Herbal medicines are widely used especially by patients with chronic diseases, often administered concomitantly with synthetic drugs, raising the potential of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-herb interactions. From the last years, there is an increasing interest in this subject reflected by the great number of documented case reports, in vivo studies, and also clinical trials evaluating drug-herb interactions. The aim of this paper was to review the literature in order to identify reported interactions between ginkgo or ginseng herbal medicines and drugs as well as to evaluate and summarize these information. Interactions between ginkgo or ginseng herbal medicines and drugs can occur and may lead to serious consequences. Ginkgo has the potential to cause significant interactions with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs, and also with drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, especially by CYP3A4. Ginseng has the potential to cause significant interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, warfarin, antihypertensive agents and estrogens. Additionally, both should be avoided with anticancer drugs. Based on these data and regarding patient’s safety, the concomitant use of herbal medicines and drugs has to be properly surveyed by physicians and/or other health care professionals.
Ginkgo biloba; Panax ginseng; ginkgo; ginseng; drug-herb interactions
