Social Innovation in Brazilian Social Entrepreneurships: A Proposed Scale for its Classification

D`Amario, Edison Quirino; Comini, Graziella Maria

doi:10.7819/rbgn.v22i1.4037

Edison Quirino D`Amario

University of São Paulo, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting, Department of Administration, São Paulo, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4297-2281

Graziella Maria Comini

University of São Paulo, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting, Department of Administration, São Paulo, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3474-2833

1.
Edison Quirino D`Amario, PhD, University of São Paulo, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting, Department of Administration, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: edamario@uol.com.br

2.
Graziella Maria Comini, PhD, University of São Paulo, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting, Department of Administration, São Paulo, Brazil. Email: gcomini@usp.br

Responsible editor:

Prof. Dr. João Mauricio Gama Boaventura

Contribution of each author

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Contribution Edison D`Amario Graziella Comini 1. Definition of research problem √ √ 2. Development of hypotheses or research questions (empirical studies) √ √ 3. Development of theoretical propositions (theoretical Work) √ √ 4. Theoretical foundation/ Literature review √ √ 5. Definition of methodological procedures √ √ 6. Data collection √ √ 7. Statistical analysis √ √ 8. Analysis and interpretation of data √ √ 9. Critical revision of the manuscript √ √ 10. Manuscript Writing √ √ 11. Other (please specify which)

Type	Definition	Source
Product	Introduction of a new good or service or a significantly improved one in terms of its characteristics or uses. It includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness, or other functional characteristics to meet social goals;	Adapted from the Oslo Manual (1997)
Process	Implementation of a new or significantly improved method of production or distribution. It includes significant changes in techniques, equipment, and/or software to meet social goals;	Adapted from the Oslo Manual (1997)
Marketing	Implementation of a new marketing method with significant changes in the product design or in its packaging, in the product positioning, in its promotion, or in its price setting to meet social goals;	Adapted from the Oslo Manual (1997)
Organizational	Implementation of a new organizational method in the company’s business practices, in organizing its workplace, or in its external relations to meet social goals.	Adapted from the Oslo Manual (1997)

Depth	Definition	Source
Disruptive	The theoretical contribution regarding disruptive social innovation describes it as a process by which a product or service that was initially historically accessible only to consumers with high purchasing power becomes accessible to consumers with lower purchasing power	Christensen, MacDonald, Altman, and Palmer (2018Christensen, C. M., MacDonald, R., Altman, E. J., & Palmer, J. E. (2018). Disruptive innovation: An intellectual history and directions for future research. Journal of Management Studies, 55(7), 1043-1078.); Moulaert et al. (2013Moulaert, F., MacCallum, D., & Hiller, J. (2013). Social innovation: Intuition, precept, concept, theory and practice. In F. Moulaert, D., MacCallum, A. Mehmood, & A. Hamdouch (Eds.), The international handbook on social innovation: Collective action, social learning and transdisciplinary research (pp. 13-24). Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.); Nicholls and Murdock (2012Nicholls, A., & Murdock, A. (2012). Social innovation: Blurring boundaries to reconfigure markets. London: Palgrave Macmillan.); Goldenberg (2004Goldenberg, M. (2004). Social innovation in Canada how the non-profit sector serves Canadians and how it can serve them better. Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc. Project (CPRN).); Anderson, Curtis, and Wittig (2014Anderson, T., Curtis, A., & Wittig, C. (2014). Definition and theory in social innovation. Krems: Danube University Krems.); Bruin and Stangl (2013Bruin, A., & Stangl, L. M. (2013). The “Social Innovation Continuum” in Auckland Council. Social Innovation in Auckland, 13-68.)
Institutional	It is noted that social innovations that focus on the reconfiguration of existing economic and social structures, usually by repositioning new technologies more directed towards social rather than economic goals, must be regarded as institutional social innovations	Nicholls and Murdock (2012Nicholls, A., & Murdock, A. (2012). Social innovation: Blurring boundaries to reconfigure markets. London: Palgrave Macmillan.); Bruin and Stangl (2013Bruin, A., & Stangl, L. M. (2013). The “Social Innovation Continuum” in Auckland Council. Social Innovation in Auckland, 13-68.); Moulaert et al. (2013Moulaert, F., MacCallum, D., & Hiller, J. (2013). Social innovation: Intuition, precept, concept, theory and practice. In F. Moulaert, D., MacCallum, A. Mehmood, & A. Hamdouch (Eds.), The international handbook on social innovation: Collective action, social learning and transdisciplinary research (pp. 13-24). Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.); Groot and Dankbaar (2014Groot, A., & Dankbaar, B. (2014). Does social innovation require social entrepreneurship? Technology Innovation Management Review, 4(12).)
Incremental	Incremental social innovations can be understood as the development of new forms of working partnerships with coordination and alignment of initiatives and which are directed toward a common goal and aim to mitigate social problems	Christensen, MacDonald, Altman, and Palmer (2018Christensen, C. M., MacDonald, R., Altman, E. J., & Palmer, J. E. (2018). Disruptive innovation: An intellectual history and directions for future research. Journal of Management Studies, 55(7), 1043-1078.); Bruin and Stangl (2013Bruin, A., & Stangl, L. M. (2013). The “Social Innovation Continuum” in Auckland Council. Social Innovation in Auckland, 13-68.); Moulaert et al. (2013Moulaert, F., MacCallum, D., & Hiller, J. (2013). Social innovation: Intuition, precept, concept, theory and practice. In F. Moulaert, D., MacCallum, A. Mehmood, & A. Hamdouch (Eds.), The international handbook on social innovation: Collective action, social learning and transdisciplinary research (pp. 13-24). Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.)

Coverage	Definition	Source
Local	Local innovations address social and/or environmental problems of a particular community or town;	Comini (2016Comini, G. M. (2016). Negócios sociais e inovação social: Um retrato de experiências brasileiras. (Doctoral Thesis) Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Retrieved from https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4100966/mod_resource/content/0/Tese_livre_docencia_final_Graziella_Comini.pdf https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.p... )
Regional	Regional social innovations serve a region or some regions (South, North, etc.) and may also reach some states;	Comini (2016Comini, G. M. (2016). Negócios sociais e inovação social: Um retrato de experiências brasileiras. (Doctoral Thesis) Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Retrieved from https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4100966/mod_resource/content/0/Tese_livre_docencia_final_Graziella_Comini.pdf https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.p... )
National	Social innovations with national coverage extend all over a country;	Comini (2016Comini, G. M. (2016). Negócios sociais e inovação social: Um retrato de experiências brasileiras. (Doctoral Thesis) Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Retrieved from https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4100966/mod_resource/content/0/Tese_livre_docencia_final_Graziella_Comini.pdf https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.p... )
Global	Global social innovations serve several countries	Comini (2016Comini, G. M. (2016). Negócios sociais e inovação social: Um retrato de experiências brasileiras. (Doctoral Thesis) Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Retrieved from https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4100966/mod_resource/content/0/Tese_livre_docencia_final_Graziella_Comini.pdf https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.p... )

Relationships			Non standardized results	S.E	C.R.	P	Standardized results
Var. 6	<---	PI	1,000				0,721
Var. 8	<---	PI	1,163	0,103	11,249	***	0,839
Var. 9	<---	PI	0,933	0,096	9,735	***	0,673
Var. 15	<---	PD	1,000				0,583
Var. 14	<---	PD	1,264	0,135	9,335	***	0,792
Var. 13	<---	PD	1,176	0,129	9,131	***	0,763
Var. 12	<---	PD	1,059	0,127	8,368	***	0,666
Var. 10	<---	PD	1,012	0,127	7,988	***	0,619
Var. 17	<---	TI	1,000				0,719
Var. 18	<---	TI	0,926	0,097	9,532	***	0,637
Var. 19	<---	TI	0,986	0,097	10,130	***	0,678
Var. 20	<---	TI	1,051	0,098	10,770	***	0,724
Var. 26	<---	Prod	1,000				0,749
Var. 28	<---	Prod	1,113	0,087	12,810	***	0,834
Var. 29	<---	Prod	1,029	0,086	11,967	***	0,771
Var. 30	<---	TM	1,000				0,734
Var. 31	<---	TM	1,136	0,089	12,815	***	0,834
Var. 32	<---	TM	1,002	0,088	11,372	***	0,736
Var. 33	<---	TM	1,108	0,088	12,544	***	0,814
Var. 39	<---	Org	1,000				0,662
Var. 37	<---	Org	1,315	0,131	10,010	***	0,785
Var. 36	<---	Org	1,048	0,113	9,252	***	0,697
Var. 35	<---	Org	1,218	0,128	9,541	***	0,727

Incremental social innovation variables
1-Our products/services already existed, but we have improved them and reduced the costs so that people who are in situations of social vulnerability can have access to them.
2-We have developed new products/services that are cheaper than the ones that already existed and that serve socially vulnerable populations.
3-We have improved products and/or services that already existed to reduce the environmental impact and/or to serve people in situations of social vulnerability.
Disruptive social innovation variables
4-Our new products/services enable social and/or politic participation by people who are in situations of social vulnerability.
5-Our new products/services transform the lives of people in situations of vulnerability.
6-Our new products/services meet a challenge, creating equality, social justice, and empowerment.
7-Our products/services are new alternatives offered to individuals and organizations as a means to achieve social change in their communities.
8-Our new products/services have changed the market structure to serve people in situations of social vulnerability.
Institutional social innovation variables
9-Our new products/services promote changes in social relations by increasing the level of participation of socially vulnerable groups.
10-We perform updates in products/services that lead to the inclusion of historically excluded groups.
11-Our new products/services focus on the reconfiguration of existing social and economic structures with new technologies that are more targeted at minorities who are in situations of social vulnerability.
12-Our new products/services rewrite and create new markets to serve people who are in situations of social vulnerability.
Product social innovation variables
13-Our products/services have innovative functional features that suit the demands and/or consumer profile of people in situations of social vulnerability.
14-Our products/services have changes that do not alter their function or intended use, but best suit the demands of consumers in situation of social vulnerability.
15-Our products/services have changes in their characteristics that are perceived as valuable by consumers, especially those in situations of social vulnerability.
Marketing social innovation variables
16-We use marketing to generate a new conception of the product and/or service in order to facilitate its use by people in situations of social vulnerability, and/or cause less environmental impact.
17-We use a new method of sales promotion or pricing, in order to enable consumption by people in situations of social vulnerability, and/or cause less environmental impact.
18-Our products/services have a new design that fits the profile of consumers in situations of social vulnerability and/or where the environmental impact is minimal.
19-We intend to increase the sales volume through changes in the positioning of our products/services in order to make them accessible to consumers in situations of social vulnerability.
Organizational social innovation variables
20-Our organization achieves its social and/or environmental objectives by utilizing new methods of partnerships with other organizations to learn new ways of working.
21-We seek to acquire knowledge and interact with other organizations to achieve our social and/or environmental objectives.
22-Our organization employs new methods of interaction with other companies to share knowledge and achieve its social and/or environmental objectives.
23-Our products/services are part of new initiatives and partnerships which aim to reduce social and environmental problems.

[1] 1.
Edison Quirino D`Amario, PhD, University of São Paulo, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting, Department of Administration, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: edamario@uol.com.br

	EVA	DP	PI	TI	Prod	Org	MT	RC
Disruptive Depth (DP)	0,50	0,5						0,833
Incremental Depth (IP)	0,55	0,41	0,55					0,758
Institutional Type (IT)	0,50	0,43	0,36	0,50				0.785
Product Type (Prod)	0,62	0,28	0,35	0,46	0,62			0,833
Organizational Type (Org)	0,52	0,19	0,05	0,40	0,26	0,52		0,810
Marketing Type (MT)	0,61	0,06	0,43	0,23	0,46	0,19	0,61	0,862

Brasil

Brasil

Social Innovation in Brazilian Social Entrepreneurships: A Proposed Scale for its Classification

Abstract

Purpose:

Design/methodology/approach:

Findings:

Originality/value:

Contribution	Edison D`Amario	Graziella Comini
1. Definition of research problem	√	√
2. Development of hypotheses or research questions (empirical studies)	√	√
3. Development of theoretical propositions (theoretical Work)	√	√
4. Theoretical foundation/ Literature review	√	√
5. Definition of methodological procedures	√	√
6. Data collection	√	√
7. Statistical analysis	√	√
8. Analysis and interpretation of data	√	√
9. Critical revision of the manuscript	√	√
10. Manuscript Writing	√	√
11. Other (please specify which)