Ding et al. |
Cross-sectional |
China |
Patients hospitalized at 3 branches of Tongji Hospital |
28 January - 8 March, 2020 |
Amenorrhea > 1 year |
1,730 |
60.33 ± 14.36 |
Severity (premenopause: 46% versus postmenopause: 58%) and clinical outcomes including discharge (premenopause: 23% versus postmenopause: 6%), remained in hospital (premenopause: 77% versus postmenopause: 92%), and death (premenopause: 0% veersus postmenopause: 2%) were significantly different between premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. |
Age-match comparison Severity (p = 0.83) and clinical outcomes (p = 0.49) including discharge, remained in hospital, and death did not differ significantly between menopausal women and age-matched men, whereas premenopausal women had significantly better clinical outcomes and fewer severely ill patients than age-matched men (p < 0.01 for both). |
Age and comorbidities |
Wang XW. et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
China |
COVID-19 inpatients at the Taikang Tongji Hospital |
15 February - 30 April, 2020 |
Amenorrhea > 1 year |
300 |
65.3 ± 14.8 |
Postmenopausal women had higher rates of severe disease (41.7 versus 0%), bilateral pulmonary infiltration (91.7 versus 64.7%), and mortality (2.0 versus 6.0%) than premenopausal women. |
Age-match comparison Men had higher rates of severe disease (23.7% versus 0%; p = 0.003) and bilateral pulmonary infiltration (86.1% versus 64.7%; p = 0.04) than premenopausal women. However, there was no significant difference in mortality (2.0% versus 0%; p = 1.00) between the 2 groups. Men and postmenopausal women had the same percentage of severe disease (32.7% versus 41.7%; p = 0.21), bilateral lung infiltration (86.1% versus 91.7%; p = 0.24), and mortality (2.0% versus 6.0%; p = 0.25). |
Age, body mass index, comorbidities, treatment, and laboratory results |
Mishra et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
India |
Females admitted at tertiary care dedicated COVID hospital |
May – August, 2020 |
Amenorrhea > 1 year |
147 |
39.05 ± 15.42 |
Length of hospital stay (premenopause: 8.6 ± 3.9; postmenopause: 14.1 ± 8.9; p < 0.01), severe disease (premenopause: 7.3%; postmenopause: 23.5%; p < 0.01), and mortality (premenopause: 0%; postmenopause: 9.8%; p < 0.01) were significantly different between groups. |
Multivariate logistic regression: Menopausal status is not associated with length of hospital stay (p = 0.057) or severity progression (p = 0.262). |
Age, obesity, comorbidities, oxygen/ventilator requirement, hemoglobin, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio |
O'Brien et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
Canada |
Canadian COVID-19 dataset |
Up to 27 July 2020 |
More than 60 years/o |
101,121 |
NR |
Women had a lower COVID-19 incidence rate than men unless they were 80 years of age or older. Premenopausal women had a lower incidence rate than men of the same age. |
– |
|
Seeland et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
17 countries |
Electronic health records in a TriNetX Real-World database |
Up to 16 July 2020 |
> 50 |
68,466 |
NR |
Premenopausal women had higher incidence rates than men of the same age. Mortality rates increased steadily with age in both sexes, but the increase was steeper in men at 50 years old. |
– |
|
Sha et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
China |
Jinan Infectious diseases Hospital in Shandong, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital in Shandong, and Huanggang Central Hospital in Hubei |
31 January - 17 April, 2020 |
> 55 |
413 |
57.25 ± 3.75 |
Postmenopausal women had a higher mortality rate than premenopausal women (5.2% versus 3.8%). |
Age-match comparison Premenopausal women had the same in-hospital mortality rate as men of the same age (3.8 versus 4.0%, p = 0.918). Postmenopausal women had a considerably lower mortality rate than men in the same age group (5.2 versus 21.0%, p = 0.007). |
Age and comorbidities |
Garg et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
India |
A COVID-19 facility |
April – July, 2020 |
Amenorrhea > 1 year |
720 |
60.15 ± 6.39 |
Postmenopausal women and men had a higher risk of death than premenopausal women (premenopause: 8.6%; postmenopause: 19.4%) |
Age-match comparison Risk of death in men ≤ 48 years old was 12.8% and in men > 48 it was 25.9% |
Age and comorbidities |
Liu et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
China |
Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan, China) and Xiangyang Central Hospital (Xiangyang, China) |
20 January - 1 April, 2020 |
> 55 |
459 |
63.25 ± 3.50 |
Postmenopausal women had a higher risk of death and longer length of hospitalization than premenopausal women (premenopause: 3; postmenopause: 7, premenopause: 18 (9–28); postmenopause: 13 (7–24) |
Age-match comparison The difference in incidence between men and women was not observed in patients > 55 years old. 141 patients were < 55 years old, of whom 19 died (16 men versus 3 women; p < 0.005). Of the 318 cases > 55 years old, 115 died (47 women versus 68 men, p = 0.149). |
Age and comorbidities |
Wang M. et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
China |
The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, the Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and Lichuan People's Hospital in Hubei Province |
31 December, 2019–31 March, 2020 |
Amenorrhea >1 year |
2,501 |
56.18 ± 4.32 |
– |
Multivariable logistic regression analysis and age-match comparison There is no significant differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal females after propensity score matching by age (odds ratio of severe disease: 0.63 [0.32–1.24] and odds ratio of death: 1.83 [0.16–21.5]). |
Age and comorbidities |
Ferretti et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
Italy |
Patients hospitalized at IRCCS San Matteo Foundation (Pavia, Italy) for COVID-19 |
February - December, 2020 |
> 50 |
1,764 |
70.10 ± 4.05 |
Postmenopausal women had higher incidence and mortality rates than premenopausal. |
Age-match comparison Premenopausal women had higher incidence and mortality rates than men of the same age. However, incidence and mortality rates were higher in age-matched men than in postmenopausal women. |
Age and comorbidities |
Costeira et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
United Kingdom |
Female users of the COVID Symptom Study application |
7 May-15 June, 2020 |
Amenorrhea > 1 year |
152,637 |
53.8 |
Menopausal women had higher rates of predicted COVID-19 (p < 0.01), but tested COVID-19 patients and severity of disease were not significantly different with postmenopausal women (p > 0.05). |
– |
|
Toure et al. |
Retrospective cohort |
USA |
Nonpregnant women admitted to the Hospital System in Rhode Island |
March 1-June 30, 2020 and July 1, 2020 - February 28, 2021 |
> 55 |
1,863 |
67.57 ± 18.0 |
Postmenopause was associated with higher mortality (OR = 8.6 [2.7–27.6]), readmission (OR = 1.5 [1.04–2.2]), severe illness (OR = 5.7 [1.3–23.9]), and longer length of hospitalization (OR 1.6 = [1.2–2.2]). |
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