0.5	ND	597.6 ± 4.5	440.8 ± 2.2	343.9 ± 4.0
T. cacao	A + S	<LOQ	6672.0 ± 51.1	ND	ND	9.4 ± 0.0	62.4 ± 0.8	ND	<LOQ	14.0 ± 0.3	948.0 ± 4.9
	L	29.5 ± 0.3	4128.6 ± 36.8	ND	ND	<LOQ	88.6 ± 0.5	ND	ND	ND	21.7 ± 0.1
	P	21.3 ± 0.1	1324.1 ± 58.5	ND	<LOQ	<LOQ	194.6 ± 2.2	ND	ND	5.5 ± 0.0	30.5 ± 0.1
T. grandiflorum	A	3.1 ± 0.2	3635.7 ± 23.0	ND	ND	33.7 ± 0.1	266.4 ± 7.7	ND	471.2 ± 0.1	7.7 ± 0.2	134.6 ± 3.3
	L	1.9 ± 0.0	1100.7 ± 15.0	ND	<LOQ	844.8 ± 0.8	128.7 ± 3.0	ND	474.7 ± 0.0	4.9 ± 0.1	1011.8 ± 1.7
	P	<LOQ	2905.7 ± 37.4	ND	ND	44.8 ± 0.1	<LOQ	ND	ND	8.4 ± 0.1	296.6 ± 0.0

Species	Plant part(s)^a a Abbreviation refers to plant part(s).	Compound (ng/g DW)^b b ND, compound not detected. ,^c c <LOQ, compound presented in sample under limit of quantification.
		Apigenin-7-glucoside	Luteolin-7-glucoside	Naringenin-7-glucoside	Quercetin-3-arabinoside	Naringin	Isoquercitrin	Rutin	Pterostilbene	Resveratrol	Scopoletin
A. montana	L	2.0 ± 0.0	22.2 ± 0.6	1.2 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.0	ND	1486.8 ± 21.0	8086.8 ± 92.4	ND	ND	<LOQ
B. excelsa	L	8.7 ± 0.1	<LOQ	2.5 ± 0.0	603.9 ± 5.7	ND	4156.2 ± 46.5	3007.1 ± 43.0	ND	1.9 ± 0.0	ND
B. armeniaca	P	ND	ND	11.0 ± 0.0	2.3 ± 0.0	ND	1112.7 ± 3.0	7024.2 ± 52.1	2.4 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.0	<LOQ
	S	ND	ND	2.5 ± 0.0	<LOQ	ND	<LOQ	8.1 ± 0.1	ND	ND	ND
G. americana	FW	<LOQ	ND	1.5 ± 0.1	23.3 ± 0.1	28.1 ± 0.6	378.7 ± 2.0	3046.7 ± 0.3	2.5 ± 0.0	<LOQ	<LOQ
I. edulis	A	22.5 ± 0.4	49.6 ± 0.7	7.1 ± 0.1	2386.0 ± 37.2	ND	6241.1 ± 2.5	849.8 ± 4.5	2.5 ± 0.0	ND	<LOQ
	L	121.0 ± 1.5	416.5 ± 7.4	1.9 ± 0.1	1588.6 ± 28.0	36.8 ± 0.8	3478.6 ± 59.4	838.7 ± 6.1	ND	4.5 ± 0.1	6.4 ± 0.0
	P	35.2 ± 0.4	132.8 ± 2.2	7.9 ± 0.1	848.3 ± 9.4	ND	2892.0 ± 4.9	81.2 ± 0.8	2.4 ± 0.0	<LOQ	4.1 ± 0.1
	S	195.9 ± 2.8	310.0 ± 3.6	4.4 ± 0.1	20.2 ± 0.0	ND	458.2 ± 5.0	90.2 ± 1.4	ND	ND	ND
M. flexuosa	E	333.6 ± 9.5	501.5 ± 1.3	45.9 ± 0.9	70.0 ± 2.3	85.9 ± 2.5	7417.6 ± 22.2	7435.8 ± 70.8	184.3 ± 0.7	590.1 ± 13.8	ND
	M	20.8 ± 0.1	54.4 ± 0.1	30.3 ± 0.3	28.2 ± 0.6	<LOQ	5858.6 ± 80.0	3998.2 ± 106.2	5.8 ± 0.0	6.5 ± 0.1	ND
M. dubia	L	<LOQ	ND	11.2 ± 0.0	1392.0 ± 3.9	ND	3345.6 ± 2.5	ND	ND	1.9 ± 0.1	ND
	P	ND	ND	2.1 ± 0.1	124.0 ± 2.7	ND	170.3 ± 1.5	ND	ND	<LOQ	ND
O. bataua	FO	68.9 ± 0.4	14.2 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.0	<LOQ	ND	2128.0 ± 16.5	650.6 ± 4.7	39.1 ± 0.8	907.3 ± 15.3	ND
S. sessiliflorum	FW	26.9 ± 0.1	35.0 ± 1.0	3186.4 ± 35.1	76.6 ± 2.9	ND	4823.8 ± 5.1	3659.3 ± 87.3	ND	<LOQ	21.1 ± 0.0
T. bicolor	A + S	ND	ND	1.6 ± 0.1	54.0 ± 1.5	ND	695.5 ± 6.1	7.3 ± 0.2	ND	8.2 ± 0.1	84.3 ± 0.7
	P	<LOQ	12.3 ± 0.3	437.3 ± 5.2	90.2 ± 1.5	198.2 ± 9.6	2064.9 ± 5.0	1936.1 ± 2.5	2.6 ± 0.8	7.5 ± 0.1	384.9 ± 9.4
T. cacao	A + S	3.3 ± 0.0	71.3 ± 2.6	15.4 ± 0.0	3269.1 ± 85.9	<LOQ	10,259.3 ± 2.6	2.4 ± 0.1	<LOQ	1.5 ± 0.0	<LOQ
	L	747.9 ± 4.3	1239.8 ± 2.2	5.1 ± 0.2	281.5 ± 2.1	<LOQ	917.4 ± 6.6	<LOQ	ND	<LOQ	3.2 ± 0.0
	P	69.7 ± 0.6	295.6 ± 0.7	7.6 ± 0.1	298.9 ± 5.4	<LOQ	360.1 ± 7.5	2.9 ± 0.1	ND	<LOQ	ND
T. grandiflorum	A	10.2 ± 0.1	29.8 ± 0.6	2.7 ± 0.0	285.1 ± 3.2	40.8 ± 1.0	1753.9 ± 17.8	44.7 ± 0.7	ND	1.1 ± 0.0	35.3 ± 0.4
	L	2.5 ± 0.1	<LOQ	<LOQ	422.3 ± 6.4	<LOQ	2474.5 ± 13.1	255.4 ± 5.8	ND	1.6 ± 0.0	82.5 ± 0.9
	P	ND	ND	7.2 ± 0.1	4184.2 ± 17.0	114.1 ± 0.1	8149.4 ± 2.4	25.6 ± 0.9	2.6 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.0	46.5 ± 0.3

Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia Universidade Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Rua Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632 - Jd. Botânico, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brasil, Tel/FAX (41) 3360-4062 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
E-mail: revista@sbfgnosia.org.br

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:kokoska@ftz.czu.cz (L. Kokoska).