Anatomy and microscopy of <i>Piper caldense</i>, a folk medicinal plant from Brazil

Piper caldense C. DC., Piperaceae, commonly known as “pimenta-d’água”, “pimenta-darda” or “paguarandy” in Brazil, is a shrub that grows mainly in humid and shaded habitats. The present study investigates the anatomy of the leaves and stems of P. caldense by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to provide supporting data for correct identification of the species. The leaves are hypostomatic, have a 2-layered hypodermis, and posses pearl glands. The midrib shows a ‘U’-shaped stele comprised of about ten collateral vascular bundles. The main anatomical marker of the stem is the presence of a continuous sclerenchymatous sheath in the pith. Two forms of calcium oxalate crystals, namely crystal sand and raphides, are observed in this species.

Keywords:
Anatomy; Pimenta-d’água; Piperaceae; Light and scanning electron microscopy

Authorship

Vera Lucia P. dos Santos

Escola Superior de Saúde, Biociência, Meio Ambiente e Humanidades, Centro Universitário Internacional Uninter, Curitiba, Paraná, BrazilCentro Universitário Internacional UninterBrazilCuritiba, Paraná, BrazilEscola Superior de Saúde, Biociência, Meio Ambiente e Humanidades, Centro Universitário Internacional Uninter, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

Vijayasankar Raman

National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, USAUniversity of MississippiUSAOxford, MS, USANational Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, USA

Vanessa B. Bobek

Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Ponta GrossaBrazilPonta Grossa, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil

Izabel P. Migacz

Célia Regina C. Franco

Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanáBrazilCuritiba, Paraná, BrazilDepartamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

Ikhlas A. Khan

Jane M. Budel ^** Corresponding author. E-mail:jane@uepg.br (J.M. Budel).

* Corresponding author. E-mail:jane@uepg.br (J.M. Budel).

Authors’ contributions

VLPS collected and identified the plant material. VLPS and VBB carried out the laboratory work. IPM and CRCF performed SEM analysis. VR and IAK provided critical reading and insightful recommendations of the manuscript. JMB created the project, supervised the laboratory work, and wrote the manuscript. All the authors have read the final manuscript and approved the submission.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figures

Figures (4)

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Fig. 1
Morpho-anatomy of Piper caldense [B, C: light microscopy; D–G: FESEM]. (A) Plant in habit. (B–G). Leaf in surface view [bc, base cell; cs, crystal sand; pg, pearl gland; st, stomata]. Scale bar: A = 5 cm; B, C, E = 50 µm; D = 25 µm; F = 5 µm; G = 2 µm.

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Fig. 2
Transverse sections (TS) of Piper caldense leaves [A, C, E–F: light microscopy; B–D: FESEM]. (A and B) TS of lamina. (C and D) TS of leaf midrib. (E and F) Enlarged views of the ground tissue (E) and a vascular bundle (F) of the midrib in TS [ca, cambia; co, collenchyma; ep, epidermis; gp, ground parenchyma; hy, hypodermis; sg, starch grains; si, secretory idioblast; ph, phloem; pp, palisade parenchyma; sp, spongy parenchyma; vb, vascular bundle; xy, xylem]. Scale bar: A, E, F = 50 µm; B, C, D = 200 µm.

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Fig. 3
Anatomy of Piper caldense [A–F: Light microscopy; G–I: FESEM]. (A–C) Transverse sections (TS) of petiole. (B) Starch grains in reaction with iodine solution. (D–I) TS of stem. (F) Sclerenchymatous ring and fibers in reaction with phloroglucinol/HCl [ca, cambia; cf, cambia fascicular; ci, cambia interfascicular; co, collenchyma; cr, crystal; cx, cortex; ep, epidermis; fi, fiber; gp, ground parenchyma; hy, hypodermis; ph, phloem; pi, pith; sc, sclerenchymatous ring; sg, starch grains; si, secretory idioblast; sp, spongy parenchyma; vb, vascular bundle; xy, xylem]. Scale bar: A, D = 200 µm; B, C, E, F = 50 µm; I = 20 µm; G = 5 µm; H = 2 µm.

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Fig. 4
X-ray energy dispersive elemental analysis of isolate crystals – (A) crystal sand and (B) raphides.

Fig. 1 Morpho-anatomy of Piper caldense [B, C: light microscopy; D–G: FESEM]. (A) Plant in habit. (B–G). Leaf in surface view [bc, base cell; cs, crystal sand; pg, pearl gland; st, stomata]. Scale bar: A = 5 cm; B, C, E = 50 µm; D = 25 µm; F = 5 µm; G = 2 µm.

Fig. 2 Transverse sections (TS) of Piper caldense leaves [A, C, E–F: light microscopy; B–D: FESEM]. (A and B) TS of lamina. (C and D) TS of leaf midrib. (E and F) Enlarged views of the ground tissue (E) and a vascular bundle (F) of the midrib in TS [ca, cambia; co, collenchyma; ep, epidermis; gp, ground parenchyma; hy, hypodermis; sg, starch grains; si, secretory idioblast; ph, phloem; pp, palisade parenchyma; sp, spongy parenchyma; vb, vascular bundle; xy, xylem]. Scale bar: A, E, F = 50 µm; B, C, D = 200 µm.

Fig. 3 Anatomy of Piper caldense [A–F: Light microscopy; G–I: FESEM]. (A–C) Transverse sections (TS) of petiole. (B) Starch grains in reaction with iodine solution. (D–I) TS of stem. (F) Sclerenchymatous ring and fibers in reaction with phloroglucinol/HCl [ca, cambia; cf, cambia fascicular; ci, cambia interfascicular; co, collenchyma; cr, crystal; cx, cortex; ep, epidermis; fi, fiber; gp, ground parenchyma; hy, hypodermis; ph, phloem; pi, pith; sc, sclerenchymatous ring; sg, starch grains; si, secretory idioblast; sp, spongy parenchyma; vb, vascular bundle; xy, xylem]. Scale bar: A, D = 200 µm; B, C, E, F = 50 µm; I = 20 µm; G = 5 µm; H = 2 µm.

Fig. 4 X-ray energy dispersive elemental analysis of isolate crystals – (A) crystal sand and (B) raphides.

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Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia Universidade Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Rua Pref. Lothario Meissner, 632 - Jd. Botânico, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brasil, Tel/FAX (41) 3360-4062 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
E-mail: revista@sbfgnosia.org.br

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Anatomy and microscopy of <i>Piper caldense</i>, a folk medicinal plant from Brazil

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:jane@uepg.br (J.M. Budel).