TENS versus placebo
|
Cheing and Luk14
|
TENS group vs Placebo group |
10 / 9 |
32±11 / 38±13 |
8 / 8 |
TENS group: Pulse= 200 μs; frequency= 100 Hz; the intensity was adjusted to produce a tingling sensation that was strong but tolerable. |
Placebo group: No active treatment. - Both groups received 10 20 min sessions for two consecutive weeks in the hands. |
Forst et al.13
|
TENS group vs Placebo group |
12 / 7 |
57.6±11.5 / 59.4±8.6 |
6 / 4 |
TENS group: Pulse= 280 μs; frequency= 4 Hz; individual intensity between 5-70 mA. |
Placebo group: No active treatment. - Both groups received 60 min sessions daily for 12 weeks in the peroneal nerve. |
Gossrau et al.15
|
TENS group vs Placebo group |
21/19 |
67.91±12,13/ 65.95±7.05 |
* |
TENS group: Pulse= 30-40 μs; frequency= 2 Hz. |
Placebo group: No active treatment. - Both groups received 30 min sessions for 4 weeks with three visits each week in the proximal dorsum pedis and on top of the caput fibulae on both legs. |
Kumar et al.12
|
TENS group vs Placebo group |
14 / 9 |
59±7.5 / 58±12 |
4 / 6 |
TENS group: Pulse= 400 μs, intensity= ≤ 35 mA; frequency= 2-70Hz. |
Placebo group: No active treatment. - Both groups received 30 min sessions daily for 12 weeks at home in both lower extremities.* All patients were treated with amitriptyline for 20 weeks before electrotherapy. |
Kumar and Marshall11
|
TENS group vs Placebo group |
18 / 13 |
53±17 / 59±11 |
7 / 5 |
TENS group: Pulse= 400 μs, intensity= ≤ 35 mA; frequency= 2-70Hz; |
Placebo group: No active treatment. - Both groups received 30 min sessions daily for 4 weeks at home in both lower extremities. |
TENS versus HF
|
Reichstein et al.22
|
TENS group vs HF group |
21 / 20 |
57.8±12.5 / 64.2±12.7 |
10 / 12 |
TENS group: Pulse= 400 μs; frequency= 180 Hz, voltage= ≤35 V. Intensity was adjusted according to the patient and ranged from 20 to 30 mA. |
HF group: Pulse= ≤ 350 mA, voltage= ≤ 70 V, frequency= 4096 Hz, which was increased to 32768 Hz within 3 s; the maximum frequency was used for 3 s and then down-modulated from 32768 to 4096 Hz. Intensity was adjusted to a pleasant level that did not produce any pain or uncomfortableparesthesia. - Both groups received 30 min sessions daily for three consecutive days in both lower extremities. |
FREMS versus placebo
|
Bosi et al.23
|
FREMS group vs Placebo group |
31/31 |
63.1±3.1 / 59.2±3.1 |
* |
FREMS group: Pulse= 1040 μs; frequency= 1-50 Hz, peak amplitude variable from 0255 V. |
Placebo group: No active treatment. - Both groups received 10 30 min sessions for three consecutive weeks in the lower extremities. |
PENS versus placebo
|
Hamza et al.24
|
PENS group vs Placebo group |
25 / 25 |
56±8 / 54±9 |
22** |
PENS group: Pulse= 500 μs; voltage= 25 mA; frequency= 15 and 30 Hz. Intensity was adjusted to the highest tolerable level without producing muscle contractions. |
Placebo group: needles only. - Both groups received 30 min sessions 3 times per week for 3 consecutive weeks in the leg and foot bilaterally. |
Electromagnetic fields versus placebo
|
Fezyoglu et al.18
|
Pulsed electromagnetic field group vs Placebo group |
25/25 |
59.08±8.81/ 62.08±9.04 |
15/13 |
Pulsed electromagnetic field group: PEMF (BTL Benesov, Czech Republic, the AC input 230 V/50-60 Hz, 2x Fuse T6.3A, input power: 600 VA) Magnet Therapy device was used. |
Placebo group: identical in all characteristics except for the demagnetization procedure. -Both groups used the device for one hour per day for 10 days in the foot bilaterally. |
Weintraub et al.20
|
Static magnetic field group vs Placebo group |
121/106 |
62.6±11.3***/ 63.2±11.2*** |
75/60*** |
Static magnetic field group: The strength of the magnetic field was 450 G, as measured with a conventional gauss meter on the surface of the insoles at the center of the triangle (10000 G=1T). |
Placebo group: unmagnetized device. -Both groups used the device for 24 hours per day for 16 weeks in the foot bilaterally. |
Weintraub et al.19
|
Low-frequency pulsed magnetic field group vs Placebo group |
90 / 104 |
61.1±10.4 / 60.6±12.4 |
43.3% / 44.2% |
Low-frequency pulsed magnetic field group: 6 individual (1800 G) magnetic sphere units, 3 under each foot, that were driven individually by a 6 V DC motor. A speed control circuit allowed a range of 500 to 1500 revolutions per minute. Supersaturation of the target area from every angle at 25 times per second at maximum 1500 revolutions per minute was achieved. |
Placebo group: identical in all characteristics except for the demagnetization procedure -Both groups received 2 hours per day in divided sessions of 10 to 30min for 12 weeks in the foot bilaterally. |
Wróbel et al.21
|
Low-frequency pulsed magnetic field group vs Placebo group |
32 / 29 |
53.6±13.6 / 55.5±10.4 |
12 / 13 |
Low-frequency pulsed magnetic field group: The electromagnetic waves generated by the Viofor JPS were a complex sequence of pulses at a frequency of approximately 180-195 Hz, with a low-frequency pulsed magnetic field of up to 100 μT. The electrical field intensity was approximately 130 V/m. |
Placebo Group: No active treatment -Both groups received 20 min sessions five times per week for 3 consecutive weeks in the trunk and lower limbs. |