Anatomy and microscopic characteristics of <i>Picris japonica</i>

Picris japonica Thunb., Asteraceae, is an herbal medicine used to dispel heat, reduce swelling and alleviate pain in traditional Mongolian medicine. Its dried whole plant is mainly used to treat flu and mammary abscesses. Given the potential applications of such an herb, detailed pharmacognostic research on P. japonica is needed. This study attempted to fill this need by producing permanent and semi-permanent slides of different organs (root, stem, leaf, pollen grain, fruit and powder of the whole plant) using safranine staining, safranine-fast green double staining and common methods. Furthermore, several featured microscopic structures of P. japonica are described herein. The results obtained provide us with valuable information for botanical quality control and species identification and enable us to detect adulterations in commercial samples of Picris or in laboratory samples.

Keywords:
Morphology; Microscopic identification; Flu; Abscess breast

Authorship

Yonghong Wang

School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, ChinaShanxi Medical UniversityChinaTaiyuan, Shanxi, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinaShanghai, ChinaInstitute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

Yuanyuan Wen

School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChinaShanghai, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

Jianping Gao ^** Corresponding author. E-mail:jpgao123@sxmu.edu.cn (J. Gao).

School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, ChinaShanxi Medical UniversityChinaTaiyuan, Shanxi, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

* Corresponding author. E-mail:jpgao123@sxmu.edu.cn (J. Gao).

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors' contributions

YHW contributed in collecting plant samples, conducting the laboratory work, analyzing the data and drafting the paper. YYW contributed to writing the manuscript in English. JG designed the study, collected and identified plant samples, supervised the laboratory work and contributed to the critical reading of the manuscript. All of the authors have read the final manuscript and approved its submission.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, ChinaShanxi Medical UniversityChinaTaiyuan, Shanxi, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China

School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChinaShanghai, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

Figures | Formulas

Figures (6)
Formulas (2)

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Fig. 1
Photomicrographs of root of Picris japonica. (A) Cross section; (B) longitudinal section, showing laticifer. Abbreviations: al, articulate laticifer; cx, cortex; ca, cambium; ep, epidermis; mr, medullary ray; ph, phloem; and xy, xylem. Scale bar = 200 µm (A) and 50 µm (B).

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Fig. 2
Photomicrographs of stem of Picris japonica. (A) Cross section of young stem; (B) cross section of old stem; (C) longitudinal section of old stem, showing the vessels; (D) multi-seriate glandular trichome; (E) uni-seriate filiform simple trichome. Abbreviations: cx, cortex; ep, epidermis; end, endodermis; gt, glandular trichome; pi, pith; and vb, vascular bundle. Scale bar = 200 µm (A, B), 50 µm (C, D), and 10 µm (E).

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Fig. 3
Photomicrographs of the leaves of Picris japonica. (A) Cross-section of leaf, showing the vein; (B-1, B-2) cross-section of leaf, showing mesophyll tissue; (C) a superficial view of the foliar epidermis, showing glandular trichomes; (D) lower epidermis of leaf; (E) lower epidermis of leaf, showing the stomata and subsidiary cells; (F) epidermis of leaf, showing multi-seriate non-glandular trichome with branched apical part. Abbreviations: gt, glandular trichome and ngt, non-glandular trichome. Scale bar = 200 µm (A, D), 50 µm (B-1, B-2, C, F), and 20 µm (E).

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Fig. 4
Photomicrographs of pollen grains of Picris japonica. (A–E) Completely permeabilized pollen grains; (F–H) incompletely permeabilized pollen grains; (I) pollen grains not permeabilized with formaldehyde. Scale bar = 20 µm.

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Fig. 5
Photomicrographs of fruit of Picris japonica. (A, B) Overall structure of fruit; (C) digitations of fruit. Abbreviations: ex, exocarp; me, mesocarp; en, endocarp; sc, seed coat; sg, starch grain; and de, digitations. Scale bar = 100 µm (A) and 20 µm (B, C).

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Fig. 6
Photomicrographs of powder of Picris japonica. (A) Multiseriate non-glandular trichome with branched apical part; (B-1, B-2) the head of glandular trichome; (C) pollen grain; (D) pollen grain and vessels; (E) bordered pit vessel; (F) spiral vessel; (G) reticulate vessel; (H) scalariform vessel; (I) annular vessel; (J, K) broken pappus; (L) column; (M) fiber; (N) broken epidermis of stem; (O) parenchyma cells; (P) subsidiary cells; (Q) calcium oxalate square crystal; (R) digitations of fruit; (S) tracheid; (T) broken laticifer. Scale bar = 50 µm (A, D, K, M, O, T), and 20 µm (B, C, E–J, L, N, P, Q, R, S).

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Fig. 1 Photomicrographs of root of Picris japonica. (A) Cross section; (B) longitudinal section, showing laticifer. Abbreviations: al, articulate laticifer; cx, cortex; ca, cambium; ep, epidermis; mr, medullary ray; ph, phloem; and xy, xylem. Scale bar = 200 µm (A) and 50 µm (B).

Fig. 2 Photomicrographs of stem of Picris japonica. (A) Cross section of young stem; (B) cross section of old stem; (C) longitudinal section of old stem, showing the vessels; (D) multi-seriate glandular trichome; (E) uni-seriate filiform simple trichome. Abbreviations: cx, cortex; ep, epidermis; end, endodermis; gt, glandular trichome; pi, pith; and vb, vascular bundle. Scale bar = 200 µm (A, B), 50 µm (C, D), and 10 µm (E).

Fig. 3 Photomicrographs of the leaves of Picris japonica. (A) Cross-section of leaf, showing the vein; (B-1, B-2) cross-section of leaf, showing mesophyll tissue; (C) a superficial view of the foliar epidermis, showing glandular trichomes; (D) lower epidermis of leaf; (E) lower epidermis of leaf, showing the stomata and subsidiary cells; (F) epidermis of leaf, showing multi-seriate non-glandular trichome with branched apical part. Abbreviations: gt, glandular trichome and ngt, non-glandular trichome. Scale bar = 200 µm (A, D), 50 µm (B-1, B-2, C, F), and 20 µm (E).

Fig. 4 Photomicrographs of pollen grains of Picris japonica. (A–E) Completely permeabilized pollen grains; (F–H) incompletely permeabilized pollen grains; (I) pollen grains not permeabilized with formaldehyde. Scale bar = 20 µm.

Fig. 5 Photomicrographs of fruit of Picris japonica. (A, B) Overall structure of fruit; (C) digitations of fruit. Abbreviations: ex, exocarp; me, mesocarp; en, endocarp; sc, seed coat; sg, starch grain; and de, digitations. Scale bar = 100 µm (A) and 20 µm (B, C).

Fig. 6 Photomicrographs of powder of Picris japonica. (A) Multiseriate non-glandular trichome with branched apical part; (B-1, B-2) the head of glandular trichome; (C) pollen grain; (D) pollen grain and vessels; (E) bordered pit vessel; (F) spiral vessel; (G) reticulate vessel; (H) scalariform vessel; (I) annular vessel; (J, K) broken pappus; (L) column; (M) fiber; (N) broken epidermis of stem; (O) parenchyma cells; (P) subsidiary cells; (Q) calcium oxalate square crystal; (R) digitations of fruit; (S) tracheid; (T) broken laticifer. Scale bar = 50 µm (A, D, K, M, O, T), and 20 µm (B, C, E–J, L, N, P, Q, R, S).

% of stomatal indices = \frac{Stomatal number per unit area}{Stomatal number per unit area + Epidermal cell number of same area} \times 100 %

Stomatal density = \frac{Total number of stomata}{area}

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Anatomy and microscopic characteristics of <i>Picris japonica</i>

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:jpgao123@sxmu.edu.cn (J. Gao).