Niño 1+2, 3, 3.4 and 4 |
The four climate indices are defined as the anomaly of the average SST in specific regions of the Tropical Pacific Ocean, based on the ERSST v5 data (Huang et al., 2017HUANG, B.; THORNE, P.; BANZON, V.; BOYER, T.; CHEPURIN, G.; et al. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature, version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. Journal of Climate, v. 30, n. 20, p. 8179-8205, 2017. doi doi...
), according to the following specifications: Niño 1+2 in the region (0° - 10° S, 90° W - 80° W), Niño 3 in the region (5° N - 5° S, 150° W - 90° W), Niño 3.4 in the region (5° N - 5° S, 170° W - 120° W), and Niño 4 in the region (5° N - 5° S, 160° E - 150° W) (Trenberth, 1998TRENBERTH, K.E. Development and forecasts of the 1997/98 El Niño: CLIVAR scientific issues. CLIVAR Exchanges, v. 3, p. 4-14, 1998.; Trenberth and Stepaniak, 2001TRENBERTH, K.E.; STEPANIAK, D.P. Indices of El Niño evolution. Journal of Climate, v. 14, n. 8, p. 1697-1701, 2001. doi doi...
). |
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/nina1.anom.data
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/nina3.anom.data
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/nina34.anom.data
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/nina4.anom.data
|
Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) |
ONI (Glantz and Ramirez, 2020GLANTZ, M.H.; RAMIREZ, I.J. Reviewing the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) to enhance societal readiness for El Niño’s impacts. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, v. 11, n. 11, p. 394-403, 2020. doi doi...
) is an index based on the three months moving average of the SST anomaly in the Niño 3.4 region, calculated using the ERSST v5 data (Huang et al., 2017HUANG, B.; THORNE, P.; BANZON, V.; BOYER, T.; CHEPURIN, G.; et al. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature, version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. Journal of Climate, v. 30, n. 20, p. 8179-8205, 2017. doi doi...
). |
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/oni.data
|
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) |
SOI (Ropelewski and Jones, 1987ROPELEWSKI, C.F.; JONES, P.D. An Extension of the Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation Index. Monthly Weather Review, v. 115, n. 9, p. 2161-2165, 1987. doi doi...
) is an index defined as the difference between the standardized sea level pressure anomalies in Tahiti and Darwin. More information on the computation process can be found in (Shi, 2007SHI, W. Frequently Asked Questions Regarding CPC's Current Monthly Atmospheric and SST Index Values. 2007. Available at https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/Readme.index.shtml#SOICALC, accessed on February 13, 2023. https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indic...
). |
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/soi.data
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Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) |
MEI (Wolter, 1987WOLTER, K. The Southern Oscillation in surface circulation and climate over the Tropical Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Indian Oceans as captured by cluster analysis. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, v. 26, n. 4, p. 540-558, 1987. doi doi...
; Wolter and Timlin, 1993WOLTER, K.; TIMLIN, M.S. Monitoring ENSO in COADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index. In: Proceedings 17 Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, p. 52-57, 1993.) is the first component derived from the principal component analysis of several variables in the Pacific Ocean. These variables include anomalies of sea level pressure (SLP), sea surface temperature, zonal and meridional components of the surface wind, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) (30° S - 30° N, 100° E - 70° W). |
https://psl.noaa.gov/enso/mei/data/meiv2.data
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Bivariate ENSO Time Series (BEST) |
BEST (Smith and Sardeshmukh, 2000SMITH, C.A.; SARDESHMUKH, P.D. The effect of ENSO on the intraseasonal variance of surface temperatures in winter. International Journal of Climatology, v. 20, n. 13, p. 1543-1557, 2000. doi doi...
) is calculated by combining the standardized time series of SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region with the SOI. |
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/censo.data
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Trans-Niño Index (TNI) |
TNI (Trenberth and Stepaniak, 2001TRENBERTH, K.E.; STEPANIAK, D.P. Indices of El Niño evolution. Journal of Climate, v. 14, n. 8, p. 1697-1701, 2001. doi doi...
) is calculated by the difference between the standardized time series of SST anomalies in the Niño 1+2 and Niño 4 regions. |
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/tni.data
|
Tropical Northern Atlantic (TNA) Index |
TNA (Enfield et al., 1999ENFIELD, D.B.; MESTAS-NUÑEZ, A.M.; MAYER, D.A.; CID-SERRANO, L. How ubiquitous is the dipole relationship in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures? Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, v. 104, n. C4, p. 7841-7848, 1999. doi doi...
) is an index defined as the anomaly of average SST in the region (5.5° N - 23.5° N, 15° W - 57.5° W), based on HadISST and NOAA OI 1x1 product data. |
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/tna.data
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Tropical Southern Atlantic Index (TSA) |
TSA (Enfield et al., 1999ENFIELD, D.B.; MESTAS-NUÑEZ, A.M.; MAYER, D.A.; CID-SERRANO, L. How ubiquitous is the dipole relationship in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures? Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, v. 104, n. C4, p. 7841-7848, 1999. doi doi...
) is an index defined as the anomaly of the average SST in the region (0° - 20° S, 10° E - 30° W), based on HadISST and NOAA OI 1x1 product. |
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/tsa.data
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Dipole Mode Index (DMI) |
DMI (Saji et al., 1999SAJI, N.; GOSWAMI, B.; VINAYACHANDRAN, P.; YAMAGATA, T. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, v. 401, n. 6751, p. 360-363, 1999. doi doi...
; Saji and Yamagata, 2003SAJI, N.H.; YAMAGATA, T. Possible impacts of Indian Ocean Dipole mode events on global climate. Climate Research, v. 25, n. 2, p. 151-169, 2003. doi doi...
) is calculated as the difference between the anomalies of average SST in the western (50° E - 70° E, 10° S - 10° N) and southeast (90° E - 110° E, 10° S - 0°) regions of the Equatorial Indian Ocean, based on the HadISST data. |
https://psl.noaa.gov/gcos_wgsp/Timeseries/Data/dmi.had.long.data
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South Atlantic Ocean Dipole Index (SAODI) |
SAODI (Nnamchi et al., 2011NNAMCHI, H.C.; LI, J.; ANYADIKE, R.N.C. Does a dipole mode really exist in the South Atlantic Ocean? Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, v. 116, n. D15, p. 1-15, 2011. doi doi...
) is defined as the standardized difference between the anomalies of average SST in the northeast (15° S - 0°, 10° E - 20° W) and southeast (25° S - 40° S, 10° W - 40° W) sectors of the South Atlantic Ocean, calculated with ERSST v5 data (Huang et al., 2017HUANG, B.; THORNE, P.; BANZON, V.; BOYER, T.; CHEPURIN, G.; et al. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature, version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. Journal of Climate, v. 30, n. 20, p. 8179-8205, 2017. doi doi...
). |
https://meteorologia.unifei.edu.br/teleconexoes/indice?id=saodi
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South Atlantic Subtropical Dipole Index (SASDI) |
SASDI (Morioka et al., 2011MORIOKA, Y.; TOZUKA, T.; YAMAGATA, T. On the growth and decay of the subtropical dipole mode in the South Atlantic. Journal of Climate, v. 24, n. 21, p. 5538-5554, 2011. doi doi...
) is defined as the standardized difference between the anomalies of average SST in the northeast (15° S - 25° S, 0° - 20° W) and southwest (30° S - 40° S, 10° W - 30° W) sectors of the South Atlantic Subtropical Ocean, calculated with ERSST v5 data (Huang et al., 2017HUANG, B.; THORNE, P.; BANZON, V.; BOYER, T.; CHEPURIN, G.; et al. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature, version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. Journal of Climate, v. 30, n. 20, p. 8179-8205, 2017. doi doi...
). |
https://meteorologia.unifei.edu.br/teleconexoes/indice?id=sasdi
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Pacific South American 1 (PSA1) |
PSA 1 (Mo and Higgins, 1998MO, K.C.; HIGGINS, R.W. The Pacific-South American modes and tropical convection during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Monthly Weather Review, v. 126, n. 6, p. 1581-1596, 1998. doi doi...
; Kidson, 1999KIDSON, J.W. Principal modes of Southern Hemisphere low-frequency variability obtained from NCEP-NCAR reanalyses. Journal of Climate, v. 12, n. 9, p. 2808-2830, 1999. doi doi...
; Mo, 2000MO, K.C. Relationships between low-frequency variability in the Southern Hemisphere and sea surface temperature anomalies. Journal of Climate, v. 13, n. 20, p. 3599-3610, 2000. doi doi...
) is the second component obtained with the application of the principal component analysis technique to seasonal anomalies of geopotential height at 700 hPa. |
https://meteorologia.unifei.edu.br/teleconexoes/indice?id=psa1
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Pacific South American 2 (PSA2) |
PSA 2 (Mo and Higgins, 1998MO, K.C.; HIGGINS, R.W. The Pacific-South American modes and tropical convection during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Monthly Weather Review, v. 126, n. 6, p. 1581-1596, 1998. doi doi...
; Kidson, 1999KIDSON, J.W. Principal modes of Southern Hemisphere low-frequency variability obtained from NCEP-NCAR reanalyses. Journal of Climate, v. 12, n. 9, p. 2808-2830, 1999. doi doi...
; Mo, 2000MO, K.C. Relationships between low-frequency variability in the Southern Hemisphere and sea surface temperature anomalies. Journal of Climate, v. 13, n. 20, p. 3599-3610, 2000. doi doi...
) is the third component obtained with the application of the principal component analysis technique to seasonal anomalies of geopotential height at 700 hPa. |
https://meteorologia.unifei.edu.br/teleconexoes/indice?id=psa2
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Region 2 SST Index (RG2SSTI) |
RG2SSTI (Reboita et al., 2021REBOITA, M.S.; AMBRIZZI, T.; CRESPO, N.M.; DUTRA, L.M.M.; FERREIRA, G.W.S.; et al. Impacts of teleconnection patterns on South America climate. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 1504, n. 1, p. 116-153, 2021. doi doi...
; Reboita et al., 2010REBOITA, M.S.; GAN, M.A.; ROCHA, R.P.; AMBRIZZI, T. Precipitation regimes in South America: A literature review. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia, v. 25, n. 2, p. 185-204, 2010. doi doi...
; Jesus, 2021JESUS, E.M.; ROCHA, R.P.; CRESPO, N.M.; REBOITA, M.S.; GOZZO, L.F. Multi-model climate projections of the main cyclogenesis hot-spots and associated winds over the eastern coast of South America. Climate Dynamics, v. 56, n. 1, p. 537-557, 2021. doi doi...
) is the anomaly of the average SST in the region (40° S - 30° S and 57° - 47° W) between southern Brazil and Uruguay, calculated with ERSST v5 data (Huang et al., 2017HUANG, B.; THORNE, P.; BANZON, V.; BOYER, T.; CHEPURIN, G.; et al. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature, version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. Journal of Climate, v. 30, n. 20, p. 8179-8205, 2017. doi doi...
). |
https://meteorologia.unifei.edu.br/teleconexoes/indice?id=itsmrg2
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South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone Index (SASAI) |
SASAI (Reboita et al., 2019REBOITA, M.S.; AMBRIZZI, T.; SILVA, B.A.; PINHEIRO, R.F.; ROCHA, R.P. The South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone: present and future climate. Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 7, p. 1-15, 2019. doi doi...
) is the difference between the atmospheric pressure anomalies at mean sea level in the Southeast (25° S - 15° S, 50° W - 40° W) and South (37.5° S - 27.5° S, 60° W - 50° W) Brazilian regions using the ERA 5 reanalysis. |
https://meteorologia.unifei.edu.br/teleconexoes/indice?id=iasas
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