SE Index |
Index |
The author |
|
Confidence percentage |
Confidence |
World Value Survey |
H1: greater trust results in greater use of CE platforms (VAN WELSUM, 2016VAN WELSUM, D. Sharing is caring? Not quite. Some observations about the sharing economy. World Bank Group, 2016. (Background Paper).; ROXAS, 2016ROXAS, M.C.M. The sharing economy in the global south and sustainability transitions. (Masters Thesis) - Lund University IIIEE, Sweden, 2016.; JAIN, 2015JAIN, P. 4 Key issues facing sharing economy in developing nations, 2015. Disponível em: http://crowdsourcingweek.com/blog/4-key-issues-facing-sharing-economy-in-developing-nations/. Acesso em: 25 de março de 2020. http://crowdsourcingweek.com/blog/4-key-...
). |
GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 dollars) |
Income |
World Bank |
H2: higher income implies higher demand for CE services (BOTSMAN, 2017BOTSMAN, R. Who can you trust? How technology brought us together and why it might drive us apart. Hachette, 2017.). |
Logarithm of the population |
Population |
World Bank |
H3: larger markets attract SE companies |
Subscriptions, fixed broadband (per 100 people) |
Broadband |
World Bank |
H4: higher quality internet access facilitates SE usage (THIERER et al., 2016THIERER, A. et al. How the internet, the Sharing Economy, and reputational feedback mechanisms solve the “Lemons Problem”. Miami L. Rev. v. 70, n. 3, p. 830-878, 2016.; GANAPATI, 2016GANAPATI, S. Using mobile apps in government. Washington, D.C.: The IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2016.; GANAPATI; REDDICK, 2018). |
Population with Internet access () |
Internet |
World Bank |
H5: Internet access enables access to SE (THIERER et al., 2016THIERER, A. et al. How the internet, the Sharing Economy, and reputational feedback mechanisms solve the “Lemons Problem”. Miami L. Rev. v. 70, n. 3, p. 830-878, 2016.; GANAPATI, 2016GANAPATI, S. Using mobile apps in government. Washington, D.C.: The IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2016.; GANAPATI; REDDICK, 2018). |
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) |
Mobile |
World Bank |
H6: greater presence of smartphones results in greater access to SE (GANAPATI, 2016GANAPATI, S. Using mobile apps in government. Washington, D.C.: The IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2016.; GANAPATI; REDDICK, 2018). |
Percentage of adults who use social networks |
Social |
Pew Research Center. |
H7: familiarity with digital technologies facilitates the use of SE (RIFKIN, 2016RIFKIN, J. Sociedade com custo marginal zero. São Paulo: M. Books do Brasil, 2016.). |
Variable |
Acronym |
Source |
Tested hypotheses |
Tourist arrivals per capita (logarithm) |
Tourism |
World Bank |
H8: places with tourism potential attract SE companies (AQUINO, 2019AQUINO, M. de. Sharing economy and tourism: o estado do conhecimento, análises dos impactos das novas plataformas digitais e contribuições. Dissertação (Mestrado em Turismo) - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 2019.). |
Tax burden |
Tax |
Heritage |
H9: the higher taxation encourages the emergence of applications that promote informal transactions. |
Property Rights |
Property |
Heritage |
H10: Well-defined property rights encourage sharing (SUNDARARAJAN, 2016SUNDARARAJAN, A. The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. Cambridge: Mit Press, 2016.; HAMARI; SJÖKLINT; UKKONEN, 2016HAMARI, J.; SJÖKLINT, M.; UKKONEN, A. The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption. Journal of the association for information science and technology, v. 67, n. 9, p. 2047-2059, 2016.; SABITZER et al., 2018SABITZER, T. et al. Preventing conflicts in sharing communities as a means of promoting sustainability. Sustainability, v. 10, n. 8, p. 2828, 2018.). |
Fiscal Health |
Health |
Heritage |
H11: fiscal instability drives firms away from SE (BERGH; FUNCKE; WERNBERG, 2018BERGH, A.; FUNCKE, A.; WERNBERG, J. Timbro Sharing Economy Index. Timbro, July 25, 2018. Disponível em: https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing-economy-index/. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2020. https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing...
). |
Business Freedom |
Business |
Heritage |
H12: less regulation encourages the creation of CE firms (MA; ZHANG, 2019MA, Y.; ZHANG, H. Development of the Sharing Economy in China: Challenges and Lessons. In: LIU, K-C.; RACHERLA, U.S. (ed.). Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China. Springer, Singapore, 2019. p. 467-484.). |
Labor Freedom |
Labor |
Heritage |
H13: less regulation of the labor market facilitates entry into SE (ZRENNER, 2015ZRENNER, A. The ethics of regulating the Sharing Economy. Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, Durham, NC. CEPS, Place du Congrès, n. 1, 2015.; ERICKSON; SORENSEN, 2016ERICKSON, K.; SORENSEN, I. Regulating the sharing economy. Internet Policy Review: Journal on Internet Regulation, v.5, n. 2, p. 1-13, 2016.; HARRIS, 2017HARRIS, B. Uber, Lyft, and regulating the sharing economy. Seattle UL Rev., v. 41, n. 269, 2017.). |
Monetary Freedom |
Monetary |
Heritage |
H14: price stability favors investments in SE (BERGH; FUNCKE; WERNBERG, 2018BERGH, A.; FUNCKE, A.; WERNBERG, J. Timbro Sharing Economy Index. Timbro, July 25, 2018. Disponível em: https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing-economy-index/. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2020. https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing...
). |
Commercial Freedom |
Commercial |
Heritage |
H15: less presence of trade barriers attracts SE firms (BERGH; FUNCKE; WERNBERG, 2018BERGH, A.; FUNCKE, A.; WERNBERG, J. Timbro Sharing Economy Index. Timbro, July 25, 2018. Disponível em: https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing-economy-index/. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2020. https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing...
). |
Freedom of Investment |
Investments |
Heritage |
H16: less restriction on investments favors SE (BERGH; FUNCKE; WERNBERG, 2018BERGH, A.; FUNCKE, A.; WERNBERG, J. Timbro Sharing Economy Index. Timbro, July 25, 2018. Disponível em: https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing-economy-index/. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2020. https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing...
). |
Financial Freedom |
Financial |
Heritage |
H17: Greater financial efficiency facilitates innovation in SE (BERGH; FUNCKE; WERNBERG, 2018BERGH, A.; FUNCKE, A.; WERNBERG, J. Timbro Sharing Economy Index. Timbro, July 25, 2018. Disponível em: https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing-economy-index/. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2020. https://timbro.se/ekonomi/timbro-sharing...
). |