The Role of Resonant Leadership, Workplace Friendship and Serving Culture in predicting Organizational Commitment: the Mediating Role of Compassion at Work

Ali, Riaz; Kashif, Muhammad

doi:10.7819/rbgn.v22i4.4085

Riaz Ali

The Savvy School, Gujranwwala, Pakistan. E-mail: riazali0347@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-715-1210

Muhammad Kashif

GIFT University, Gujranwwala, Pakistan. E-mail: kashif@gift.edu.pk

Researcher, FGS, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-6742

Responsible Editor:

Prof. Dr. Pattanee Susomrith

1
. Riaz Ali, Master, GIFT University, Gujranwla, Pakistan.

2
. Muhammad Kashif, Master, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan.

Contribution of each author

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Contribution Riaz Ali Muhammad Kashif 1. Definition of research problem √ √ 2. Development of hypotheses or research questions (empirical studies) √ 3. Development of theoretical propositions (theoretical work) √ 4. Theoretical foundation/literature review √ 5. Definition of methodological procedures √ √ 6. Data collection √ 7. Statistical analysis √ 8. Analysis and interpretation of data √ √ 9. Critical revision of the manuscript √ 10. Manuscript writing √ 11. Other (journal correspondence and improvements as per reviewer comments) √

Figures (1)
Tables (11)

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Figure 1
The Measurement Model

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Contribution Riaz Ali Muhammad Kashif 1. Definition of research problem √ √ 2. Development of hypotheses or research questions (empirical studies) √ 3. Development of theoretical propositions (theoretical work) √ 4. Theoretical foundation/literature review √ 5. Definition of methodological procedures √ √ 6. Data collection √ 7. Statistical analysis √ 8. Analysis and interpretation of data √ √ 9. Critical revision of the manuscript √ 10. Manuscript writing √ 11. Other (journal correspondence and improvements as per reviewer comments) √

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Table 1
Demographics of Respondents

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Table 2
Internal Consistency, Reliability and Convergent Validity

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Table 3
Discriminant Validity (Fornell-Larcker Criterion)

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Table 4
Path Coefficients

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Gender Age Job tenure What sector/industry do you work in? o Male o 21 to 30 o Less than 1 year o 31 to 40 o 1 to 5 years What is your job title/role? o Female o 41 to 50 o 6 to 10 years o More than 50 o More than 10 years

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RL My Supervisor… Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 1 seeks feedback even when it is difficult to hear. 1 2 3 4 5 2 acts on their values even if it is at a personal cost. 1 2 3 4 5 3 focuses on successes rather than failures. 1 2 3 4 5 4 supports teamwork to achieve goals/outcomes. 1 2 3 4 5 5 calmly handles stressful situations. 1 2 3 4 5 6 actively listens, acknowledges, and then responds to requests and concerns. 1 2 3 4 5 7 actively mentors or coaches the performance of others. 1 2 3 4 5 8 effectively resolves conflicts that arise. 1 2 3 4 5 9 engages me in working towards a shared vision. 1 2 3 4 5 10 allows me the freedom to make important decisions in my work. 1 2 3 4 5

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SC Managers and employees at my workplace…… Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 11 can say when something related to work is going wrong. 1 2 3 4 5 12 make employee career development a priority. 1 2 3 4 5 13 would seek help from others if they had a personal problem. 1 2 3 4 5 14 emphasize the importance of giving back to the community. 1 2 3 4 5 15 put others’ best interests ahead of their own. 1 2 3 4 5 16 give others the freedom to handle difficult situations in the way that they feel is best. 1 2 3 4 5 17 would NOT compromise on ethical principles in order to achieve success. 1 2 3 4 5

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WF In my organization…… Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 18 I have formed strong friendships at work. 1 2 3 4 5 19 I socialize with coworkers outside the workplace. 1 2 3 4 5 20 I can confide in people at work. 1 2 3 4 5 21 I feel I can trust many coworkers a great deal. 22 being able to see my coworkers is the reason I look forward to my job. 1 2 3 4 5 23 I feel that someone I work with is a true friend. 1 2 3 4 5

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CAW When you are in painful circumstances…… Never Rarely Sometimes Often Nearly all the time 24 how often do you experience compassion on the job? 1 2 3 4 5 25 how often do you experience compassion from your supervisor? 1 2 3 4 5 26 how often do you experience compassion from your coworkers? 1 2 3 4 5

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NC Normative Commitment Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 27 I feel an obligation to remain with my current employer. 1 2 3 4 5 28 Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my organization now. 1 2 3 4 5 29 I would feel guilty if I left my organization now. 1 2 3 4 5 30 This organization deserves my loyalty. 1 2 3 4 5 31 I would not leave my organization right now because I have a sense of obligation to the people in it. 1 2 3 4 5 32 I owe a great deal to my organization. 1 2 3 4 5

Variables		Frequency	Percentage (%)
Gender	Female	323	73.1
	Male	119	26.9
Total		442	100
Age	21 to 30	275	62.2
	31 to 40	89	20.1
	41 to 50	70	15.8
	More than 50	08	1.80
Total		442	100
Job Tenure	Less than One Year	118	26.7
	1 to 5 Years	203	45.9
	6 to 10 Years	53	12.0
	More than 10 Years	68	15.4
Total		442	100

Constructs	Alpha	CR	Items	Loading	AVE
Resonant Leadership (RL)	0.80	0.86	RL1	0.68	0.50
			RL4	0.71
			RL5	0.72
			RL6	0.72
			RL7	0.70
			RL8	0.73
Workplace Friendship (WF)	0.80	0.86	WF1	0.64	0.56
			WF3	0.78
			WF4	0.76
			WF5	0.81
			WF6	0.74
Serving Culture (SC)	0.80	0.86	SC1	0.74	0.50
			SC2	0.71
			SC4	0.72
			SC5	0.69
			SC6	0.69
			SC7	0.71
Compassion at Work (CAW)	0.70	0.83	CAW1	0.73	0.62
			CAW2	0.82
			CAW3	0.81
Normative Commitment (NC)	0.82	0.87	NC1	0.71	0.53
			NC2	0.78
			NC3	0.72
			NC4	0.74
			NC5	0.75

Constructs	CAW	NC	RL	SC	WF
CAW	0.79
NC	0.51	0.73
RL	0.43	0.40	0.71
SC	0.47	0.46	0.62	0.71
WF	0.45	0.47	0.28	0.39	0.75

Hypotheses	Relationships	β	SD	t-values	p-values	Decision
Direct Effects
H 1	RL CAW	0.20	0.05	3.84	0.00**	Supported
H 2	WF CAW	0.30	0.04	7.27	0.00**	Supported
H 3	SC CAW	0.23	0.05	4.47	0.00**	Supported
H 4	CAW NC	0.27	0.05	5.84	0.00**	Supported
Indirect Effects
H5	RL → CAW → NC	0.05	0.02	3.31	0.00**	Supported
H6	WF → CAW → NC	0.08	0.02	4.55	0.00**	Supported
H7	SC → CAW → NC	0.06	0.02	3.31	0.00**	Supported

Gender		Age		Job tenure		What sector/industry do you work in?
o	Male	o	21 to 30	o	Less than 1 year
o	Male	o	31 to 40	o	1 to 5 years	What is your job title/role?
o	Female	o	41 to 50	o	6 to 10 years
o	Female	o	More than 50	o	More than 10 years

RL	My Supervisor…	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
1	seeks feedback even when it is difficult to hear.	1	2	3	4	5
2	acts on their values even if it is at a personal cost.	1	2	3	4	5
3	focuses on successes rather than failures.	1	2	3	4	5
4	supports teamwork to achieve goals/outcomes.	1	2	3	4	5
5	calmly handles stressful situations.	1	2	3	4	5
6	actively listens, acknowledges, and then responds to requests and concerns.	1	2	3	4	5
7	actively mentors or coaches the performance of others.	1	2	3	4	5
8	effectively resolves conflicts that arise.	1	2	3	4	5
9	engages me in working towards a shared vision.	1	2	3	4	5
10	allows me the freedom to make important decisions in my work.	1	2	3	4	5

SC	Managers and employees at my workplace……	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
11	can say when something related to work is going wrong.	1	2	3	4	5
12	make employee career development a priority.	1	2	3	4	5
13	would seek help from others if they had a personal problem.	1	2	3	4	5
14	emphasize the importance of giving back to the community.	1	2	3	4	5
15	put others’ best interests ahead of their own.	1	2	3	4	5
16	give others the freedom to handle difficult situations in the way that they feel is best.	1	2	3	4	5
17	would NOT compromise on ethical principles in order to achieve success.	1	2	3	4	5

WF	In my organization……	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
18	I have formed strong friendships at work.	1	2	3	4	5
19	I socialize with coworkers outside the workplace.	1	2	3	4	5
20	I can confide in people at work.	1	2	3	4	5
21	I feel I can trust many coworkers a great deal.
22	being able to see my coworkers is the reason I look forward to my job.	1	2	3	4	5
23	I feel that someone I work with is a true friend.	1	2	3	4	5

CAW	When you are in painful circumstances……	Never	Rarely	Sometimes	Often	Nearly all the time
24	how often do you experience compassion on the job?	1	2	3	4	5
25	how often do you experience compassion from your supervisor?	1	2	3	4	5
26	how often do you experience compassion from your coworkers?	1	2	3	4	5

NC	Normative Commitment	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree
27	I feel an obligation to remain with my current employer.	1	2	3	4	5
28	Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my organization now.	1	2	3	4	5
29	I would feel guilty if I left my organization now.	1	2	3	4	5
30	This organization deserves my loyalty.	1	2	3	4	5
31	I would not leave my organization right now because I have a sense of obligation to the people in it.	1	2	3	4	5
32	I owe a great deal to my organization.	1	2	3	4	5

[1] Responsible Editor:

Prof. Dr. Pattanee Susomrith

Brasil

Brasil

The Role of Resonant Leadership, Workplace Friendship and Serving Culture in predicting Organizational Commitment: the Mediating Role of Compassion at Work

Abstract

Purpose:

Design/methodology/approach:

Findings:

Originality/value:

Contribution	Riaz Ali	Muhammad Kashif
1. Definition of research problem	√	√
2. Development of hypotheses or research questions (empirical studies)	√
3. Development of theoretical propositions (theoretical work)	√
4. Theoretical foundation/literature review	√
5. Definition of methodological procedures	√	√
6. Data collection	√
7. Statistical analysis	√
8. Analysis and interpretation of data	√	√
9. Critical revision of the manuscript		√
10. Manuscript writing		√
11. Other (journal correspondence and improvements as per reviewer comments)		√