| Smith and Smith, 200533. Smith KAC, Smith EB. Integrating Pilates-based core strengthening into older adult fitness programs: implications for practice. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2005;21(1):57-67.
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Strengthening of transversus abdominis, multifidus and pelvic floor muscles. Improves balance, mobility of the spine and stability. |
| Ruiz-Montero, et al., 201455. Ruiz-Montero PJ, Castillo-Rodrigues A, Mikakacki M, Nebojsa C, Korovljev D. 24-weeks Pilates-aerobic and educative training to improve body fat mass in elderly Serbian women. Clin Interv Aging 2014;31(9):243-8.
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Pilates Group: reduction of fat percentage and fat mass. Increased lean body mass. No changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Strong correlation between fat mass and waist and hip ratio. Control group: no change. |
| Hyun, Hwangbo and Lee, 201477. Hyun J, Hwangbo K, Lee CW. The effects of Pilates mat exercise on the balance ability of elderly females. J Phys Ther Sci 2014;26(2):291-3.
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Increased static and dynamic balance of both groups (Pilates and floor activities), with the Pilates group achieving a greater reduction in oscillation. |
| Granacher et al., 20131212. Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Hortobágyi T, Kressig RW, Muehlbauer T. The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance, and fall prevention in seniors: a systematic review. Sports Med 2013;43(7):627-41.
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Improved balance and functional performance and reduced risk of falls. |
| Bird, Hill and Fell, 20121313. Bird ML, Hill KD, Fell JW. A randomized controlled study investigating static and dynamic balance in older adults after training with Pilates. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93(1):43-9.
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Pilates Group: Improved static and dynamic balance. There was no improvement in lower limb strength. Control group: no change. |
| Bird and Fell, 20131414. Bird ML, Fell J. Pilates Exercise has Positive Long Term Effects on the Aged-Related Decline in Balance and Strength in Older, Community Dwelling Men and Women. J Aging Phys Act. Epub ahead of print 2013.
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Acute effects (five weeks): increased balance and lower limb strength. Long-term effects (12 months): maintenance of static and dynamic balance. Lower limb strength was maintained only in individuals who continued practicing Pilates. There was an improvement in the risk of falls. |
| Irez et al., 20111515. Irez GB, Ozdemir RA, Evin R, Irez SG, Korkusuz F. Integrating Pilates exercise into an exercise program for 65+ year-old women to reduce falls. J Sports Sci Med 2011;10(1):105-11.
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Pilates Group: Improvement in dynamic balance, flexibility, strength, reaction time, and tendency to fall. Control group: no change. |
| Stivala and Hartley, 20131616. Stivala A, Hartley G. The Effects of a Pilates-Based Exercise Rehabilitation Program on Functional Outcome and Fall Risk Reduction in an Aging Adult Status-Post Traumatic Hip Fracture due to Fall. J Geriatr Phys Ther. Epub ahead of print 2013.
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Increased balance, strength, range of motion and gait speed. There was a reduction in pain and functional mobility, although there remained a risk of falls. |
| Newell, Shead and Sloane, 20121717. Newell D, Shead V, Sloane L. Changes in gait and balance parameters in elderly subjects attending an 8-week supervised Pilates programme. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2012;16(4):549-54.
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Improvements in gait speed and step cycle and length. There was a reduced risk of falls. |
| Rodrigues et al., 20101818. Rodrigues SBG, Cader AS, Torres BNV, Oliveira EM, Dantas MEH. Pilates method in personal autonomy, static balance and quality of life of elderly females. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2010;14(2):195-202.
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Pilates Group: Improved personal autonomy, static balance and quality of life. Control group: no change. |
| Kaesler, et al., 20071919. Kaesler DSA, Mellifont RBB, Kelly PSC, Taaffe DRD. A novel balance exercise program for postural stability in older adults: a pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2007;11(1):37-43.
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Improved static and dynamic balance. |
| Fourie et al., 2013a2020. Fourie M, Gildenhuys GM, Shaw I, Shaw BS, Toriola AL, Goon DT. Effects of a mat Pilates program on flexibility in elderly women. Med Sport 2013;66(4):545-53.
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Pilates Group: improved shoulder flexion and hip flexibility, with no change in shoulder and knee extension. Control group: Improved shoulder extension. |
| Fourie et al., 2013c2121. Fourie M, Gildenhuys GM, Shaw I, Shaw BS, Toriola AL, Goon DT. Effects of a mat Pilates program on cardiometabolic parameters in elderly women. Pak J Med Sci 2013;29(2):500-4.
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Pilates Group: Decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure unchanged. Total cholesterol and triglycerides unchanged. Both groups: increased glucose. Control group: no further changes. |
| Plachy; Kovách; Bognár, 20122222. Plachy JA, Kovách MA, Bognár JB. Improving flexibility and endurance of elderly women through a six-month training programme. Hum Mov 2012;13(1):22-7.
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Pilates group and Pilates group associated with water exercises showed improvement in physical strength, and flexibility and range of motion of the shoulder, hip, lumbar spine, thoracolumbar and torso. Control group: no changes. |
| Kuo, Tully and Galea, 20092323. Kuo YL, Tully EA, Galea MP. Sagittal spinal posture after Pilates-based exercise in healthy older adults. Spine 2009;34(10):1046-51.
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Immediate effect (after 15 weeks): decreased thoracic angle and increased lumbar extension angle. Long-term effects (after 20 weeks): maintained alignments prior to intervention. |
| Mallery et al., 20102424. Mallery LH, Macdonald EA, Hubley-Kozey CL, Earl ME, Rockwood K, MACKNIGHT C. The feasibility of performing resistance exercise with acutely ill hospitalized older adults. BMC Geriatr 2003;3(3):1-8.
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Pilates group compared to passive mobilization group had lower participation and adherence. |
| Fourie et al., 2013b2525. Fourie M, Gildenhuys GM, Shaw I, Shaw BS, Toriola AL, Goon DT. Effects of a mat Pilates programme on body composition in elderly women. West Indian Med J 2013;62(6):524-8.
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Pilates Group: reduced fat mass and fat percentage and greater lean mass, no changes in body mass and BMI. Control group: no change. |
