• Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosid |
Calyx |
Purified fraction from acetone-water (70%) extract |
(10-100 µg/ml) α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 mouse melanoma cells |
• Hypopigmentation effects • Inhibit melanin synthesis • Inhibit tyrosinase activity • Reduced expression of melanogenic proteins |
(Jung et al., 2015Jung, H.G., Kim, H.H., Paul, S., Jang, J.Y., Cho, Y.H., Kim, H.J., Yu, J.M., Lee, E.S., An, B.J., Kang, S.C., Bang, B.H., 2015. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside suppresses melanin synthesis by augmenting p38 MAPK and CREB signaling pathways and subsequent cAMP down-regulation in murine melanoma cells. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 22, 706-713.) |
|
• Chrysontemin |
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
In-vitro L-DOPA oxidation |
• Antityrosinase activity (moderate) |
(Xue et al., 2011Xue, Y.L., Miyakawa, T., Hayashi, Y., Okamoto, K., Hu, F., Mitani, N., Furihata, K., Sawano, Y., Tanokura, M., 2011. Isolation and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from the leaves of persimmon, Diospyros kaki. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 6011-6017.) |
|
• Isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) • Hyperin (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) |
Peel |
Acetone extract |
B16 Melanoma cells |
• Inhibits melanin biosynthesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells (higher than kojic acid and arbutin) |
(Ohguchi et al., 2010Ohguchi, K., Nakajima, C., Oyama, M., Iinuma, M., Itoh, T., Akao, Y., Nozawa, Y., Ito, M., 2010. Inhibitory effects of flavonoid glycosides isolated from the peel of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki ‘Fuyu') on melanin biosynthesis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 33, 122-124.) |
|
• 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol |
Peel |
Methanolic extract and its purified fractions |
Aqueous, methanolic and acetone purified fractions |
• Antityrosinase activity (higher than arbutin) |
(Fukai et al., 2009Fukai, S., Tanimoto, S., Maeda, A., Fukuda, H., Okada, Y., Nomura, M., 2009. Pharmacological activity of compounds extracted from persimmon peel (Diospyros kaki Thunb.). J. Oleo Sci. 58, 213-219.) |
|
• Rotungenic acid • 24-Hydroxyursolic acid • Ursolic acid • Oleanolic acid • Spathodic acid |
Leaves |
Methanolic extract |
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) |
• Inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B |
(Thuong et al., 2008Thuong, P.T., Lee, C.H., Dao, T.T., Nguyen, P.H., Kim, W.G., Lee, S.J., Oh, W.K., 2008. Triterpenoids from the leaves of Diospyros kaki (persimmon) and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. J. Nat. Prod. 71, 1775-1778.) |
|
• Crude extract |
Fruit |
Ethanolic extract |
In-vitro antityrosinase activity |
Antityrosinase activity comparable to that of arbutin |
(Tiechi et al., 1999Tiechi, L., Wenyuan, Z., Mingyu, X., 1999. Studies on the effect of TCM on melanin biosynthesis I. Inhibitory actions of ethanolic extracts of 82 different Chinese crude drugs on tyrosinase activity. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 5, 005.) |
|
• Ethanolic extract and their purified fractions I, II & III |
Leaves |
Purified fractions of Ethanolic extract |
Inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase, collagenase, and elastase enzymes |
• Antityrosinase activity • Collagenase inhibition • Collagen synthesis promoted in cultivated fibroblasts • Xanthine oxidase activity • Elastase inhibitory effects |
(An et al., 2005An, B.J., Kwak, J.H., Park, J.M., Lee, J.Y., Park, T.S., Lee, J.T., Son, J.H., Jo, C., Byun, M.W., 2005. Inhibition of enzyme activities and the antiwrinkle effect of polyphenol isolated from the persimmon leaf (Diospyros kaki folium) on human skin. Dermatol. Surg. 31, 848-854.) |
|
Gallic acid |
Leaves and fruit |
Gallic acid dilutions and topical preparation |
Eiosinophil-dermal fibroblast,
Swiss Albino rats
Zebrafish,
UV-B induced mice skin model |
• Anti-inflammatory, • Anti-microbial • Inhibits histamine release • Suppress release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (CCL7 & CXCL8) from eosinophils-dermal fibroblast • Suppresses the 7,12-DMBA/Croton oil induced two-step skin carcinogenesis by modulating anti-oxidants and MMP-2/MMP-9 in Swiss albino mice • Depigmentation and skin lightening effect • Anti-aging effects (in-vivo and in-vitro) |
(Tsang et al., 2016Tsang, M.S., Jiao, D., Chan, B.C., Hon, K.L., Leung, P.C., Lau, C.B., Wong, E.C., Cheng, L., Chan, C.K., Lam, C.W., Wong, C.K., 2016. Anti-inflammatory activities of pentaherbs formula, berberine, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid in atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Molecules 21, 519.)
(Kumar et al., 2013Kumar, K.J., Vani, M.G., Wang, S.Y., Liao, J.W., Hsu, L.S., Yang, H.L., Hseu, Y.C., 2013. In vitro and in vivo studies disclosed the depigmenting effects of gallic acid: a novel skin lightening agent for hyperpigmentary skin diseases. Biofactors 39, 259-270.)
|
|
• Epicatechin |
Fruit and leaves |
Diluted samples |
Cultured human skin fibroblast |
• Attenuation of UVA-induced oxidative damage to human skin fibroblasts |
|
|
• Epigallocatechin |
Fruit and leaves |
Topical cream |
Healthy human volunteers Split face study design |
• Photo protective (UV-B) • Anti-inflammatory • Reduces melanin synthesis |
(Domingo et al., 2010Domingo, D.S., Camouse, M.M., Hsia, A.H., Matsui, M., Maes, D., Ward, N.L., Cooper, K.D., Baron, E.D., 2010. Anti-angiogenic effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human skin. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 3, 705-709.; Jeon et al., 2010Jeon, H.Y., Kim, J.K., Seo, D.B., Cho, S.Y., Lee, S.J., 2010. Beneficial effect of dietary epigallocatechin-3-gallate on skin via enhancement of antioxidant capacity in both blood and skin. Skin Pharmacol. Phys. 23, 283-289.)
|
|
• Chlorogenic acid |
Fruit and leaves |
0-500 µM dilution |
B16 melanoma cells |
• Inhibits tyrosinase activity and suppresses melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells • Protect skin against UV-induced oxidative damage • Anti-inflammatory effects |
(Li et al., 2014Li, H.R., Habasi, M., Xie, L.Z., Aisa, H.A., 2014. Effect of chlorogenic acid on melanogenesis of B16 melanoma cells. Molecules 19, 12940-12948.) (Kitagawa et al., 2011Kitagawa, S., Yoshii, K., Morita, S.Y., Teraoka, R., 2011. Efficient topical delivery of chlorogenic acid by an oil-in-water microemulsion to protect skin against UV-induced damage. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 59, 793-796.) (Tsang et al., 2016Tsang, M.S., Jiao, D., Chan, B.C., Hon, K.L., Leung, P.C., Lau, C.B., Wong, E.C., Cheng, L., Chan, C.K., Lam, C.W., Wong, C.K., 2016. Anti-inflammatory activities of pentaherbs formula, berberine, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid in atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Molecules 21, 519.) |
|
• β-Carotene |
Fruit pulp and peel |
- |
- |
• Imparting “Golden Yellow” color to skin • Protects against UV-skin damage |
(Zaghdoudi et al., 2016Zahouani, H., Rougier, A., Creidi, P., Richard, A., Humbert, P., 2002. Interest of a 5% vitamin C w/o emulsion in the treatment of skin aging: effects on skin relief. Eur. J. Dermatol. 12, XXIII-XXVI.; Zaghdoudi et al., 2015Zaghdoudi, K., Framboisier, X., Frochot, C., Vanderesse, R., Barth, D., Kalthoum-Cherif, J., Blanchard, F., Guiavarc'h, Y., 2016. Response surface methodology applied to Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of carotenoids from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). Food Chem. 208, 209-219.) |
|
• Lycopene |
Fruit |
- |
- |
• Reduces skin erythema level • Regulates cholesterol |
(Anunciato and da Rocha Filho, 2012Anunciato, T.P., da Rocha Filho, P.A., 2012. Carotenoids and polyphenols in nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 11, 51-54.) |
|
• Leutin and xeaxanthin |
Fruit |
- |
- |
• Protection against UV damage and ROS |
(Kaulmann et al., 2014Kaulmann, A., Jonville, M.C., Schneider, Y.J., Hoffmann, L., Bohn, T., 2014. Carotenoids, polyphenols and micronutrient profiles of Brassica oleraceae and plum varieties and their contribution to measures of total antioxidant capacity. Food Chem. 155, 240-250.) |
|
• Tannins including flavanoellagitannin, • Procyanidinoellagitannin |
Fruit pulp |
Aqueous methanolic extract |
HEK293T cells |
• Potent antioxidant properties • Reducing the ROS levels of Gamma-radiation exposure in HEK 293T cells. • Reducing cell apoptosis |
(Gu et al., 2008Gu, H.-F., Li, C.-M., Xu, Y.-j., Hu, W.-f., Chen, M.-h., Wan, Q.-h., 2008. Structural features and antioxidant activity of tannin from persimmon pulp. Food Res. Int. 41, 208-217.; Zhou et al., 2016Zhou, Z., Huang, Y., Liang, J., Ou, M., Chen, J., Li, G., 2016. Extraction, purification and anti-radiation activity of persimmon tannin from Diospyros kaki L.f.. J. Environ. Radioact. 162–163, 182-188.) |
|
• Coussaric acid and betulinic acid |
Leaves |
Purified fractions |
Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages |
• Anti-inflammatory effects with suppression of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β |
(Kim et al., 2016Kim, K.S., Lee, D.S., Kim, D.C., Yoon, C.S., Ko, W., Oh, H., Kim, Y.C., 2016. Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of coussaric and betulinic acids Isolated from Diospyros kaki in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecules 21, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091...
) |