Author(s) |
Level of evidence |
Objective |
Methodological design |
Sample |
Main results |
Manuzet et al.1010 Mazurek K, Zmijewski P, Kozdron E, Fojt A, Czajkowska A, Szczypiorski P, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in sedentary postmenopausal women during organized physical activity. Kardiol Pol. 2017;75(5):476-85. 2017 |
I |
to evaluate the effectiveness of organized exercise programs dedicated to sedentary older women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Late postmenopausal women, >55 years (mean age 65 - 73 years), with no contraindications to exercise. |
After two weeks of moderate intensity physical training, there was a significant improvement in metabolic (lipid) parameters and a reduction in SBP and DBP. In addition, there was a 10-year reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease. |
Mendoza et al.1111 De Guevara NML, Galván CT, Sánchez AC, Izquierdo DG, Gárcia FH, Lapotka M, et al. Benefits of physical exercise in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2016;93(1):83-8. 2016 |
IV |
Determine the benefits of exercise after menopause. |
Descriptive Study |
Early and late postmenopausal women, without a stipulated average age, from Spanish scientific societies related to the practice of physical exercise and menopause. |
The literature demonstrates that the practice of synchronized physical exercise reduces the risk of bone fracture and acts on the cardiovascular system with reduced BP levels, as well as increased HDL levels. |
Gudmundsdottir et al.1212 Gudmundsdottir SL, Flanders WD, Augestad LB. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors at menopause: the Nord-Trøndelag health study. Climacteric. 2013;16(4):438-46. 2013 |
IV |
To evaluate the association between physical activity and metabolic risk factors in premenopausal women. |
Qualitative study |
Two populations were selected: group 1 and 2 comprised premenopausal women with a mean age >40 years and group 3 comprised early and/or late postmenopausal women. |
After 24 months of moderate intensity synchronized exercise, group 1 and 2 exhibited a weight reduction and HDL increase. Group 3 showed a reduction in weight, waist-hip ratio, triglycerides and LDL. In this context, the study demonstrated that physical exercise promotes many benefits in pre and post menopausal women. |
Ohta et al.1313 Ohta M, Hirao N, Mori Y, Takigami C, Eguchi M, Tanaka H, et al. Effects of bench step exercise on arterial stiffness in post-menopausal women: contribution of IGF-1 bioactivity and nitric oxide production. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2012;22(1):36-41. 2012 |
I |
To examine the effect of bench exercise on PWV and the associated contribution of insulin resistance, bioactivity and NO. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Late postmenopausal women, mean age 65-85 years (excluding those with cardiometabolic and orthopedic disorders). Two groups were created: 1.Bench exercise group; 2.Control group. |
After 12 weeks in the bench exercise group there was an improvement in BMI, SBP, fasting glucose, LDL and NO compared to the control group. |
Novais et al.1414 Novais IP, Jarrete AP, Puga GM, Araújo HN, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Effect of aerobic exercise training on cGMP levels and blood pressure in treated hypertensive postmenopausal women. Motriz. 2017;23(1):1-6. 2017 |
I |
To examine the effects of aerobic exercise training on cGMP and NO levels in normotensive and treated hypertensive postmenopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Sedentary early and/or late menopausal women divided into two groups: 1.Normotensive women; 2. Treated hypertensive women. |
After 24 sessions of aerobic exercise, group 2 showed an increase in fasting NO and an increase in cGMP concentration. In addition, both groups had reduced BP, body fat and triglycerides. |
Lavoie et al.1515 Lavoie ME, Faraj M, Strychar I, Doucet E, Brochu M, Lavoie JM, et al. Synergistic associations of physical activity and diet quality on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(4):605-14. 2013 |
IV |
To determine the synergistic associations between diet quality and exercise energy expenditure on cardiometabolic factors. |
Qualitative study |
Women in early and/or late postmenopause, overweight or obese, aged 46-70 years, without hormone replacement therapy. |
After 24 weeks of synchronized low intensity exercise there was a reduction in cholesterol and an improvement in BMI, highlighting that the association of diet and exercise promotes a better quality of life in postmenopausal women. |
Hernández-Angeles et al.1616 Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C. Cardiovascular risk in climacteric women: focus on diet. Climacteric. 2016;19(3):215-21. 2016 |
IV |
To analyze the effect of dietary counseling on the health of postmenopausal women. |
Descriptive Study |
Early and late postmenopausal women without a determined average age. |
Study showed that regular, synchronized exercise combined with a healthy diet in postmenopausal women leads to weight reduction, visceral adipose tissue, and waist circumference. |
Soto et al.1717 Soto ZMG, García SM, Hernández ML, Alemán JA. Valoración del control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres menopáusicas obesas tras el seguimiento de un programa estructurado de educación dietética y ejercicio físico (Programa SÍSIFO). Hipertens Riesgo Vasc. 2016;33(3):103-10. 2016 |
I |
To evaluate the influence of a physical exercise program on cardiovascular risk and quality of menopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and/or late postmenopausal women, aged 50-60 years, overweight and/or obese. |
After three months of moderate intensity physical exercise and change in eating habits, there was a reduction in weight, BMI, fasting blood pressure and blood glucose and lipid profile. |
Lesser et al.1818 Lesser IA, Guenette JA, Hoogbruin A, Mackey DC, Singer J , Gasevic D, et al. Association between exercise-induced change in body composition and change in cardio-metabolic risk factors in post-menopausal South Asian women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(9):931-7. 2016 |
I |
To assess changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women in South Asia. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and/or late postmenopausal women, with an average of 50-60 years and overweight. |
After 12 weeks of aerobic exercise there was a significant improvement in glucose and insulin levels in the body. In addition, there was a reduction in insulin resistance, which was identified by calculating the HOMA-IR index. |
Zheng et al.1919 Zheng C, Beresford SA, Horn LV, Tinker LF, Thomson CA, Neuhouser ML, et al. Simultaneous association of total energy consumption and activity-related energy expenditure with risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(5):526-35. 2014 |
I |
To investigate the estimated total energy consumption and biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risks in menopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Late postmenopausal women, mean age 50-79 years. |
After five years of follow-up of women with moderate intensity exercise, there was a significant reduction in the risk of several cardiovascular diseases. In addition, diet and exercise promotes a better quality of life for postmenopausal women. |
Son et al.2020 Son WM, Sung KD, Cho JM, Park SY. Combined exercise reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and blood markers for cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Menopause. 2017;24(3):262-8. 2007 |
I |
To examine the impact of combined resistance and physical training on blood pressure in menopausal women with hypertension. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Late postmenopausal women with an average age of 75 years and hypertensive divided in: 1.Control and 2. Moderate physical exercise. |
After 12 weeks of moderate exercise the group 2 showed an improvement in functional capacity and body composition compared to the control group. |
Casas et al.2121 Casas RS, Gabriel KKP, Kriska AM, Kuller LH, Conroy MB. Association of leisure physical activity and sleep with cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012;19(4):413-9. 2012 |
IV |
To examine the individual and combined associations of leisure-time physical activity and sleep with cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. |
Qualitative study |
Late postmenopausal women with a mean age between 62 and 63 years old, normotensive and non-diabetic, divided into two groups: 1. Active women with a low-fat diet and good sleep quality (>7 hours); 2. Active women with poor sleep quality (<7hours). |
After 48 months of moderate intensity exercise of up to 150 minutes/week, group 1 presented lower total body fat, triglycerides and fasting glucose than group 2. |
Yoshizawa et al.2222 Yoshizawa M, Maeda S, Miyaki A, Misono M, Choi Y, Shimojo N, et al. Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides and aerobic exercise on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009;297(5):1899-1903. 2009 |
I |
To determine the effects of ingestion of lactic tripeptides and regular aerobic exercise on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and late postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years were randomly divided into: group 1. Aerobic exercise with lactic tripeptide ingestion; and group 2. Women using placebo. |
Eight weeks of regular aerobic exercise showed that there were no differences in baseline arterial compliance in group 1 compared with group 2. However, in group 1 there was a reduction in blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II concentrations. |
Rodrigo et al.2323 Rodrigo PS, Alemán JA, Jara PG, Hernández ML, Toro EO, Sánchez JCC, et al. Efectos de un programa de ejercicio de fuerza/resistencia sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres posmenopáusicas de bajo riesgo cardiovascular: Clinderica study. Aten Prim. 2015;47(6):1-6. 2015 |
I |
To analyze the influence of a strength exercise program on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Late postmenopausal women (45-69 year old) at cardiovascular risk. Group 1. Using resistance exercises and group 2. Control. |
After six months of resistance exercise in group 1, there was a reduction in blood pressure, as well as an improvement in arterial compliance and angiotensin II plasma concentrations when compared to group 2. |
Lima et al.2424 Lima MMO, Britto RR, Baião EA, Alves GS, Abreu CDG, Pereira VF. Exercício aeróbico no controle da hipertensão arterial na pós-menopausa. Fisioter Mov. 2011;24(1):23-31. 2011 |
I |
To evaluate the effect of an aerobic exercise program on blood pressure control in postmenopausal hypertensive women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Late and early menopausal women without estimated average age. |
After 12 weeks of aerobic exercise practice, there was a significant reduction in resting blood pressure from 30mmHg, in addition to the improvement in functional capacity of women undergoing the study. |
Merino et al.2525 Merino J, Ferré R, Girona J, Aguas D, Cabré A, Plana N, et al. Even low physical activity levels improve vascular function in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2013;20(10):1036-42. 2013 |
I |
Study the impact of a lower than recommended level of exercise on vascular function and in postmenopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and late postmenopausal women without an estimated average age, overweight and / or obesity. |
After four months of low intensity exercise for 1 hour and twice a week there was an improvement in several parameters associated with cardiovascular health reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, in addition to the increase in antioxidant enzymes. |
Heeren et al.2626 Heeren MV, Bernardes N, Dias DS, Machert H, Britto JO, Sanches IC, et al. Treinamento físico melhora a saúde cardiovascular em mulheres no climatério. Motriz. 2008;14(2):187-95. 2008 |
IV |
Emphasize physical training as an important approach in reducing cardiovascular diseases in women after menopause. |
Descriptive Study |
Early and late postmenopausal women with no stipulated average age. |
Adopting an active lifestyle with exercise and healthy eating habits promotes numerous benefits in reducing cardiovascular risks such as lowering blood pressure, lowering LDL levels and increasing HDL, as well as reducing body weight. |
Puga et al.2727 Puga GM, Novais IP, Katsanos CS, Zanesco A. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and l-arginine ingestion on blood pressure in normotensive postmenopausal women: a crossover study. Life Sci. 2016;15(151):323-9. 2016 |
I |
To examine the effects of acute aerobic exercise-associated with administration of L-arginine on blood pressure in normotensive postmenopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and late postmenopausal women (average 57 years) and normotensive. There were two groups: 1. L-arginine + aerobic exercise; and 2.Control. |
After the four experimental sessions it was possible to show that the group submitted to the use of L-arginine in line with aerobic exercise showed a reduction in the diastolic blood pressure levels through the reduction of sympathetic activity, release of vasodilator substances and among others, in relation to group control. |
Figueroa et al.2828 Figueroa A, Kalfon R, Wong A. Whole-body vibration training decreases ankle systolic blood pressure and leg arterial stiffness in obese postmenopausal women with high blood pressure. Menopause. 2015;22(4):423-7. 2015 |
I |
To investigate the effects of full body vibration training on ankle SBP in postmenopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Women in early postmenopausal, non-stipulated middle age, prehypertensive, hypertensive, overweight or obese. They were divided into two groups: 1. Body vibration training exercises; and 2. Control group. |
After three weeks, group 1 showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure of the ankle compared to the group that underwent normal exercise only. |
Arca et al.2929 Arca EA, Martinelli B, Martin LC, Waisberg CB, Franco RJ. Aquatic exercise is as effective as dry land training to blood pressure reduction in postmenopausal hypertensive women. Physiother Res Int 2014;19(2):93-8. 2014 |
I |
To compare the effect of aquatic exercise versus land-based training in menopausal hypertensive women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and/or late postmenopausal women with no stipulated middle age and hypertension. They were separated into three groups: 1.Water exercises; 2.Exercises on land; 3.Control |
After 12 weeks of exercise it was found that groups 1 and 2 had no differences in baseline blood pressure. Regarding SBP, there was a statistically significant reduction ± 18 mmHg in the aquatic exercise group and ± 10 mmHg in the land group. |
Swift et al.3030 Swift DL, Earnest CP, Katzmarzyk PT, Rankinen T, Blair SN, Church TS. The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on exercise blood pressure in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012;19(5):503-11. 2012 |
I |
To determine the effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise training on blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and/or late postmenopausal women, with no stipulated average age, separated into: 1. Exercise group; and 2. Control. |
After six months of moderate intensity exercise, it was found that group 1 had a reduction in diastolic blood pressure and body weight in comparison with group 2. |
Thomopoulos et al.3131 Thomopoulos C, Lombardi C, Parati G. Combined exercise training in postmenopausal women: implications for vascular hemodynamics. Menopause. 2013;15(4):221-3. 2013 |
IV |
To analyze the role of exercise in the vascular system in menopausal women. |
Qualitative study |
Early and/or late postmenopausal women with no stipulated average age. |
After three months of aerobic exercise it was shown that aerobic exercise has favorable effects on carotid artery compliance in postmenopausal women, in addition to reducing blood pressure levels, decreasing cardiovascular risks and promoting a better quality of life. |
Rossi et al.3232 Rossi FE, Ricci ALV, Buonani CS, Vanderlei LCM, Freitas IFJ. The effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on heart rate variability in postmenopausal women. Medicina. 2013;46(2):171-7. 2013 |
I |
To verify the effects of 16 weeks of aerobic and resistance combined training on cardiac autonomic modulation in menopausal women. |
Randomized controlled trial |
Early and/or late postmenopausal women with no stipulated average age. Divided into two groups: 1. Training group; and 2. Control group |
After 16 weeks of aerobic and combined resistance training, group 1 showed an increase in parasympathetic system and reduction in sympathetic system compared to group 2. Training promoted benefits for autonomic modulation in women undergoing exercise. |