Vaziri et al. (2014)1616 Vaziri F, Zamani Lari M, Samsami Dehaghani A, Salehi M, Sadeghpour H, Akbarzadeh M, et al. Comparing the effects of dietary flaxseed and omega-3 Fatty acids supplement on cyclical mastalgia in Iranian women: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Family Med. 2014;2014:174532. Doi: 10.1155/2014/174532 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/174532...
|
Single-blind |
20–45 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
180 g of flaxseed for 2 cycles |
Omega 3 fatty acids (180 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg of docosahexaenoic acid) |
3 months |
Cyclicmastalgia |
Visual analog scale |
181 |
Flaxseed was more effective in reducing mastalgia |
Sekhavat et al. (2009)1818 Sekhavat L, Zare Tarzejani T, Kholase Zadeh P. The effect of vitex agnus-castus on mastalgia in women. Iran South Med J. 2009;11(02):147–152
|
Double-blind |
18–40 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
60 drops of Vitagnus daily |
Placebo |
3 months |
Cyclic or noncyclic mastalgia |
Visual analog scale |
117 |
Vitagnus reduced mastalgia more than placebo. |
Saghafi et al. (2018)1515 Saghafi N, Rhkhshandeh H, Pourmoghadam N, Pourali L, Ghazanfarpour M, Behrooznia A, et al. Effectiveness of Matricaria chamo-milla (chamomile) extract on pain control of cyclic mastalgia: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;38(01):81–84. Doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1322045 https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.13...
|
Double-blind |
> 18 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
5 drops of chamomile 3 times a day for 2 consecutive months |
Placebo(distilled water) |
2 months |
Cyclicmastalgia |
Visual analog scale |
55 |
Chamomile reduced mild to moderate mastalgia. |
Rajaby Gharaiy et al. (2017)1313 Gharaiy NR, Shahnazi M, Kia PY, Javadzadeh Y. The effect of cinnamon on cyclical breast pain. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2017;19(06):e26442
|
Double-blind |
18–40 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
400 mg of cinnamon 3 times a day |
Placebo |
2 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
Cardiff checklist |
74 |
Cinnamon can be effective in reducing the severity of mastalgia in women. |
Mirmolaei et al. (2017)1414 Mirmolaei ST, Olfatbakhsh A, Falah Huseini H, Kazemnezhad Leyli E, Sotoodeh Moridiani A. The effect of Nigella Sativa syrup on the relief of cyclic mastalgia: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. J Hayat. 2017;23(01):33–43
|
Triple-blind |
15–49 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
10 ml (2 tablespoons) of Nigella sativa syrup |
Placebo(paraffin oil syrup) |
2 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
McGill questionnaire and visual analog scale |
72 |
Nigella sativa syrup reduced pain intensity compared with placebo. |
Jahdi et al. (2019)1919 Jahdi F, Tolouei R, Neisani Samani L, Hashemian M, Haghani H, Mojab F, et al. Effect of evening primrose oil and vitamin b6 on pain control of cyclic mastalgia associated with fibrocystic breast changes: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial. Shiraz E Med J. 2019;20(05):e81243. Doi: 10.5812/semj.81243 https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.81243...
|
Triple-blind |
18–50 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
1000 mg evening primrose every 12 hours, 50 mg vitamin B6 every 12 hours, |
Placebo |
1, 2, and 3 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
Visual analog scale |
94 |
B6 and evening primrose have the same therapeutic effects in the treatment of cyclical mastalgia |
Alvandipour et al. (2011)99 Alvandipour M, Tayebi P, Alizadeh Navaie R, Khodabakhshi H. Comparison between effect of evening primrose oil and vitamin E in treatment of cyclic mastalgia. JBUMS. 2011;13(02):7–11
|
Double-blind |
– |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Evening primrose 2 g/day and vitamin E 400 mg/day |
Placebo |
After 1 month and 6 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
McGill questionnaire |
100 women with cyclic mastalgia |
Evening primrose and vitamin E had a similar effect in the treatment of mastalgia |
Gateley et al. (1992)2020 Gateley CA, Miers M, Mansel RE, Hughes LE. Drug treatments for mastalgia: 17 years experience in the Cardiff Mastalgia Clinic. J R Soc Med. 1992;85(01):12–15
|
Clinical trial |
> 17 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Danazol 200 mg daily/bromocriptine 1.25 mg daily |
Evening primrose oil, 3 g/day |
2 months |
Cyclicmastalgia |
Cardiff checklist |
478 women with cyclic mastalgia |
Danazol was more effective in reducing the severity of mastalgia in women than bromocriptine and evening primrose oil. |
Blommers et al. (2002)2121 Blommers J, de Lange-De Klerk ES, Kuik DJ, Bezemer PD, Meijer S. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic mastalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(05):1389–1394. Doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.127377a https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.127377a...
|
Double-blind clinical trial |
− |
Treatment of mastalgia |
3 g of evening primrose oil and control oil |
3 g of fish oil and control oil |
3 and 6 months |
Cyclic or noncyclic mastalgia |
Clinical examinations |
120 women with cyclicmastalgia |
Both groups showed a similar reduction in pain. |
Aydin et al. (2012)2222 Aydin I, Baltaci D, Turkyilmaz S, Oncu M. Comparison of vitex agnus castus with meloxicam and placebo in treatment of patients with cyclical mastalgia. Duzce Med J. 2012;14(01):1–5
|
Prospective clinical trial |
19–54 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Group 1 = vitex agnus castus and group 2 = meloxicam |
Placebo |
3months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
Visual analog scale |
108 women with cyclicmastalgia for at least 5 days in 1 cycle with normal and high prolactin |
Vitex-agnus-castus was more effective in reducing mastalgia than meloxicam and placebo. |
Jaafarnejad et al. (2017)2323 Jaafarnejad F, Adibmoghaddam E, Emami SA, Saki A. Compare the effect of flaxseed, evening primrose oil and Vitamin E on duration of periodic breast pain. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6:85. Doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_83_16 https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_83_16...
|
Quasiexperimental clinical trial |
18–45 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Group 1 = flaxseed, group 2 = 1000-mg capsules of evening primrose oil daily |
Vitamin E group, 400-IU capsules |
1–2 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
Researcher-made checklist |
Women with cyclicmastalgia |
Flaxseed, evening primrose oil, and vitamin E reduced the duration of mastalgia, but this decrease was significant only inin the flaxseed group. |
Ingram et al. (2002)2424 Ingram DM, Hickling C, West L, Mahe LJ, Dunbar PM. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of isoflavones in the treatment of cyclical mastalgia. Breast. 2002;11(02):170–174. Doi: 10.1054/brst.2001.0353 https://doi.org/10.1054/brst.2001.0353...
|
Double-blind |
>18 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Isoflavones, 80 and 40 mg daily |
Placebo |
2 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
Breast pain checklist |
12 women with cyclicmastalgia |
Isoflavones could be effective as complementary therapy in the treatment of mastalgia. |
Mirghafourvand et al. (2016)22 Mirghafourvand M, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Ahmadpour P, Javadzadeh Y. Effects of Vitex agnus and Flaxseed on cyclic mastalgia: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2016;24:90–95. Doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.12.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.12.0...
|
Double-blind |
18–45 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Group 1 = 25 g flaxseed powder and group 2 = 3.2–8.8 mg of Vitagnus daily |
Placebo |
2 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
Cardiff checklist |
159 women with cyclical mastalgia |
Flaxseed and Vitagnus were effective in reducing mastalgia in the short term. |
Kiliç et al. (2016)2525 Kiliç MÖ, Şen M, Içen D. The comparison of evening primrose oil, fructus agni casti and reassurance in the treatment of mastalgia. Int J Surg Med.. 2016;2(02):83–88
|
Prospective clinical study |
> 18 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Group 1 = evening primrose oil and group 2= fructus agni casti/reassurance |
Placebo |
3 months |
Cyclic or noncyclic mastalgia |
Cardiff checklist |
128 women with cyclicmastalgia |
Fructus agni casti was more effective in reducing mastalgia than evening primrose and placebo. |
Ataollahi et al. (2015)2626 Ataollahi M, Akbari SA, Mojab F, Alavi Majd H. The effect of wheat germ extract on premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Iran J Pharm Res. 2015;14(01):159–166
|
Triple-blind |
– |
Treatment of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome |
400 g wheat germ 3 times a day from the 16th day of the cycle until the next 5 periods |
Placebo |
2 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
Daily Symptom Record |
84 women with premenstrual syndrome |
Wheat germ was effective in treating mastalgia |
Ghazanfarpour et al. (2011)2727 Ghazanfarpour M, Kaviani M, Asadi N, Ghaffarpasand F, Ziyadlou S, Tabatabaee HR, et al. Hypericum perforatum for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011;113(01):84–85. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.0...
|
Double-blind |
31 |
Treatment of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome |
Hypericum perforatum (1360-μg hypericin tablets per day) |
Placebo |
2 months |
Undermine |
Premenstrual syndrome questionnaire |
170 |
Hypericum perforatum was more effectiveness than placebo |
Pruthi et al. (2010)
2828 Pruthi S, Wahner-Roedler DL, Torkelson CJ, Cha SS, Thicke LS, Hazelton JH, et al. Vitamin E and evening primrose oil for management of cyclical mastalgia: a randomized pilot study. Altern Med Rev. 2010;15(01):59–67
|
Double-blind |
> 18 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
3 g of evening primrose |
Placebo |
6 months |
Mastalgia |
McGill questionnaire |
85 women > 18 years old who develop mastalgia for at least 2 cycles 2 weeks before menstruation |
Evening primrose and vitamin E, either alone or in combination, had a similar effect in the treatment of mastalgia |
Masumi et al. (2017)2929 Masoumi Z, Khalili A, Delforooz A, Faradmal J, Shayan A. [Comparison the effect of evening primrose oil and vitamin E on premenstrual syndrome]. CMJA. 2017;7(02):1931–1943Persian.
|
Double-blind |
> 18 years |
– |
1000 mg of evening primrose daily |
400 mg of vitamin E daily |
60 days |
Undermine |
Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool |
70 women with moderate to severe menstrual syndrome |
Evening primrose caused a greater decrease in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome symptoms than vitamin E. |
Pakgohar et al. (2005)3030 Pakgohar M, Ahmadi M, Salehi Surmaghi M, Mehran A, Akhondzadeh S. Effect of Hypericum perforatum L. for treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Faslnamah-i Giyahan-i Daruyi. 2005;4(15):33–42
|
Double-blind |
– |
Treatment of premenstrual syndrome |
60 drops of Hypiran daily 7 days before menstruation for 2 cycles |
Placebo (60 drops daily 7 days before menstruation in 2 cycles) |
2 months |
Undermine |
Daily Symptom Record |
70 students with at least 5 symptoms of premenstrual syndrome |
Hypiran was more effective than placebo in treating the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, including mastalgia. |
Mirmolaei et al. (2017)1414 Mirmolaei ST, Olfatbakhsh A, Falah Huseini H, Kazemnezhad Leyli E, Sotoodeh Moridiani A. The effect of Nigella Sativa syrup on the relief of cyclic mastalgia: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. J Hayat. 2017;23(01):33–43
|
Triple-blind |
15–49 |
Treatment of mastalgia |
Daily Vitagnus (8 cc) |
Placebo (Oral paraffin) |
3 months |
Cyclic mastalgia |
McGill questionnaire and visual analog scale |
67 women aged 15 to 49 years old with a visual analog scale score > 4 |
Vitagnus was more effective in reducing mastalgia than placebo. |