Martinez et al. (2013)(15)
|
Mexico, United States of America |
Exclusive cross-sectional reanalysis |
1,041 |
HER2+, triple-negative, luminal A |
Earlier age at menopause was found to be associated with an incidence of triple-negative tumors, which are typically more aggressive than other subtypes. - The study did not find any significant association between age at menarche and breast cancer subtypes. Overall, the study suggests that reproductive factors may play a role in the development of different breast cancer subtypes in Mexican-American women |
Early menarche (<13 y); Late menarche (≥13 y); Early menopause (<50 y); Late menopause (≥50 y) |
Ritte et al. (2013)(16)
|
Germany Denmark, France, Italy, Greece, Norway, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands and United Kingdom |
Exclusive prospective cohort reanalysis |
4,565 |
ER+PR+ and ER-PR- |
Both HR+ and HR- breast cancers have similar association with early menarche. However, HR- type association was weak and not statistically significant. - The study also found that age at menopause showed no significant association with either HR+ or HR- tumor subtypes. |
Early menarche (<13 y); Late menarche (≥15 y); Early menopause (≤48 y) Late menopause (≥55 y) |
Turkoz et al. (2013)(17)
|
Turkey |
Cross-sectional |
1,884 |
Luminal A, Luminal B, HER-2 overexpressing, Triple negative |
There were no significant differences between risk of breast cancer subtypes and early menarche and late menopause |
Early menarche (<12 y); Late menarche (≥12 y); Early menopause (<55 y); Late menopause (≥55 y) |
Cui et al. (2014)(18)
|
United States of America |
Exclusive population-based case-control reanalysis |
4,172 |
ER+ and ER- |
- Late menarche (age at menarche ≥ 14 years) was significantly associated with reduced risk of ER+ breast cancer, but not significantly associated with ER- tumors. These associations were seen in Whites, but not in African- Americans. - Compared to women with early menopause (< 40 years), those whose age at menopause was 47-51 years had higher risk for both ER+ and ER- tumors |
Early menarche (≤11 y); Late menarche (≥14 y); Early menopause (< 40 y); Late menopause (≥52 y) |
Rosato et al. (2014)(19)
|
Italy |
Exclusive case–control reanalysis |
2,552 |
Isolated ER -, Isolated ER +, ER-PR-, ER-PR+, ER+PR- and ER+PR+ |
- No significant association was found between the age at menarche and breast cancer risk either in ER- or ER+ breast cancers. - A stronger association in ER+ than that in ER- breast cancers was observed for older age at menopause. - Significant associations were found in ER+PR+ and isolated ER+ breast cancers for older age at menopause |
Early menarche (<13 y); Late menarche (≥15 y); Early menopause (<50 y) Late menopause (≥50 y) |
O’Brien et al. (2015)(20)
|
United States of America and Puerto Rico |
Exclusive case-control reanalysis |
3,054 |
|
Late menarche, early menopause, may protect against invasive breast cancer in young women. We observed overall concordance between risk factors for young-onset DCIS and invasive breast cancer |
Early menarche (<12 y); Late menarche (≥14 y); Early menopause (<45 y); Late menopause (≥45 y) |
Chen et al. (2016)(8)
|
United States of America |
Exclusive cross-sectional reanalysis |
2,710 |
Luminal A (ER+/HER2-), luminal B (ER+/HER2+), triple negative (TN, ER-/PR-/HER2-), and HER2-overexpressing (H2E, ER-/HER2+) |
Age at menopause was positively associated with odds of TN breast cancer. - Age at menopause was reported to be only positively associated with luminal cancers relative to cancer-free controls with no differences in risks seen across case subtypes. - No differences across breast cancer subtypes were observed with age at menarche |
Early menarche (<12 y); Late menarche (≥14 y); Early menopause (<45 y); Late menopause (≥55 y) |
Sisti et al. (2016)(21)
|
United States of America |
Prospective cohort |
3,768 |
Luminal A (ER+/HER2-), luminal B (ER+/HER2+), triple negative (TN, ER-/PR-/HER2-), and HER2-overexpressing (H2E, ER-/HER2+) |
- Age at menopause was positively associated with risk of luminal A, luminal B and unclassified tumors, and suggestively associated with HER2-enriched tumors, though no association with basal-like was observed. - The inverse association with age at menarche was not heterogeneous across subtypes, though a significant trend was only observed with luminal A. - There was no significant heterogeneity across breast cancer subtypes for most reproductive risk factors, though many appeared most strongly associated with luminal A tumors, including ages at menarche and menopause. |
Early menarche (<12 y); Late menarche (>14 y); Menopause not defined |
Ellingjord-Dale et al. (2017)(22)
|
Norway, United Kingdom and United States of America |
Exclusive population-based case-control reanalysis |
30,680 |
Luminal A-like, luminal B-like HER2-negative, luminal B-like HER2-positive, HER2-positive, and triple-negative |
- Age at menopause was positively associated with overall breast cancer risk (i.e. all subtypes combined) whereas age at menarche was associated with a decreased risk. - Age at menopause, comparing women >52 to women <47 years old, was positively associated with risk of luminal B-like HER2-positive (ER+ PR+/PR- HER2+) and HER2-positive (ER- PR- HER2+) subtypes |
Early menarche (≥9 and ≤12 y); Late menarche (≥15 and ≤18 y); Early menopause (<47 y); Late menopause (>52 y) |
Li et al. (2017)(5)
|
China and United States of America |
Case-control |
2,672 |
Luminal (ER+ or PR+, HER2+ or HER2-), HER2-enriched (ER-, PR-, HER2+), or triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-) |
- Late menarche was negatively associated with luminal tumor risk, while late menopause increased risk of all subtypes of breast cancer |
Early menarche (≤13 y); Late menarche (≥15 y); Menopause not defined |
Mullooly et al. (2017)(23)
|
United states of America |
Exclusive population-based prospective cohort reanalysis |
10,355 |
|
- Younger age at menopause was associated with a higher risk of ductal carcinoma in situ, but with a lower risk of invasive ductal carcinoma. Similar to our findings, significant heterogeneity was not observed between the risks of ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma for most breast cancer risk factors, including age at menarche |
Early menarche ( ≤12 y) and late menarche (≥15 y); Early menopause (<45 y) and late menopause (≥55 y) |
Soewoto et al. (2018)(24)
|
Indonesia |
Cross-sectional |
108 |
ER+, ER- |
-The longer the estradiol exposure of 39.89 years indicates the presence of high grade (grade III) breast cancer, p-value <0.05 |
Early menarche (≤12 y); Late menarche (>12 y); Early menopause (<45 y); Late menopause (>60 y) |
John et al. (2020)(25)
|
United States of America |
Exclusive population-based case-control reanalysis |
14,209 |
HR+, HR- |
Older age at menarche was associated with reduced risk of both HR+ and HR- breast cancer. For HR+, later menarche and earlier menopause were associated with lower risk in non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. For HR-, lower risk was associated with later menarche, except in African- Americans and older Asian- Americans |
Early menarche (<12 y); Late menarche (≥14 y); Early menopause (≤45 y); Late menopause (≥51 y) |
Rojas-Lima et al. (2020)(26)
|
Mexico |
Case-Control |
1,539 |
HR+/HER2- (ER+ and/or PR+ and HER2−), HER2+(HR+ or HR−), and TN (HR− and HER2−). |
Age at menopause was significantly higher in HR+/HER2− and HER2+ cases. Higher age at menarche was negatively associated only with HR+/HER2− tumors. No associations of TN tumors were found with age at menarche and at menopause |
Early menarche (≤12 y); Late menarche (≥15 y); Early menopause (<43 y); Late menopause (≥48 y) |
Ulgen et al. (2020)(27)
|
Turkey |
Retrospective cohort |
211 |
ER+/-, PR+/- and HER2+/- |
Early age at menarche was less common in the ER-/PR- group than in the ER+/PR+ group |
Early menarche (≤12 y) |
Korzets et al. (2021)(2)
|
Israel |
Retrospective cohort |
620 |
ER+/PR+/HER2- and ER+/PR-/HER2- |
Factors that increase endogenous estrogen exposure, such as early menarche and late menopause, are associated with increased risk of breast cancer, particularly ER-positive. Early age at menarche was associated with PR positivity. Menopause was associated with PR negativity. |
Early menarche (<12 y); Late menarche (≥12 y); Early menopause (<45 y) Late menopause (>55 y) |
Sayed et al. (2021)(28)
|
Kenya |
Cross-sectional |
821 |
ER- |
Older age at menarche was associated with ER-negative patients in older but not in younger women. Additionally, HER2-enriched patients were less likely to be obese and had older age at menopause |
Early menarche (<13 y); Late menarche (≥13 y); Early menopause (<50 y); Late menopause (≥50 y) |