Maternal age > 35 years |
288 Revicky V, Nirmal D, Mukhopadhyay S, Morris EP, Nieto JJ. Could a mediolateral episiotomy prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;150(2):142-146
99 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
|
1.6 (1.2–2.0) |
2.84 (1.69–4.76) |
Primiparity |
51010 Aukee P, Sundström H, Kairaluoma MV. The role of mediolateral episiotomy during labour: analysis of risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter tears. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(7):856-860
1111 Moini A, Yari RE, Eslami B. Episiotomy and third- and fourthdegree perineal tears in primiparous Iranian women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;104(3):241-242
1212 Eskandar O, Shet D. Risk factors for 3rd and 4th degree perineal tear. J Obstet Gynaecol 2009;29(2):119-122
1313 Stedenfeldt M, Øian P, Gissler M, Blix E, Pirhonen J. Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury after a successful multicentre interventional programme. BJOG 2014;121(1):83-91
1414 Gottvall K, Allebeck P, Ekéus C. Risk factors for anal sphincter tears: the importance of maternal position at birth. BJOG 2007; 114(10):1266-1272
1515 Dahlen HG, Ryan M, Homer CS, Cooke M. An Australian prospective cohort study of risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth. Midwifery 2007;23(2):196-203
|
3.2 (2.5–4.1) |
8.34 (3.98–17.48) |
Gestational age ≥ 42 weeks |
11111 Moini A, Yari RE, Eslami B. Episiotomy and third- and fourthdegree perineal tears in primiparous Iranian women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;104(3):241-242
|
3.62 (1.28–10.21) |
− |
Weight ≥ 3,500 g |
199 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
|
3.8(2.5–5.9) |
− |
Weight ≥ 4,000 g |
588 Revicky V, Nirmal D, Mukhopadhyay S, Morris EP, Nieto JJ. Could a mediolateral episiotomy prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;150(2):142-146
99 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
1010 Aukee P, Sundström H, Kairaluoma MV. The role of mediolateral episiotomy during labour: analysis of risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter tears. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(7):856-860
1414 Gottvall K, Allebeck P, Ekéus C. Risk factors for anal sphincter tears: the importance of maternal position at birth. BJOG 2007; 114(10):1266-1272
1515 Dahlen HG, Ryan M, Homer CS, Cooke M. An Australian prospective cohort study of risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth. Midwifery 2007;23(2):196-203
1616 Räisänen S, Selander T, Cartwright R, et al. The association of episiotomy with obstetric anal sphincter injury-a population based matched cohort study. PLoS ONE 2014;9(9):1-7
|
2.12 (1.64–2.72) |
12.92 (2.77–60.11) |
Weight ≥ 4,500 g |
399 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
1111 Moini A, Yari RE, Eslami B. Episiotomy and third- and fourthdegree perineal tears in primiparous Iranian women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;104(3):241-242
1717 Jangö H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthøj S, Sakse A. Modifiable risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 ; 210(1):59.e1-59.e6
|
4.42 (2.68–7.27) |
10.5 (5.4–20.6) |
Duration of the second stage ≥ 60 minutes |
299 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
1414 Gottvall K, Allebeck P, Ekéus C. Risk factors for anal sphincter tears: the importance of maternal position at birth. BJOG 2007; 114(10):1266-1272
1616 Räisänen S, Selander T, Cartwright R, et al. The association of episiotomy with obstetric anal sphincter injury-a population based matched cohort study. PLoS ONE 2014;9(9):1-7
|
1.32 (1.18–1.47) |
1.52 (1.11–2.10) |
Duration of the second stage ≥ 90 minutes |
11111 Moini A, Yari RE, Eslami B. Episiotomy and third- and fourthdegree perineal tears in primiparous Iranian women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;104(3):241-242
|
2.95 (1.39–6.27) |
− |
Duration of the second stage ≥ 120 minutes |
199 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
1616 Räisänen S, Selander T, Cartwright R, et al. The association of episiotomy with obstetric anal sphincter injury-a population based matched cohort study. PLoS ONE 2014;9(9):1-7
|
1.42 (1.11–1.82) |
1.7 (1.5–2.0) |
Duration of the second stage ≥ 180 minutes |
199 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
|
2.0 (1.7–2.4) |
− |
Vacuum extractor |
855 Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, et al. Third- and fourthdegree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG 2013;120(12):1516-1525
88 Revicky V, Nirmal D, Mukhopadhyay S, Morris EP, Nieto JJ. Could a mediolateral episiotomy prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;150(2):142-146
99 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
1010 Aukee P, Sundström H, Kairaluoma MV. The role of mediolateral episiotomy during labour: analysis of risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter tears. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(7):856-860
1111 Moini A, Yari RE, Eslami B. Episiotomy and third- and fourthdegree perineal tears in primiparous Iranian women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;104(3):241-242
1616 Räisänen S, Selander T, Cartwright R, et al. The association of episiotomy with obstetric anal sphincter injury-a population based matched cohort study. PLoS ONE 2014;9(9):1-7
1717 Jangö H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthøj S, Sakse A. Modifiable risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 ; 210(1):59.e1-59.e6
1818 Jangö H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthøj S, Sakse A. Risk factors of recurrent anal sphincter ruptures: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2012;119(13):1640-1647
|
1.68 (1.50–1.87) |
5.22(2.69–10.13) |
Forceps |
655 Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, et al. Third- and fourthdegree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG 2013;120(12):1516-1525
88 Revicky V, Nirmal D, Mukhopadhyay S, Morris EP, Nieto JJ. Could a mediolateral episiotomy prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;150(2):142-146
99 Landy HJ, Laughon SK, Bailit JL, et al; Consortium on Safe Labor. Characteristics associated with severe perineal and cervical lacerations during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117(3):627-635
1313 Stedenfeldt M, Øian P, Gissler M, Blix E, Pirhonen J. Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury after a successful multicentre interventional programme. BJOG 2014;121(1):83-91
1616 Räisänen S, Selander T, Cartwright R, et al. The association of episiotomy with obstetric anal sphincter injury-a population based matched cohort study. PLoS ONE 2014;9(9):1-7
1717 Jangö H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthøj S, Sakse A. Modifiable risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 ; 210(1):59.e1-59.e6
|
1.95 (1.39–2.75) |
6.3(5.57–7.64) |
Lithotomy position |
11414 Gottvall K, Allebeck P, Ekéus C. Risk factors for anal sphincter tears: the importance of maternal position at birth. BJOG 2007; 114(10):1266-1272
|
2.02 (1.58–2.59) |
− |
Squatting position |
11414 Gottvall K, Allebeck P, Ekéus C. Risk factors for anal sphincter tears: the importance of maternal position at birth. BJOG 2007; 114(10):1266-1272
|
2.05 (1.09–3.82) |
− |
Variety of OP presentation |
21212 Eskandar O, Shet D. Risk factors for 3rd and 4th degree perineal tear. J Obstet Gynaecol 2009;29(2):119-122
1818 Jangö H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthøj S, Sakse A. Risk factors of recurrent anal sphincter ruptures: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2012;119(13):1640-1647
|
1.34 (1.22–1.46) |
69.8 (14–84) |
Head circumference > 35 cm |
11414 Gottvall K, Allebeck P, Ekéus C. Risk factors for anal sphincter tears: the importance of maternal position at birth. BJOG 2007; 114(10):1266-1272
|
1.57 (1.23–1.99) |
− |
Shoulder dystocia |
455 Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, et al. Third- and fourthdegree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG 2013;120(12):1516-1525
88 Revicky V, Nirmal D, Mukhopadhyay S, Morris EP, Nieto JJ. Could a mediolateral episiotomy prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;150(2):142-146
1717 Jangö H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthøj S, Sakse A. Modifiable risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014 ; 210(1):59.e1-59.e6
1818 Jangö H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosthøj S, Sakse A. Risk factors of recurrent anal sphincter ruptures: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2012;119(13):1640-1647
|
1.33(1.16–1.53) |
1.98(1.11–3.54) |