ESTRATEGIAS SOBRE LOS TIPOS DE ESTIRAMIENTOS QUE PRECEDEN AL SALTO VERTICAL

Barboza, Erickson Zacharias; Fleig, Raquel; Nascimento, Iramar Baptistella do

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Systematic Review, Training • Rev Bras Med Esporte 30 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202430012021_0403i copiar

ESTRATEGIAS SOBRE LOS TIPOS DE ESTIRAMIENTOS QUE PRECEDEN AL SALTO VERTICAL

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Diseño del estudio: identificar una mejor estrategia de estiramiento estático (EE), estiramiento dinámico (ED) y facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva (FNP) en relación con el rendimiento de sus aplicaciones en salto vertical con contramovimiento (SCM). Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en mayo y junio de 2021, en las bases de datos Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS, SPORTDiscus y Embase. Se utilizó la checklist PRISMA-2020. Para el análisis del riesgo de sesgo se utilizaron la Cochrane handbook y la escala de Downs y Black. Se incluyeron 17 estudios para el análisis cualitativo. El reclutamiento de Unidad Motora y su frecuencia de estimulación favorece los factores neurales y el desempeño de la fuerza muscular durante la contracción. Son necesarias investigaciones detalladas sobre los factores neurales que modifican las respuestas reflejas y el control motor considerando las características biológicas y las deformaciones plásticas. El EE es un predictor negativo para el rendimiento de la salto vertical (SV) y las mejoras se reducen cuando el tiempo de estiramiento es mayor a 60 segundos, y cuando se asocia con FNP no revela resultados significativos. Se sugiere utilizar el EE antes del ED en periodos cortos de 20 segundos y no más de 60 segundos en la preactividad al SV. En tramos cortos, la gama de movimientos se incrementó tanto en la rodilla como en la cadera, y los músculos isquiotibiales, cuando están en tensión, son desfavorables en deportes que utilizan frecuentemente el SV. Por tanto, la FNP mediante la técnica que implica un proceso de contracción y relajación debe investigarse de forma aislada y específica, preconizando el grupo antagonista. Por lo tanto, la disminución de la fuerza del antagonista puede ser favorable para la ganancia de altura, aunque se necesitan estudios contemporáneos para minimizar los predictores de menor estabilidad y/o control muscular. Nível de Evidencia II; Estudio de Revisión Sistematica.

Descriptores:
Amplitud; Voleibol; Ejercicios de Estiramento Muscular; Fuerza Muscular; Rendimento Físico Funcional

Author/Year/Country	Number of participants in the sample/ Strategies used
Hespanhol et al.¹1 Hespanhol JE, Silva Neto LG, Arruda M. Confiabilidade do teste de salto vertical com 4 séries de 15 segundos. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2006;12(2):95-8. 2006 (Brazil)	n= 18. The variables of PP, MP and FI were studied through VJ tests with 4 sets of 15s and 10s of recovery. The collection through the descriptive technique and the JRC. The performance variables with intermittent effort were estimated using the JUMP TEST contact mat, stadiometer for anthropometric measurements, and an electronic scale. CVJ was performed 60 seconds after the end of the warm-up.
Gómez-Álvarez et al.³3 Gómez-Álvarez N, Moyano F, Huichaqueo E, Veruggio M, Urrutia V, Hermosilla-Palma F, et al. Effects of the Inclusion of jump exercises with and without external overload in the warm-up on physical performance parameters in young handball athletes. MHSalud. 2020;17(1):49-63. 2020 (Costa Rica)	n= 13. three different protocols. DS race, race, DSJ, and finally race. DS and jumps loaded with 8% of body weight. Evaluation: CMVJ, HJ, and 20-meter timed speed test. 4-week period, 2 to 3 times a week and a 48-hour rest period. The time required to perform a 20 m Sprint was also measured.
Konrad et al.⁷7 Konrad A, Reiner MM, Thaller S, Tilp M. The time course of muscle-tendon properties and function responses of a five-minute static stretching exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019;19(9):1195-203. 2019 (Austria)	n= 14. Four test days with three different rest times (0.5, 10 min) after 5 × 60 s of stretching or after a control period without stretching. ROM), TPR and CVM were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Muscle activity was monitored by EMG (myon 320, Switzerland). Ultrasound at 25 Hz. The videos synchronized and digitized in VirtualDub software and analyzed in software (ImageJ). Use of ultrasound and 3D kinematics with reflective markers and four VICON® cameras.
Konrad et al.⁸8 Nogueira CJ, Galdino LAS, Vale RGS, Dantas EHM. Efeito agudo do alongamento estático sobre o desempenho no salto vertical. Motriz. 2010;16(1):10-6. 2010 (Brazil)	n= 20. Three vertical jumps on Contact platforms (Multisprint). Anthropometric measurements of body mass and height were obtained using a digital scale with a stadiometer. Two contact plates and the Multisprint 1.20 software were used for the jumps. Warm-up of 5 min at submaximal intensity (60 to 70% of maximum heart rate) on a cycle ergometer To evaluate the perception of effort in the SS, use of the PERFLEX method.
Kirmizigil, Ozcaldiran and Colakoglu.¹⁴14 Kirmizigil B, Ozcaldiran B, Colakoglu M. Effects of three different stretching techniques on vertical jumping performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(5):1263-71. 2014 (Turkey)	n= 100. Aerobic warm-up (5 min run) followed by BS (5 s for each stretching exercise), PNF + BS (PNF performed followed by 5 s of BS), and PNF+ SS (PNF performed followed by 30 s of VJ) treatment protocol respectively on the same day. 4 sets bilaterally. The muscles: lumbar extensor, gluteus maximus, and hamstrings were stretched with a single stretching exercise. After 2 min rest, 3 VJ trials and one of the treatment protocols.
Bradley, Olsen and Portas.¹⁶16 Bradley PS, Olsen P, Portas MD. The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;21(1):223-6. 2007 (United Kingdom)	n= 18. We set up 4 different conditions in a random order, on different days, interspersed with a minimum of 72 hours rest. Each session consisted of a standard 5 min warm-up cycle, accompanied by one of the following conditions: (a) CG, (b) 10 min SS, (c) 10 min BS, or one min PNF. The subjects performed 3 trials of static jumping and CVJ and post-stretching at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes.

Author/Year/Country	Number of participants in the sample/ Strategies used
Villaquirán et al.¹⁷17 Villaquiran AF, Rivera DM, Portilla EF, Jácome SJ. Activación muscular del vasto lateral y del medial durante saltos con una sola pierna en los planos frontal y sagital en mujeres deportistas. Biomédica. 2020;40(1):43-54. 2020 (Colombia)	n= 14. Anthropometric measurements, vertical and lateral unipodal jumping tests on a contact platform, and assessment of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis activation by surface electromyography with a sampling rate of 4,000 Hz per channel were performed. 2.4 GHz frequency and a constant latency of 16 m during testing and evaluation of iliotibial muscle flexibility using the Ober maneuver.
Behm and Kibele ²⁹29 Behm DG, Kibele A. Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(5):587-94. 2007 (Canada)	n= 10. The subjects were pre-tested by performing two repetitions of three different stretches to assess ROM and two repetitions of five different types of jumps. After the pre-test, participants were stretched four times for 30 s each, with 30 s of recovery for the quadriceps, hamstrings, and plantar flexors at 100% to the point of causing discomfort 75% and 50% of the PNF or a control condition.
Dont et al.³¹31 Donti O, Papia K, Toubekis A, Donti A, Sands WA, Bogdanis GC. Acute and long-term effects of two different static stretching training protocols on range of motion and vertical jump in preadolescent athletes. Biol Sport. 2021;38(4):579-86. 2020 (USA)	n=30. Stretching was performed three times a week for nine weeks. One leg performed repeated stretching (3 × 30 s with 30 s rest) while the other leg performed a single stretch (90 s). The CG trained normally. ROM and CMVJ were measured before and two min after stretching in the respective weeks. Markers at the hip, knee and ankle, recorded with a digital camera.
Murphy et al. ³³33 Tallent J, Greene B, Johnson CD, McHugh MP. Role of neural tension in stretch-induced strength loss. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(14):i27. 2010 (USA)	n = 42 men (aged 18-24). In this study, a repeated measures design, subjects were randomly assigned into one of three groups: a 20 s DS group, a 20 s SS group, and a CG. Knee and hip ROM, sit and reach, and heel height were measured before and after the treatment condition using a plastic goniometer. The same measurements were performed on the control group that sat for 12 minutes. Everyone did a five-minute warm-up on a cycle ergometer. For measuring the maximum jump height. A Vertec vertical range meter (Power Systems, Knoxville, TN) was used. Anthropometric measurements were made with a standard medical beam stadiometer. Body fat percentage was determined by the skinfold method using the Jackson and Pollock equations.
Pulverenti et al.³⁵35 Pulverenti TS, Trajano GS, Kirk BJC, Blazevich AJ. The loss of muscle force production after muscle stretching is not accompanied by altered corticospinal excitability. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(10):2287-99. 2019 (USA)	n= 20. The subjects were tested before and after 5 min (5 × 60 s stretches) of passive and intense SS of the plantar flexor muscles. Two protocols (A and B) were conducted. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to the contralateral motor cortex at rest (Protocol A) and during MVC (Protocol B). The measurements with an isokinetic dynamometer. Television monitor. Recording synchronously at 2,000 Hz on a personal computer running LabChart software, and 16-bit analog-to-digital converter.

Author/Year/Country	Number of participants in the sample/ Strategies used
Alipasali et al.³⁹39 Alipasali F, Papadopoulou SD, Gissis L, Komsis G, Komsis S, Kyranouds A, et al. The effect of static and dynamic stretching exercises on sprint ability of recreational male volleyball players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(16):1-10. 2019 (Greece)	n= 27. three groups: (a) the first doing DS three times a week, (b) the second following an SS protocol at the same frequency, and (c) the third (CG) without stretching. 6 weeks for all, with the initial and final field sprint test performed at 4.5 and 9 m. Each stretching exercise lasted 10 s and was repeated twice (2 × 10 s), 10 s interval between exercises, simultaneous work using one limb at a time.
Fletcher et al.⁴¹41 Fletcher IM. The effect of different dynamic stretch velocities on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(3):491-8. 2010 (United Kingdom)	n= 24. The subjects performed a standardized 10 min running warm-up followed by either stretching protocol: no stretching. Slow DS at 50 b/min or fast DS at 100 b/min. After the warm-up squats, CVJ and deep jumps were performed. Heart rate, tympanic temperature, electromyography (EMG) and kinematic data (100 Hz) were collected during each jump.
Solon Junior and Silva Neto.⁴⁴44 Solon Júnior LSF, Silva Neto, LV. Efeito do alongamento estático e da corrida submáxima no desempenho do salto contramovimento e sprint em jogadores universitários de voleibol. Retos. 2021;39(2021):325-9. 2020 (Brazil)	n= 13. Two functional tests (CVJ and 10-meter Sprint). Three different conditions: 1) control condition, 2) after passive static stretching and 3) after a submaximal run. CVJ and Sprint performance were obtained via smartphone application, MyJump 2.0. Jump height, force, power and speed were calculated. The CVJ was recorded in 240 fps (frames per second) with a mobile device and the performance in the 10m sprint with the iOS smartphone app (SpeedClock).
Hough et al.⁴⁵45 Hough PA, Ross EZ, Howatson G. Effects of dynamic and static stretching on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(2):507-12. 2009 (United Kingdom)	n= 11 (age 21 ± 2 years). Subjects participated in 3 conditions (no stretching, static stretching, and dynamic stretching) on separate occasions in a crossover, randomized design. During each condition, measurements of vertical jump height (VJH) and EMG activity during the vastus lateralis were recorded.
Konrad, Gad and Tilp.⁴⁸48 Konrad A, Gad M, Tilp M. Effect of PNF stretching training on the properties of human muscle and tendon structures. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2015;25(3):346-55. 2015 (Austria)	n = 49. The subjects were randomly assigned to control and PNF stretching groups. Before and after the stretching intervention, the ROM was determined with the corresponding fascicle length and penetration angle. The TPR and the MVC of the muscle-articular complex were measured with a dynamometer. The displacement of the muscle-tendon junction allowed us to determine the length changes in the tendon and the muscle and therefore calculate the stiffness.
Gunn et al.⁵³53 Gunn LJ, Stewart JC, Morgan B, Metts ST, Magnuson JM, Iglowski NJ, et al. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve hamstring flexibility better than static stretching alone: a randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2019;27(1):15-23. 2019 (USA)	n= 40. Study 1: Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization, n = 17 Study 2: PNF: n = 23. Hip flexion ROM was measured with a passive straight leg raise (for IASTM) or active straight leg raise (for PNF) before and after stretching. Participants performed a static self-stretch on one leg and received the alternative intervention on the contralateral leg. Flexion measurements were performed using an inclinometer.

Authors	Type of study	Cochrane Handbook SO/MS	Downs and Black SO/MS	Relative frequency (%)
Hespanhol et al.¹1 Hespanhol JE, Silva Neto LG, Arruda M. Confiabilidade do teste de salto vertical com 4 séries de 15 segundos. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2006;12(2):95-8.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Gómez-Álvarez et al.³3 Gómez-Álvarez N, Moyano F, Huichaqueo E, Veruggio M, Urrutia V, Hermosilla-Palma F, et al. Effects of the Inclusion of jump exercises with and without external overload in the warm-up on physical performance parameters in young handball athletes. MHSalud. 2020;17(1):49-63.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Konrad et al.⁷7 Konrad A, Reiner MM, Thaller S, Tilp M. The time course of muscle-tendon properties and function responses of a five-minute static stretching exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019;19(9):1195-203.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Nogueira et al.⁸8 Nogueira CJ, Galdino LAS, Vale RGS, Dantas EHM. Efeito agudo do alongamento estático sobre o desempenho no salto vertical. Motriz. 2010;16(1):10-6.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Kirmizigil, Ozcaldiran and Colakoglu.¹⁴14 Kirmizigil B, Ozcaldiran B, Colakoglu M. Effects of three different stretching techniques on vertical jumping performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(5):1263-71.	Cross section	_	13/22	59.1
Bradley, Olsen and Portas.¹⁶16 Bradley PS, Olsen P, Portas MD. The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;21(1):223-6.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Villaquirán et al.¹⁷17 Villaquiran AF, Rivera DM, Portilla EF, Jácome SJ. Activación muscular del vasto lateral y del medial durante saltos con una sola pierna en los planos frontal y sagital en mujeres deportistas. Biomédica. 2020;40(1):43-54.	Cross section	_	14/22	63.6
Behm and Kibele.²⁹29 Behm DG, Kibele A. Effects of differing intensities of static stretching on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;101(5):587-94.	Experimental Study	5/7	_	71.4
Donti et al.³¹31 Donti O, Papia K, Toubekis A, Donti A, Sands WA, Bogdanis GC. Acute and long-term effects of two different static stretching training protocols on range of motion and vertical jump in preadolescent athletes. Biol Sport. 2021;38(4):579-86.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Pulverenti et al.³⁵35 Pulverenti TS, Trajano GS, Kirk BJC, Blazevich AJ. The loss of muscle force production after muscle stretching is not accompanied by altered corticospinal excitability. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(10):2287-99.	Experimental Study	5/7	_	71.4
Murphy et al.³⁶36 Murphy JC, Nagle EF, Robertson RJ, McCrory JL. Effect of Single Set Dynamic and static stretching exercise on jump height in college age recreational athletes. Int J Exerc Sci. 2010;3(4):214-24.	Experimental Study	5/7	_	71.4
Alipasali et al.³⁹39 Alipasali F, Papadopoulou SD, Gissis L, Komsis G, Komsis S, Kyranouds A, et al. The effect of static and dynamic stretching exercises on sprint ability of recreational male volleyball players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(16):1-10.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1

Authors	Type of study	Cochrane Handbook SO/MS	Downs and Black SO/MS	Relative frequency (%)
Fletcher et al.⁴¹41 Fletcher IM. The effect of different dynamic stretch velocities on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(3):491-8.	Experimental Study	5/7	_	71.4
Solon Junior and Silva Neto.⁴⁴44 Solon Júnior LSF, Silva Neto, LV. Efeito do alongamento estático e da corrida submáxima no desempenho do salto contramovimento e sprint em jogadores universitários de voleibol. Retos. 2021;39(2021):325-9.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Hough et al.⁴⁵45 Hough PA, Ross EZ, Howatson G. Effects of dynamic and static stretching on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(2):507-12.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Konrad, Gad and Tilp⁴⁸48 Konrad A, Gad M, Tilp M. Effect of PNF stretching training on the properties of human muscle and tendon structures. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2015;25(3):346-55.	Experimental Study	4/7	_	57.1
Gunn et al.⁵³53 Gunn LJ, Stewart JC, Morgan B, Metts ST, Magnuson JM, Iglowski NJ, et al. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve hamstring flexibility better than static stretching alone: a randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2019;27(1):15-23.	Experimental Study	5/7	_	71.4

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[1] Correspondence: Iramar Baptistella do Nascimento, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Health and Sports Sciences Center - CEFID / UDESC. 358, Rua Pascoal Simone, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. 88080350. iramar.nascimento@udesc.br