P. alata
|
Direct and indirect organogenesis; cell suspension cultures |
12.9 shoots/ns (MSM + 13.2 μM BA); |
E - ½ MSM + 10% CW |
Pacheco et al., 2012 |
9.9 shoots/ins (MSM + 8.8 μM BA); |
R - 100% on MSM + CW |
2 shoots/ls (MSM + 13.2 μM BA) |
A - ni |
P. alata
|
Organogenesis; microscopical analysis |
The best results on media with AgNO3. Higher number of responsive explants (ls) on MS + TDZ + AgNO3 (58%), on MS + BAP + TDZ + AgNO3 (44.4%) |
E - MSM + GA3 (35% of total shoot buds) |
Pinto et al., 2010a |
R - auxins not necessary |
A - ni |
P. caerulea
|
Direct organogenesis; histological studies; TLC chromatography |
Adventitious buds originated from the proliferation tissue mass without previous callus formation. 70% of the explants regenerated shoots. Similar chromatograms for extracts obtained from mother plants and plantlets. |
E - ni |
Busilacchi et al., 2008 |
R - MS |
A - 100% |
P. caerulea
|
Direct and indirect organogenesis; HPLC and HPTLC phytochemical analysis of callus |
Callus induction (100%) on MS+BA+GA3and MS+2.4-D. On MS+ BA (4.4 μM) + GA3 (2.88 μM) - highest shoot regeneration rate (106.4%), bud forming capacity index (3.1) for stem-derived callus. HPLC analysis: vitexin, isovitexin and rutin, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid inlow concentrations. |
ni |
Ozarowski et al., 2012 |
P. caerulea P. incarnata
|
Direct and indirect organogenesis; HPLC and HPTLC phytochemical analysis of plantlets |
16 shoots/ ns (+callus) on MS + BA (4.4 μM) - P. caerulea, 3 shoots/ns on MS + BA (2.2-4.4 μM) - P. incarnata, but effective regenerative response of lateral meristems (100%) on MS without any plant growth regulators. HPLC analysis: similar phytochemical profile of plantlets and mother plants, but extracts of plantlets contained higher concentrations of phenolic compounds. |
E - ni |
Ozarowski et al., 2013a |
R - MS, ½ MS, MS + ½ agar |
A - 100% |
P. caerulea
|
Direct organogenesis |
3 shoots/r.s on MS + 2.4-D (18.1 μM) in rotary system of liquid medium (effectiveness 90%) |
E - ni |
Ozarowski et al., 2013a |
R - 100% on MS |
A - 100% |
P. caerulea
|
Direct and indirect organogenesis, HPLC phytochemical analysis of plantlets |
Morphogenic and non-morphogenic callus on MS + BA and MS + 2.4-D, respectively. The highest of bud forming capacity for leaf-derived callus on MS + BA (8.8 uM), for petiole-derived callus on MS + BA (4.4 uM). 3 shoots (3 cm)/explants on MS + BA (8.8 uM). HPLC analysis (MS + BA 8.8 uM): isovitexin > chlorogenic acid > rutin > hyperoside > vitexin > luteolin > apigenin > rosmarinic acid and no alkaloids. |
E - ni |
Ozarowski et al., 2013b |
R - 100% on MS |
A - ni |
P. cincinnata
|
Somatic embryogenesis |
The largest number of somatic embryos from calli on MS + 2,4-D (18.1 uM) + BA (4.5 uM), Some abnormalities: fused axes, fused cotyledons and polycotyledonary embryos. |
E - 60% on MS + CA |
da Silva et al., 2009 |
R - ni |
A - ni |
P. cincinnata
|
Direct and indirect organogenesis; anatomical studies |
76% of explants formed buds on rs (4.4 μM, 5.87 μM BA); 54% of explants formed buds on ls (MS + 2.2 μM BA); 3.9 shoot/ls (MS + 2.2 μM BA); 5.1 shoot/rs (MS + 2.2 μM BA) |
ni |
Lombardi et al., 2007 |
P. cincinnata
|
Somatic embryogenesis; Histocytological, histochemical evidences |
Differentiation of the somatic embryos in the abaxial side of the cotyledon region and protuberances from the meristematic proliferation of epidermal and mesophyl cells. |
ni |
Rocha et al., 2012a |
P. cincinnata
|
Somatic mbryogenesis;flow cytometric analysis |
Multiple somatic embryos on cotyledonary leaves after 90 days of cultivation in induction medium. DNA ploidy level: up to 8C. Somaclonal variation. |
ni |
Silva, Carvalho, 2013 |
P. cincinnata
|
Somatic embryogenesis; flow cytometric analysis |
Regenerated plants from embryogenic calli maintained true-to-type ploidy. From the 100 zygotic embryos obtained 305 normal plantlets. |
E - ni |
Pinto et al., 2010b |
R - ni |
A - 90% |
P. cincinnata P. edulis
|
Organogenesis, anatomical and ultrastructural analysis; flow cytometric analysis |
42.40 shoots/rs (P. edulis FB 200 and P. cincinnata) after 90 days. Any variations in DNA content of regenerated plantlets. |
E - MS + GA3 (liquid medium) |
da Silva et al., 2011b |
R - 80% |
A - effective |
P.edulis
|
Somatic embryogenesis; cytological, histological analyses |
The highest frequencies of embryogenic calli on 2,4-D (72.4 μM) + BA (4.4 μM). Efficient histodifferentiation on MS + CA + IAA with/without 2,4-D. |
No conversion of somatic embryos into plantlets |
Pinto et al., 2011 |
P. cincinnata P. edulis f. flavicarpa
|
Organogenesis; polyamine, ethylene measurements;anatomical studies |
Organogenesis on the peripheral areas of explants with vascular connections established between the callus and developing buds and shoots. Morphogenic responses with production of elevated levels of polyamine and ethylene. |
ni |
Dias et al., 2009 |
P. edulis
|
Organogenesis; anatomical and ultrastructural analysis |
Adventitious buds and nodules formed from meristemoids on root segments via direct and indirect organogenic, originated from the pericycle regions distant from the cut surface. Differentiated buds - after 20 days of culture. |
ni |
Rocha et al., 2012b |
P. edulis f. flavicarpa
|
Direct and indirect organogenesis; ultrastructural analysis |
23 buds/48 ls, 150 buds/48 hs. Both direct and indirect regeneration modes on hypocotyl explants, but only direct regeneration occurred in leaf-derived cultures. |
ni |
Fernando et al., 2007 |
P. edulis, P. edulis f. flavicarpa
|
Plant regeneration from the meristem tip of virus-infected plant, ELISA technique. |
Successfully regenerated of virus-free plants. On MS + BA (4.4 and 6.65 μM) greater number of shoots. |
E - ni |
Prammanee et al., 2011 |
R - MS + IBA (1.96, 2.95μM) |
A - ni |
P. edulis f. flavicarpa
|
Protocol for micropropagation; ransverse thin cell layer (tTCL)method |
Optimal for shoot regeneration - MS + 4.4 uM BA; 100% explants regenerated shoots. Callus formation in all cases. |
E - ½ MS + BA (22.2 μM) + GA3( 17.3 μM) |
Nhut et al., 2007 |
R - vigorous on MS + IAA (5.7 μM); |
A - ni |
P. hybrid (Guglielmo Betto)
|
Protocol for micropropagation |
Initiation: 11.2 shoots/at on MS + 2iP (49.2 μM) + NAA (2.68 μM). Multiplication: 8.5 shoots/explant on MS + BA (0.11 μM) |
E, R - MS |
Pipino et al., 2010 |
A - 70% |
P. foetida
|
Protocol for micropropagation |
3.6 shoots/explants on MS + BA (6.65 μM); 3.1 shoots/explants on MS + BA (8.87 μM) |
E - MS + BA (6.65μM) |
Ragavendran et al., 2012 |
R - 90% on MS + IBA (4.9μM) |
A - 78% |
P. foetida
|
Organogenesis; anatomical and ultrastructural analysis; studies of the process of secretory trichome differentiation |
34.9 shoots/callus on MS +2,4-D (13.6 μM) + BA (4.5 μM); 15 shoots/callus on MS + 2,4-D (18.1 μM) + BA (4.5 μM); 15 of trichomes per regenerated leaf on MS + 2,4-D (18.1 μM) + BA (4.5 μM) |
ni |
Rosa, Dorneas, 2012 |
P. foetida
|
Protocol for micropropagation |
13 shoots/callus from ns on MS + BA (13.3 μM) + NAA |
E - MS + BA (8.87 μM) + IAA (5.7 μM); |
Komanthi et al., 2011 |
|
|
(1.6 μM) and on MS + BA (6.65 μM) + IAA (5.7 μM) |
R - 70%, 20 roots/shoot on MS + IBA (4.9 μM) |
|
|
17 shoots/callus from st on MS + BA (13.3 μM) |
A - 75% |
P. gibertii
|
Organogenesis; embryogenesis; ultrastructural analyses |
MS + 4.14 μM PIC + 0.46 uM KIN - the most suitable to induce embryogenic cells. Detailed structural information about the embryogenic callus culture |
ni |
de Figueiredo Carvalho et al., 2013 |
P. setacea
|
Direct and indirectogranogenesis |
Regenerated shoots at light and darkness on MS + BA + TDZ |
ni |
Vieira et al., 2011 |
P. suberosa
|
Callogenesis; direct and indirectogranogenesis |
12.79 shoots/ins on MSM + BA (44.4 μM) |
E - ni |
Garcia et al., 2011 |
|
|
9.33 shoots/ls on MSM + BA (22.2μM) |
R - 100% on ½ MSM |
|
|
8.37 shoots/ns on MSM + BA (22.2μM) |
A - 100% |
|
|
Non-morphogenic calluses on MS +TDZ, PIC, 2,4-D, and NAA. |
|