Author (year)/country |
Study |
Sample (deaths) |
Gender |
Age |
Follow-up period |
Frailty measure |
Relative risk (95% CI) |
Control variables |
Ensrud et al. (2007)1818 Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Stone KL, Cauley JA, et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):744-51., USA |
Study of Osteoporotic Fracture (SOF) |
6724 (2520) |
F |
≥69 |
9.2 (±3) years |
Frailty phenotype |
Total sample: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.32 (1.18-1.48); Frail: 1.82 (1.56 -2.13) Subgroup: <80 years: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.24 (0.97-1.58); Frail: 1.65 (1.09-2.49) ≥80 years: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.59 (1.09-2.31); Frail: 1.72 (1.08-2.75) |
Age; smoking; use of estrogen; schooling; history of fractures; diagnosis of stroke, diabetes, hypertension, Parkinson's disease, dementia, coronary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer (except for skin); history of falls; depressive symptoms; cognitive function; functional disability in activities of daily living; body mass index; and bone mineral density of the femoral neck |
Cawthon et al. (2007)2121 Cawthon PM, Marshall LM, Michael Y, Dam TT, Ensrud KE, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(8):1216-23., USA |
The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study |
5993 (669) |
M |
≥65 |
4.7 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Total sample: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.36 (1.14-1.63); Frail: 2.05 (1.55-2.72) Subgroup: <80 years: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.45 (1.16-1.81); Frail: 2.46 (1.63-3.72) ≥80 years: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.34 (0.99-1.80); Frail: 2.13 (1.44-3.15) |
Age; Functional disability in activities of daily living; diabetes; Parkinson's; acute myocardial infarction; cardiac insufficiency; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; cancer; postural instability; perception of health, smoking; cognitive function |
Avila-Funes et al. (2008)2222 Ávila-Funes JA, Helmer C, Amieva H, Barberger-Gateau P, Le Goff M, Ritchie K, et al. Frailty among community-dwelling elderly people in France: the Three-City Study. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(10):1089-96., France |
The Three-City Study |
6078 (316) |
M/F |
≥65 |
4 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.14 (0.98-1.31); Frail: 1.36 (1.01-1.81) |
Gender; schooling; income, smoking; alcoholism; number of chronic diseases; perception of health; CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale) score; MMSE score; disability in basic and instrumental activities of daily living and mobility |
Ensrud et al. (2008)2323 Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Cawthon PM, Stone KL, et al. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(4):382-9., USA |
Study of Osteoporotic Fracture (SOF) |
6701 (2751) |
F |
≥69 |
9.6 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.54 (1.40-1.69); Frail: 2.75 (2.46-3.07) |
Age |
Graham et al. (2009)2424 Graham JE, Snih SA, Berges IM, Ray LA, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ. Frailty and 10-year mortality in community-living Mexican American older adults. Gerontology. 2009;55(6):644-51., USA |
Hispanic Established Populations Epidemiologic Studies |
1996 (892) |
M/F |
≥65 |
10 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.25 (1.0-7-1.46); Frail: 1.81 (1.41-2.31) |
Age; Gender; marital status; body mass index; smoking; heart attack; stroke; hypertension; cancer; hip fracture; disability in basic and instrumental activities of daily living; cognitive function; depressive symptoms and perception of health |
Ensrud et al. (2009)2525 Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Cawthon PM, Fink HA, Taylor BC, Cauley JA, et al. A comparison of frailty indexes for the prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and mortality in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(3):492-98., USA |
The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study |
3132 (204) |
M |
≥67 |
3.2 (±0.5) years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.77 (1.17-2.68); Frail: 3.51 (2.21-5.57) |
Age |
Berges et al. (2009)2626 Berges IM, Graham JE, Glenn VO, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ. Sex differences in mortality among older frail Mexican Americans. J Womens Health. 2009;18(10):1647-51., USA |
Hispanic Established Populations Epidemiologic Studies |
1996 (892) |
M/F |
≥65 |
10 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Men: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.46 (1.17-1.83); Frail: 3.04 (2.16-4.28) Women: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.29 (1.05-1.60); Frail: 1.92 (1.39-2.65) |
Age; Gender; marital status; body mass index; smoking; heart attack; stroke; hypertension; cancer; hip fracture; diabetes |
García-Gonzalez et al. (2009)2727 García-González JJ, García-Peña C, Franco-Marina F, Gutiérrez-Robledo LM. A frailty index to predict the mortality risk in a population of senior Mexican adults. BMC Geriatr. 2009;9:1-8., Mexico |
The Mexican Health and Aging Study |
4082 (279) |
M/F |
≥65 |
710 (±111) days |
Frailty Index |
FI = 0-0.07: 1 FI = 0.07-0.14: 0.93 (0.58-1.50) FI = 0.14-0.21: 1.56 (1.00-2.44) FI = 0.21-0.35: 2.20 (1.42-3.41) FI >0.35: 6.45 (4.10-10.14) |
Age; Gender |
Lucicesare et al. (2010)2828 Lucicesare A, Hubbard RE, Fallah N, Forti P, Searle SD, Mitnitski A, et al. Comparison of two frailty measures in the Conselice Study of Brain Ageing. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14(4):278-81., Italy |
The Conselice Study of Brain Ageing |
1016 |
M/F |
≥65 |
4 years |
Frailty Index |
Frail (FI≥0.25): 5.26 (1.05-26.42) |
Age; Gender; Conselice Study of Brain Aging Score |
Song et al. (2010)2929 Song X, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K. Prevalence and 10-year outcomes of frailty in older adults in relation to deficit accumulation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(4):681-7., Canada |
Canadian National Population Health Survey |
2740 (1208) |
M/F |
≥65 |
10 years |
Frailty Index |
FI≤0.08: 1 FI≥0.25: 1.57 (1.41-1.74) |
Age; Gender |
Masel et al. (2010)3030 Masel MC, Ostir GV, Ottenbacher KJ. Frailty, mortality, and health-related quality of life in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(11):2149-53., USA |
Hispanic Established Populations Epidemiologic Studies |
1008 (176) |
M/F |
≥74 |
2 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 0.74 (0.42-1.32); Frail: 2.72 (1.45-5.08) |
Age; Gender; schooling; marital status; income; chronic diseases; smoking; body mass index |
Jacobs et al. (2011)3131 Jacobs JM, Cohen A, Ein-Mor E, Maaravi Y, Stessman J. Frailty, cognitive impairment and mortality among the oldest old. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15(8):678-82., Israel |
Jerusalem Longitudinal cohort study |
840 (194) |
M/F |
≥85 |
5 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.01 (0.64-1.59); Frail: 1.67 (0.96-2.09) |
Gender; schooling; MMSE score; smoking; diabetes; hypertension; cardiac disease; poor perception of health; disability in basic activities of daily living |
Cano et al. (2012)3232 Cano C, Samper-Ternent R, Al Snih S, Markides K, Ottenbacher KJ. Frailty and cognitive impairment as predictors of mortality in older Mexican Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(2):142-7., USA |
Hispanic Established Populations Epidemiologic Studies |
1815 (690) |
M/F |
≥67 |
10 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.39 (1.17-1.64); Frail: 1.97 (1.53-2.55) |
Age; gender; schooling; marital status; diabetes; myocardial infarction; stroke; cancer; hip fraction; hypertension; arthritis |
Abizanda et al. (2013)3333 Abizanda P, Romero L, Sánchez-Jurado PM, Martínez-Reig M, Gómez-Arnedo L, Alfonso SA. Frailty and mortality, disability and mobility loss in a Spanish cohort of older adults: the FRADEA study. Maturitas. 2013;74(1):54-60., Spain |
FRADEA |
993 (105) |
M/F |
>70 |
5 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 3.4 (1.0-12.8); Frail: 5.5 (1.5-20.2) |
Age; Gender; Barthel index; Chalson index |
Kumala et al. (2014)3434 Kulmala J, Nykänen I, Hartikainen S. Frailty as a predictor of all-cause mortality in older men and women. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14(4):899-905., Finland |
Geriatric Multidisciplinary Strategy for the Good Care of the Elderly |
654 (173) |
M/F |
≥75 |
4 years |
Frailty phenotype |
Total sample: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.3 (0.8-2.0); Frail: 2.7 (1.6-4.5) Subgroup: Men Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.4 (0.7-3.0); Frail: 2.4 (1.0-5.9) Women: Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.1 (0.6-1.8); Frail: 2.8 (1.5-5.3) |
Age; groups (intervention v control); schooling; smoking; comorbidity index; functional capacity (Barthel index); number of medications |
Chang et al. (2015)3636 Chang SF, Lin PL. Frailty phenotype and mortality prediction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015; 52:1362-74., Taiwan |
Meta-analysis |
35538 (7994) |
M/F |
≥65 |
6.5 (±3.05) years |
Frailty phenotype |
Robust: 1 Pre-frail: 1.33 (1.26-1.41); Frail: 2.00 (1.72-2.31) |
|
Armstrong et al. (2015)3535 Armstrong JJ, Mitnitski A, Launer LJ, White LR, Rockwood K. Frailty in the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study: deficit accumulation in a male cohort followed to 90% mortality. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(1):125-31., USA |
The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study |
3801 (3455) |
M |
≥71 |
5 years |
Frailty Index |
FI≤0.05: 1 FI=0.05-0.15: 1.61 (1.36-1.91) FI=0.15-0.25: 3.24 (2.69-3.91) FI=0.25-0.35: 4.68 (3.80-5.76) FI=0.35-0.50: 5.81 (4.76-7.09) FI>0.50: 6.38 (5.29-7.69) |
Age |