Behrendt e Moritz (2005)33 Behrendt A, Moritz S. Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(05):1000–1002. Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.1000 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.1...
|
Senegal |
Cross-sectional |
N = 47
23 circumcised women
24 uncircumcised women
|
22.9 ± 4.2 |
8.2 ± 2.7 |
- The Traumatic Life Event Questionnaire
- semi structured interview
|
- PTSD
- Anxiety
- Affective disorders
|
- PTSD (30.4)
- Anxiety disorders (26.2)
- Affective disorders (21.7)
|
The circumcised women showed a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD (30.4%) and other psychiatric syndromes (47.9%) than the uncircumcised women. |
16 |
lm et al. (2020)2424 Im H, Swan LET, Heaton L. Polyvictimization and mental health consequences of female genital mutilation/circumcision (FGM/C) among Somali refugees in Kenya. Women Health. 2020;60(06): 636–651. Doi: 10.1080/03630242.2019.1689543 https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2019.16...
|
Kenya |
cross-sectional |
N = 143 circumcised women |
20.52 ± 3.5 (circumcised-women)
20.20 ± 3.1 (Un-circumcised women)
|
NR |
1- PCL-C
2- HSCL-25
|
- PTSD
- Depression
- anxiety
- suicidal thoughts
|
PTSD (38.4)
- Depression (37.76)
- Anxiety (38.46)
|
- The FGM group had much higher PTSD scores (p < .01 (, more anxiety (p < .01 ) and depression (p < .001), lower subjective physical health (p < .001), more trouble socializing (p < .05), more suicidal thoughts (p < .05), and greater likelihood of using substances to cope with traumas (p < .01).
- Most demographic factors were not significantly associated with the FGM practice, such as age, education, country of birth, and experience of living in a camp.
|
20 |
Obaid et al. (2019)2525 Obaid ZM, Amer AW, El Mahdy MA, Mohammed AE. Evaluation of psychological and sexual effects of female genital mutilation (Circumcision). Egypt J Hosp Med. 2019;74(04):726–734. Doi: 10.21608/EJHM.2019.24073 https://doi.org/10.21608/EJHM.2019.24073...
|
Egypt |
Cross-sectional |
N = 200
100 circumcised women
100 uncircumcised women
|
22.5 |
NR |
- HAM-A
- Beck's Depression Inventory
- DTS
|
- Anxiety
- Depression
- PTSD
|
PTSD (19%) |
- No statistically significant difference between the FGM/c and control group in terms of anxiety (p = 0.37) and depression (p = 0.71). |
18 |
Biglu et al. (2017)2626 Biglu MH, Farnam A, Abotalebi P. Impact of women circumcision on mental health. Int J Psychol Brain Sci. 2017;2(04):100–105. Doi: 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170204.13 https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.2017020...
|
Iran |
cross-sectional |
N = 208
104 circumcised-women
104 unncircumcised
|
27.9 ± 5.61 (circumcised-women)
27.1 ± 4.26 (Unncircumcised women)
|
NR |
- GHQ-28 |
- Insomnia
- Anxiety
- Severe depression
- Social dysfunctions
|
NR |
- The non-circumcised women were in better status than circumcised women regarding to the mental wellbeing (p = 0.01)
- There was a significant association
between FGM/C and education.
the more education level of parents, the less
their intensity to take their children towards FGM (p= 0.03).
- Main reasons for FGM:
Religious-reason (42.3%), tradition (26%), Cleanness (17.3%), Sexual desire control (9.6%) and Virginity (4.8%).
|
17 |
Daneshkhah et al. (2016)2727 Daneshkhah F, Allahverdipour H, Jahangiri L, Andreeva T. Sexual function, mental well-being and quality of life among Kurdish circumcised women in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2017;46(09): 1265–1274
|
Iran |
cross-sectional |
N = 200
140 circumcised women
60 uncircumcised women
|
Range: 15 - 49 |
NR |
- GHQ-28 |
- Somatic symptoms
- Anxiety and insomnia
- Social dysfunction
- Severe depression
|
NR |
- The calculated scores for general health status did not reveal significant differences between the two groups of participants (P = 0.93).
- There was no significant difference in mental well-being score between the two groups (P = 0.41)
- There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of parents' education level (p < 0.00).
- The majority reason for FGM: religious beliefs and traditional rituals (57.1%).
|
20 |
Ibrahim et al. (2012)2828 Ibrahim ZM, Ahmed MR, Mostafa RM. Psychosexual impact of female genital mutilation/cutting among Egyptian women. Hum Androl. 2012;2(02):36–41. Doi: 10.1097/01.XHA.0000415087. 33452.0a https://doi.org/10.1097/01.XHA.000041508...
|
Egypt |
cross-sectional |
N = 220
164 circumcised women
56 uncircumcised women
|
29.6 ± 8.5 (circumcised-women)
28.7 ± 6.9 (Un-circumcised women)
|
NR |
- symptoms check list 90 |
- Depression
- Somatization
- Anxiety
- Phobia
|
NR |
- Circumcised women were found to have a lower level of education.
- Type II circumcised women were found to have higher scores in the domains of somatization (p = 0.03), depression (p = 0.02), anxiety (p = 0.01) and phobia (p = 0.01).
|
18 |
Koolaee et al. (2012)2929 Khodabakhshi Koolaee A, Pourebrahim T, Mohammadmoradi B, Hameedy MA. The comparison of marital satisfaction and mental health in genital mutilated females and non-genital mutilated females. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2012;1(03):115–120. Doi: 10.5812/ijhrba.5365 https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.5365...
|
Iran |
cross-sectional |
N = 200
100 circumcised women
100 uncircumcised women
|
Range: 15 - 35 |
NR |
- GHQ-28 |
- Sleep disorder
- Depression
|
NR |
- There were a significant difference between the two groups of participants in items of sleep disorder (p = 0.00) and general mental health between genital mutilated females and non-genital mutilated females. |
19 |
Lever et al. (2019)3030 Lever H, Ottenheimer D, Teysir J, Singer E, Atkinson HG. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and a history of pervasive gender-based violence among women asylum seekers who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting: a retrospective case review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2019;21(03): 483–489. Doi: 10.1007/s10903-018-0782-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0782-...
|
United States |
Case-control |
N = 13 circumcised women
|
34.0 ± 9.0 |
9.0 ± 6.1 |
- HSCL-25
- HTQR-IV
|
- Anxiety
- Depression
- PTSD
|
- Anxiety)92 (
- Depression)100 (
- PTSD (100)
|
- Survey of participants with the HSCL-25 instrument showed anxiety in 92% of participants and depression in 100% of participants. Examination of 7 participants with HTQR-IV instrument showed that all of them (100%) had PTSD criteria.
- The most common symptoms in circumcised women: headaches, feeling lonely, crying and worrying too much about things, ...
|
18 |
Piroozi et al. (2020)3131 Piroozi B, Alinia C, Safari H, et al. Effect of female genital mutilation on mental health: a case-control study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2020;25(01):33–36. Doi: 10.1080/ 13625187.2019.1709815 https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13625187.2019.1...
|
Iran |
Case-control |
N = 247
122 circumcised women
125 uncircumcised women
|
35.7 ± 8.6 circumcised women
31.3 ± 7.2 uncircumcised women
|
NR |
- GHQ-28 |
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Somatisation
|
- Depression (48.4)
- Anxiety (62.3)
- somatisation (54.1)
|
- More women with FGM presented with symptoms of a mental health disorder (P = 0.03).
- The prevalence of symptoms of severe depression was significantly higher in the FGM group (P = 0.02).
- A history of FGM and being in employment had a significant effect on presentation with symptoms of a mental health disorder (p < .05).
|
20 |