Andreoli et al, 2001 44. Andreoli A , Monteleone M , Van Loan M , Promenzio L , Tarantino U , De Lorenzo A . Effects of different sports on bone density and muscle mass in highly trained athletes . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2001 ; 33 ( 4 ): 507 - 11 .
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62 Italians (♂) – 18 to 25 years of age |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Arms, legs and trunk |
Karate, Judo and Water polo |
High-impact activities can be a major factor in gaining bone mass and reducing the risk of osteoporosis. |
Bozkurt, 2010 2020. Bozkurt I . Effects of exercises on bone mineral density of proximal femour region among athletes of different branches . Int J Phys Sci . 2010 ; 5 ( 17 ): 2705 - 14 .
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42 Turks (♂) - 18-15 years old |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Spine and lumbar |
Taekwondo, Wrestling, Judo and Racing |
Physical exercises positively affect BMD when they are done regularly and correctly. |
Bozkurt, 2010 2020. Bozkurt I . Effects of exercises on bone mineral density of proximal femour region among athletes of different branches . Int J Phys Sci . 2010 ; 5 ( 17 ): 2705 - 14 .
|
42 Turks (♂) - 18-15 years old |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Femur |
Taekwondo, Wrestling, Judo and Racing |
Higher BMD values in the femur region are found in fighters. These activities have a significant effect on bone mineral density |
Drozdzowska et al, 2011 55. Drozdzowska B , Münzer U , Adamczyk P , Pluskiewicz W . Skeletal status assessed by quantitative ultrasound at the hand phalanges in karate training males . Ultrasound Med Biol . 2011 ; 37 ( 2 ): 214 - 9 .
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226 Polish (♂) – 7 to 61 years |
Cross-sectional |
QUS AD-SoS Z score T score |
Phalanges |
Karate |
Karate is a sport with a positive influence on bone tissue with more significant benefits in adults. |
Kim et al, 2013 1818. Kim PS , Shin YH , Noh SK , Jung HL , Lee CD , Kang HY . Beneficial effects of judo training on bone mineral density of high-school boys in Korea . Biol Sport . 2013 ; 30 ( 4 ): 295 - 9 .
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30 Koreans (♂) – 17.2± 1.2 |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Spine, lumbar and femur |
Judo |
Judo significantly improves bone health during the growth period in male adolescents. Judo is strongly recommended to improve and prevent osteopenia in young/Korean men. |
Nasri et al, 2013 66. Nasri R , HassenZrour S , Rebai H , FadhelNajjar M , Neffeti F , Bergaoui N , et al . Grip strength is a predictor of bone mineral density among adolescent combat sport athletes . J Clin Densitom . 2013 ; 16 ( 1 ): 92 - 7 .
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50 + 30 Tunisian controls (♂) – 17.08± 0.2 years + control 17.1± 0.4 years |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Spine and lumbar |
Judo, Karate, Kyokushinkai Karate, Kung Fu and Boxing |
Osteogenic effect of combat sports, especially judo and kyokushinkai karate. Children and adolescents may be encouraged to participate in combat sports. |
Nasri et al, 2015 77. Nasri R , HassenZrour S , Rebai H , Neffeti F , Najjar MF , Bergaoui N , et al . Combat sports practice favors bone mineral density among adolescent male athletes . J Clin Densitom . 2015 ; 18 ( 1 ): 54 - 9 .
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50 + 30 Tunisian controls (♂) – 17.08± 0.2 years + control17.1± 0.4 years |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Spine and lumbar |
Judo, Karate, Kyokushinkai Karate, Kung Fu and Boxing |
The practice of combat sports, in the early pubertal phase, has been shown to be the main predictor of BMD among adolescent athletes. It is more evident in the lumbar spine area. Also, they conclude that the practice of this type of sport contributes to optimal bone development. |
Prouteau et al, 2006 2121. Prouteau S , Pelle A , Collomp K , Benhamou L , Courteix D . Bone density in elite judoists and effects of weight cycling on bone metabolic balance . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2006 ; 38 ( 4 ): 694 - 700 .
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68 French (♀♂) - ♀ Judo practitioners 20.9±3.4 years and control 20.1±1.0 / ♂ Judo practitioners 19±2.4 and control 19.5±0.9 |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Spine, lumbar and femur |
Judo |
The high osteogenic stimuli provided by the unique biomechanical judo environment can help prevent bone loss associated with weight loss interventions. |
Shin et al, 2012 2222. Shin Y.H , Jung H.L. , Kang H.Y. Effects of Taekwondo training on bone mineral density of high school girls in Korea . Biol Sport . 2011 ; 28 : 195 - 198 .
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30 Koreans (♀) – taekwondo17.2 ± 0.2 years and control 17.0 ± 0.2 years |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Lumbar, femur |
Taekwondo |
The results of this study showed significant improvements for bone health in all weight groups. They suggest that taekwondo training during growth significantly improves bone health in female adolescents and is highly recommended to improve bone health and prevent osteoporosis in women. |
Song et al, 2014 1919. Song QH , Zhang QH , Xu RM , Ma M , Zhao XP , Shen GQ , et al . Effect of Tai-chi exercise on lower limb muscle strength, bone mineral density and balance function of elderly women . Int J Clin Exp Med . 2014 ; 7 ( 6 ): 1569 - 76 .
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105 Chinese (♀) — 55-65 years |
Longitudinal |
DXA |
Hips |
Tai Chi, Walking, Dancing |
They suggest that, as a fitness measure, Tai Chi is best for long-term exercising and its short-term effects are imprecise-ineffective compared to dancing and walking. |
Woo et al, 2007 1616. Woo J , Hong A , Lau E , Lynn H . A randomised controlled trial of Tai Chi and resistance exercise on bone health, muscle strength and balance in community-living elderly people . Age Ageing . 2007 ; 36 ( 3 ): 262 - 8 .
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90 ♀- 90♂ Chinese - 65-74 years |
Randomized |
DXA |
Spine, hips |
Tai Chi, Resistance Exercise |
They conclude that the beneficial effects of Tai Chi and resistance exercises on musculoskeletal health are modest and may not provide any better clinical outcomes. |
Bolanowski et al, 2007 1717. Bolanowski M , Pluskiewicz W , Skrzek A , Bolanowski J , Adamczyk P . Beneficial effects of Tai Chi on women’s skeletal status assessed by quantitative ultrasound at the hand phalanges: one-year follow-up study . Adv Clin Exp Med . 2007 ; 16 ( 5 ): 675 .
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46 ♀ Polish – 27-75 years |
Longitudinal |
QUS AD-SoS |
Phalanges |
Tai Chi |
They have found beneficial effects of regular Tai Chi exercise in older women evaluated by QUS. Tai Chi gymnastics is recommended for the prevention of osteoporosis |
Chan et al, 2004 2323. Chan K , Qin L , Lau M , Woo J , Au S , Choy W , et al . A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2004 ; 85 ( 5 ): 717 - 22 .
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132 ♀ Chinese - 54.0±3.5 years |
Randomized and prospective |
DXA |
Lumbar and femur |
Tai Chi Chun |
The first randomized and prospective 12-month TCC intervention (1 h/d, 4.2 times/week on average) revealed beneficial effects in the deceleration of bone loss in early postmenopausal women. In the long term, follow-up is needed to substantiate the importance of TCC in preventing osteoporosis and fall-related fractures. |
Qin et al, 2002 2424. Qin L , Au S , Choy W , Leung P , Neff M , Lee K , et al . Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise may retard bone loss in postmenopausal women: A case-control study . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2002 ; 83 ( 10 ): 1355 - 9 .
|
PTCC 17 + 17 control ♀ Chinese – 50-59 years |
Case control |
DXA and pQCT |
Lumbar, femur and distal tibia |
Tai Chi Chun |
A case-control study to show that regular TCC exercise may help delay bone loss in postmenopausal women. |
Qin et al, 2005 1515. Qin L , Choy W , Leung K , Leung PC , Au S , Hung W , et al . Beneficial effects of regular Tai Chi exercise on musculoskeletal system . J Bone Miner Metab . 2005 ; 23 ( 2 ): 186 - 90 .
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211 ♀ Chinese – 50-65 years |
Cross-sectional |
DXA |
Lumbar and femur |
Tai Chi Chun |
Regular TCC may be associated with higher BMD and better neuromuscular function in early postmenopausal women. |