Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in Latin American countries: a scoping review

Machado, Joice Silva; Brandão, Mariana Neves; Castro, Caroline Tianeze de; Ferreira, Trícia Silva; Santos, Luiz Henrique Pitanga Evangelista dos; Medeiros, Danielle Souto de

doi:10.37039/1982.8551.20240034

Joice Silva Machado

writing - original draft (equal)

data analysis

writing - revision and editing (equal)

Multidisciplinary Institute in Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6479-2148

Mariana Neves Brandão

writing - revision and edition (equal)

Multidisciplinary Institute in Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-7105

Caroline Tianeze de Castro

writing - original draft (equal)

data analysis

writing - revision and editing (equal)

Institute of Collective Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9445-8842

Trícia Silva Ferreira

writing - original draft (equal)

writing - revision and editing (equal)

Multidisciplinary Institute in Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-3240

Luiz Henrique Pitanga Evangelista dos Santos

Writing - original draft (equal)

writing - proofreading and editing (equal)

Multidisciplinary Institute in Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-0678

Danielle Souto de Medeiros

Formal analysis (equal)

supervision (leadership)

writing - revision and editing (support)

Multidisciplinary Institute in Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-8990

Corresponding author: Joice Silva Machado. Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, quadra 17, lote 58 – Candeias Zip code: 45029-094 – Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil

Conflict of interest: no conflict of interest.

Figures (4)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Flowchart of article selection

VHL: Virtual Health Library.

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Figure 2
Mean prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Latin American countries.

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Figure 3
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, by type of diabetes mellitus and type of study.

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Figure 4
Meta-analysis factors associated with diabetic retinopathy by type of diabetes mellitus.

OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% of confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus.

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Table 1
Search strategy by literature base

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Table 2
Meta-regression analysis to potential sources of heterogeneity for diabetes mellitus 2

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Table 3
Selected articles (⁷7. Abuauad S, Guzmán P, Urzúa C. Prevalencia de retinopatía diabética y edema macular en población diabética del CESFAM Cordillera Andina de Los Andes. Rev Chil Salud Pública. 2014;18(1):81-6.

8. Adrianzén RE, Rioja M, Manrique A. Frecuencia y severidad de retinopatía diabética en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Instituto Regional de Oftalmología. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2019;36(2):260-4.

9. Almeida FK, Gross JL, Rodrigues TC. Complicações microvasculares e disfunção autonômica cardíaca em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 1. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(6):484-9.

10. Barría F von-B, Harnisch KT, Montes NP, Pio GR, Barría FM. Análisis de los pacientes con diabetes controlados a nivel primaria en el Servicio de Salud Concepción. Rev Chil Endocrinol y Diabetes. 2014;7(2):45-51.

11. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Moram CBM, Salles GF. Long-term visit-to-visit glycemic variability as predictor of micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):1-16.

12. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Dib E, Salles GF. Predictors of Development and Progression of Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Importance of Blood Pressure Parameters. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-10.

13. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic importance of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for micro- and macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):1-13.

14. Cardoso CRL, Salles GC, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic impact of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques on the development of micro- and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):1-13.

15. Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Predictors of development and progression of microvascular complications in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22(3):164-70.

16. Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Menchaca-Díaz R, Alfaro-Trujillo B, Guerrero-Gutiérrez M, Chayet-Berdowsky AS, Rufino *, et al. Deficient Prevention and Late Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy in Mexico 511 Deficient Prevention and Late Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy in Mexico. Gac Med Mex. 2014;150:511-9.

17. Chacon D de A, Chaves AD da SM, Duarte RA, Garcia CA de A, Medeiros A da C. Achados da fundoscopia e alterações do pé diabético em pacientes do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes/UFRN. Acta Cirúrgica Bras. 2005;20(SUPPL. 1):3-7.

18. Drummond KRG, Malerbi FK, Morales PH, Mattos TCL, Pinheiro AA, Mallmann F, et al. Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi-center study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018 101. 2018;10(1):1-11.

19. Escarião PHG, Arantes TEF de, Figueiroa Filho NC, Urtiga R de D, Florêncio TLT, Arcoverde AL de AL. Epidemiologia e diferenças regionais da retinopatia diabética em Pernambuco, Brasil. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008;71(2):172-5.

20. Espinoza AG, Gutiérrez AG. Día mundial de la visión: campaña contra la ceguera por retinopatía diabética. Octubre de 2004, Guayaquil - Ecuador. Medicina (B Aires). 2007;12(4):275-80.

21. Esteves JF, Kramer CK, Azevedo MJ de, Stolz AP, Roggia MF, Larangeira A, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(3):268-73.

22. García-Alcolea EE. Comportamiento clínico de la retinopatía diabética, en Parroquia Maiquetía, Vargas, Venezuela 2007. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2009;83(2):87-90.

23. Gerchman F, Zanatta CM, Burttet LM, Picon PX, Lisboa HRK, Silveiro SP, et al. Vascular complications of black patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southern Brazil. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2008;41(8):668-73.

24. Gomes MB, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Melo LGN, Barros BSV, Montenegro R, et al. Relationship between health care insurance status, social determinants and prevalence of diabetes-related microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56(6):697-705.

25. Jimenez-Baez MV, Marquez-Gonzalez H, Barcenas-Contreras R, Montoya CM, Espinosa-Garcia LF. Early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in primary care. Colomb Med. 2015;46(1):14.

26. Jost BS, Hilgemberg É, Rodrigues EB, Daniotti AF, Bonamigo EL. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética na população portadora de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do município de Luzerna - SC. Arq bras oftalmol. 2010;259-65.

27. Lima Gómez V, Ríos González LC. Opacidad de cristalino en diabéticos. Prevalencia y asociación con deficiencia visual y retinopatía. Cir Ciruj. 2004;72(3):171-5.

28. Lopez-Ramos A, Gomez-Bastar PA, Lansingh VC, Rodriguez-Gomez JA, Vargas-Fragoso V, Soria-Arellano FA, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness: Prevalence of blindness, visual impairment and diabetes in nuevo leon, Mexico 2014. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25(5-6):412-8.

29. Lopez-Star EM, Allison-Eckert K, Limburg H, Brea-Rodriguez I, Lansingh VC. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness including diabetic retinopathy in Queretaro, Mexico. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2018;92(2).

30. Martinez J, Hernandez-Bogantes E, Wu L. Diabetic retinopathy screening using single-field digital fundus photography at a district level in Costa Rica: a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol. 2011;31(2):83-8.

31. Melo LGN, Morales PH, Drummond KRG, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Barros BSV, et al. Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a national multicenter study in Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-9.

32. Mendoza-Herrera K, Quezada AD, Pedroza-Tobías A, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Fromow-Guerra J, Barquera S. A Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Tool for Low-Income Adults in Mexico. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E95-E95

33. Pedrosa DR, Lemos EO, Gonçalves DC de A, Raniéri PSG, Pires CAA, Paiva VR de. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética em pacientes atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Ananindeua - PA. Rev Bras Med Família e Comunidade. 2013;8(26):58-63.

34. Perasse AV, Abad SB, Faciolince S, Hernández N, Maya C, Parra L, et al. El control de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones en Medellín, Colombia, 2001-2003. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;20(6).

35. Polack S, Yorston D, López-Ramos A, Lepe-Orta S, Baia RM, Alves L, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Chiapas, Mexico. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(5):1033-40.

36. Rodrigues TC, Canani LH, Viatroski RS, Hoffmann LH, Esteves JF, Gross JL. Masked hypertension, nocturnal blood pressure and retinopathy in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(2):240-5.

37. Rodrigues TC, Pecis M, Canani LH, Schreiner L, Kramer CK, Biavatti K, et al. Caracterização de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 do sul do Brasil: complicações crônicas e fatores associados. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(1):67-73.

38. Rodriguez ME, Aviles BL, Barrera OM, Fernandez HH. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in districts of the Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC). Arch. chil. oftalmol; 66(1): 35-39, 2011.

39. Rodriguez NM, Aguilar S. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a clinic population from Puerto Rico. Optom Vis Sci. 2016;93(7):750-3.

40. Rosa LCGF da, Zajdenverg L, Souto DL, Dantas JR, Pinto MVR, Salles GF da CM de, et al. HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control are linked to diabetic retinopathy and glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and multiethnic background. J Diabetes Complications. 2019;33(9):610-5.

41. Sabag-Ruiz E, Álvarez-Félix A, Celiz-Zepeda S, Gómez-Alcalá A V. Complicaciones crónicas en la diabetes mellitus. Prevalencia en una unidad de medicina familiar. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2006;44(5):415-21.

42. Sampaio E, Almeida HGG, Delfino VDA. Nefropatia e retinopatia em diabéticos do tipo 1 de um programa de atendimento multiprofissional universitário. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(3):410-8

43. Santos KG, Tschiedel B, Schneider JR, Souto KEP, Roisenberg I. Prevalence of retinopathy in Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients from the South of Brazil and relationship with clinical and metabolic factors. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(2):221-5.

44. Schellini SA, Carvalho GM de, Rendeiro FS, Padovani CR, Hirai FE. Prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Brazilian Population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21(1):33-8.

45. Souza EV de, Souza NV de, Rodrigues M de LV. Retinopatia diabética em pacientes de um programa de atendimento multidisciplinar do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto - USP. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2004;67(3):433-6.

46. Tres GS, Lisbôa HRK, Syllos R, Canani LH, Gross JL. Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic polyneuropathy in Passo Fundo, South of Brazil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(6):987-92.

47. Verdaguer J, Zanolli M, Sepúlveda G, García de los Ríos M, Domínguez A. Historia natural de retinopatía diabética en un estudio a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. Factores de riesgo para progresión a enfermedad proliferante. Rev Med Chil. 2009;137(9):1145-52.-⁴⁸48. Villena JE, Yoshiyama CA, Sánchez JE, Hilario NL, Merin LM. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Peruvian patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a hospital-based retinal telescreening program. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2011;30(5):408-14.)

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Table 4
Characteristics of the studies, by type of diabetes

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Table 5
Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy

Bibliographic base	Search strategy
MEDLINE®/PubMed®	(“Diabetic Retinopathy”) AND (“Americas” OR “Latin America” OR “South America” OR “Central America” OR “Mexico” OR “Brazil”) AND (“Prevalence” OR “Risk Factors” OR “incidence” OR “morbidity” OR “mortality” OR “epidemiology”)
VHL	(diabetic retinopathy) AND (“Prevalence” OR “Risk Factors” OR “incidence” OR “morbidity” OR “mortality” OR “epidemiology”)
EMBASE	#1 ‘diabetic retinopathy’; ab,ti AND [2000-2021]/py #2 (‘western hemisphere’:ab,ti OR south:ab,ti) AND ‘central america’:ab,ti OR mexico:ab,ti OR brazil:ab,ti #3 (prevalence:ab,ti OR ‘risk factor’:ab,ti OR incidence:ab,ti OR morbidity:ab,ti OR epidemiology:ab,ti) AND [2000-2021]/py #4 #1 AND #2 AND #3

Subgroup	Number of studies	Estimate	95%CI	p-value
Sample size	18	-0.0001	-0.0002--0.0001	0.023
Year
Before 2010	5	-	-	-
From 2010	13	-0.1469	-0.2604--0.0334	0.011
Country
Brazil	10	-	-	-
Chile	1	-0.2340	-0.4016--0.0663	0.006
Colombia	1	0.0838	-0.1329-0.3005	0.449
Costa Rica	1	-0.1244	-0.2517-0.0029	0.055
Mexico	3	-0.1416	-0.2504--0.0328	0.011
Peru	2	-0.0389	-0.1625-0.0847	0.538
Study design
Cohort	5	-	-	-
Cross-sectional	13	0.0291	-0.0463-0.1045	0.449
Residual heterogeneity
I²	57.0%
p-value	<0.001
R²	88.0%

Table 3 Selected articles (⁷7. Abuauad S, Guzmán P, Urzúa C. Prevalencia de retinopatía diabética y edema macular en población diabética del CESFAM Cordillera Andina de Los Andes. Rev Chil Salud Pública. 2014;18(1):81-6.

8. Adrianzén RE, Rioja M, Manrique A. Frecuencia y severidad de retinopatía diabética en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Instituto Regional de Oftalmología. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2019;36(2):260-4.

9. Almeida FK, Gross JL, Rodrigues TC. Complicações microvasculares e disfunção autonômica cardíaca em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 1. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(6):484-9.

10. Barría F von-B, Harnisch KT, Montes NP, Pio GR, Barría FM. Análisis de los pacientes con diabetes controlados a nivel primaria en el Servicio de Salud Concepción. Rev Chil Endocrinol y Diabetes. 2014;7(2):45-51.

11. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Moram CBM, Salles GF. Long-term visit-to-visit glycemic variability as predictor of micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):1-16.

12. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Dib E, Salles GF. Predictors of Development and Progression of Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Importance of Blood Pressure Parameters. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-10.

13. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic importance of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for micro- and macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):1-13.

14. Cardoso CRL, Salles GC, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic impact of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques on the development of micro- and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):1-13.

15. Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Predictors of development and progression of microvascular complications in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22(3):164-70.

16. Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Menchaca-Díaz R, Alfaro-Trujillo B, Guerrero-Gutiérrez M, Chayet-Berdowsky AS, Rufino *, et al. Deficient Prevention and Late Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy in Mexico 511 Deficient Prevention and Late Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy in Mexico. Gac Med Mex. 2014;150:511-9.

17. Chacon D de A, Chaves AD da SM, Duarte RA, Garcia CA de A, Medeiros A da C. Achados da fundoscopia e alterações do pé diabético em pacientes do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes/UFRN. Acta Cirúrgica Bras. 2005;20(SUPPL. 1):3-7.

18. Drummond KRG, Malerbi FK, Morales PH, Mattos TCL, Pinheiro AA, Mallmann F, et al. Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi-center study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018 101. 2018;10(1):1-11.

19. Escarião PHG, Arantes TEF de, Figueiroa Filho NC, Urtiga R de D, Florêncio TLT, Arcoverde AL de AL. Epidemiologia e diferenças regionais da retinopatia diabética em Pernambuco, Brasil. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008;71(2):172-5.

20. Espinoza AG, Gutiérrez AG. Día mundial de la visión: campaña contra la ceguera por retinopatía diabética. Octubre de 2004, Guayaquil - Ecuador. Medicina (B Aires). 2007;12(4):275-80.

21. Esteves JF, Kramer CK, Azevedo MJ de, Stolz AP, Roggia MF, Larangeira A, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(3):268-73.

22. García-Alcolea EE. Comportamiento clínico de la retinopatía diabética, en Parroquia Maiquetía, Vargas, Venezuela 2007. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2009;83(2):87-90.

23. Gerchman F, Zanatta CM, Burttet LM, Picon PX, Lisboa HRK, Silveiro SP, et al. Vascular complications of black patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southern Brazil. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2008;41(8):668-73.

24. Gomes MB, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Melo LGN, Barros BSV, Montenegro R, et al. Relationship between health care insurance status, social determinants and prevalence of diabetes-related microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56(6):697-705.

25. Jimenez-Baez MV, Marquez-Gonzalez H, Barcenas-Contreras R, Montoya CM, Espinosa-Garcia LF. Early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in primary care. Colomb Med. 2015;46(1):14.

26. Jost BS, Hilgemberg É, Rodrigues EB, Daniotti AF, Bonamigo EL. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética na população portadora de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do município de Luzerna - SC. Arq bras oftalmol. 2010;259-65.

27. Lima Gómez V, Ríos González LC. Opacidad de cristalino en diabéticos. Prevalencia y asociación con deficiencia visual y retinopatía. Cir Ciruj. 2004;72(3):171-5.

28. Lopez-Ramos A, Gomez-Bastar PA, Lansingh VC, Rodriguez-Gomez JA, Vargas-Fragoso V, Soria-Arellano FA, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness: Prevalence of blindness, visual impairment and diabetes in nuevo leon, Mexico 2014. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25(5-6):412-8.

29. Lopez-Star EM, Allison-Eckert K, Limburg H, Brea-Rodriguez I, Lansingh VC. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness including diabetic retinopathy in Queretaro, Mexico. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2018;92(2).

30. Martinez J, Hernandez-Bogantes E, Wu L. Diabetic retinopathy screening using single-field digital fundus photography at a district level in Costa Rica: a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol. 2011;31(2):83-8.

31. Melo LGN, Morales PH, Drummond KRG, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Barros BSV, et al. Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a national multicenter study in Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-9.

32. Mendoza-Herrera K, Quezada AD, Pedroza-Tobías A, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Fromow-Guerra J, Barquera S. A Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Tool for Low-Income Adults in Mexico. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E95-E95

33. Pedrosa DR, Lemos EO, Gonçalves DC de A, Raniéri PSG, Pires CAA, Paiva VR de. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética em pacientes atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Ananindeua - PA. Rev Bras Med Família e Comunidade. 2013;8(26):58-63.

34. Perasse AV, Abad SB, Faciolince S, Hernández N, Maya C, Parra L, et al. El control de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones en Medellín, Colombia, 2001-2003. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;20(6).

35. Polack S, Yorston D, López-Ramos A, Lepe-Orta S, Baia RM, Alves L, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Chiapas, Mexico. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(5):1033-40.

36. Rodrigues TC, Canani LH, Viatroski RS, Hoffmann LH, Esteves JF, Gross JL. Masked hypertension, nocturnal blood pressure and retinopathy in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(2):240-5.

37. Rodrigues TC, Pecis M, Canani LH, Schreiner L, Kramer CK, Biavatti K, et al. Caracterização de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 do sul do Brasil: complicações crônicas e fatores associados. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(1):67-73.

38. Rodriguez ME, Aviles BL, Barrera OM, Fernandez HH. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in districts of the Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC). Arch. chil. oftalmol; 66(1): 35-39, 2011.

39. Rodriguez NM, Aguilar S. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a clinic population from Puerto Rico. Optom Vis Sci. 2016;93(7):750-3.

40. Rosa LCGF da, Zajdenverg L, Souto DL, Dantas JR, Pinto MVR, Salles GF da CM de, et al. HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control are linked to diabetic retinopathy and glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and multiethnic background. J Diabetes Complications. 2019;33(9):610-5.

41. Sabag-Ruiz E, Álvarez-Félix A, Celiz-Zepeda S, Gómez-Alcalá A V. Complicaciones crónicas en la diabetes mellitus. Prevalencia en una unidad de medicina familiar. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2006;44(5):415-21.

42. Sampaio E, Almeida HGG, Delfino VDA. Nefropatia e retinopatia em diabéticos do tipo 1 de um programa de atendimento multiprofissional universitário. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(3):410-8

43. Santos KG, Tschiedel B, Schneider JR, Souto KEP, Roisenberg I. Prevalence of retinopathy in Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients from the South of Brazil and relationship with clinical and metabolic factors. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(2):221-5.

44. Schellini SA, Carvalho GM de, Rendeiro FS, Padovani CR, Hirai FE. Prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Brazilian Population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21(1):33-8.

45. Souza EV de, Souza NV de, Rodrigues M de LV. Retinopatia diabética em pacientes de um programa de atendimento multidisciplinar do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto - USP. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2004;67(3):433-6.

46. Tres GS, Lisbôa HRK, Syllos R, Canani LH, Gross JL. Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic polyneuropathy in Passo Fundo, South of Brazil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(6):987-92.

47. Verdaguer J, Zanolli M, Sepúlveda G, García de los Ríos M, Domínguez A. Historia natural de retinopatía diabética en un estudio a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. Factores de riesgo para progresión a enfermedad proliferante. Rev Med Chil. 2009;137(9):1145-52.-⁴⁸48. Villena JE, Yoshiyama CA, Sánchez JE, Hilario NL, Merin LM. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Peruvian patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a hospital-based retinal telescreening program. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2011;30(5):408-14.)

Order	Author	Country	Year	Title	DOI
1	Abuauad S, et al. (⁷7. Abuauad S, Guzmán P, Urzúa C. Prevalencia de retinopatía diabética y edema macular en población diabética del CESFAM Cordillera Andina de Los Andes. Rev Chil Salud Pública. 2014;18(1):81-6.)	Chile	2014	Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema in the diabetic population of CESFAM Cordillera Andina de Los Andes	https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-5281.2014.30759
2	Adrianzén RE, et al.(⁸8. Adrianzén RE, Rioja M, Manrique A. Frecuencia y severidad de retinopatía diabética en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Instituto Regional de Oftalmología. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2019;36(2):260-4.)	Peru	2019	Frequency and severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Institute Regional de Oftalmología.	http://dx.doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2019.362.4076
3	Almeida FK, et al.(⁹9. Almeida FK, Gross JL, Rodrigues TC. Complicações microvasculares e disfunção autonômica cardíaca em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 1. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(6):484-9.)	Brazil	2011	Microvascular Complications and Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000047
4	Barría von-B, et al.(¹⁰10. Barría F von-B, Harnisch KT, Montes NP, Pio GR, Barría FM. Análisis de los pacientes con diabetes controlados a nivel primaria en el Servicio de Salud Concepción. Rev Chil Endocrinol y Diabetes. 2014;7(2):45-51.)	Chile	2014	Análisis de los pacientes con diabetes controlados a nivel primaria en el Servicio de Salud Concepción	https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-779318
5	Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹¹11. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Moram CBM, Salles GF. Long-term visit-to-visit glycemic variability as predictor of micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):1-16.)	Brazil	2008	Predictors of development and progression of microvascular complications in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.02.004
6	Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹²12. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Dib E, Salles GF. Predictors of Development and Progression of Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Importance of Blood Pressure Parameters. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-10.)	Brazil	2017	Predictors of Development and Progression of Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Importance of Blood Pressure Parameters	http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05159-6
7	Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹³13. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic importance of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for micro- and macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):1-13.)	Brazil	2018	Long-term visit-to-visit glycemic variability as predictor of micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0677-0
8	Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹⁴14. Cardoso CRL, Salles GC, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic impact of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques on the development of micro- and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):1-13.)	Brazil	2019	Prognostic impact of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques on the development of micro and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0809-1
9	Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹⁵15. Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Predictors of development and progression of microvascular complications in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22(3):164-70.)	Brazil	2020	Prognostic importance of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for micro and macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01030-7
10	Cervantes-Castañeda RA, et al.(¹⁶16. Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Menchaca-Díaz R, Alfaro-Trujillo B, Guerrero-Gutiérrez M, Chayet-Berdowsky AS, Rufino *, et al. Deficient Prevention and Late Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy in Mexico 511 Deficient Prevention and Late Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy in Mexico. Gac Med Mex. 2014;150:511-9.)	Mexico	2014	Deficient prevention and late treatment of diabetic retinopathy in Mexico	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25375282/
11	Chacon DA, et al.(¹⁷17. Chacon D de A, Chaves AD da SM, Duarte RA, Garcia CA de A, Medeiros A da C. Achados da fundoscopia e alterações do pé diabético em pacientes do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes/UFRN. Acta Cirúrgica Bras. 2005;20(SUPPL. 1):3-7.)	Brazil	2005	Fundoscopy findings and alterations in the diabetic foot in patients at Onofre Lopes University Hospital/UFRN	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502005000700002
12	Drummond KRG, et al.(¹⁸18. Drummond KRG, Malerbi FK, Morales PH, Mattos TCL, Pinheiro AA, Mallmann F, et al. Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi-center study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018 101. 2018;10(1):1-11.)	Brazil	2018	Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi-center study in Brazil	https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-018-0319-4
13	Escarião PHG, et al.(¹⁹19. Escarião PHG, Arantes TEF de, Figueiroa Filho NC, Urtiga R de D, Florêncio TLT, Arcoverde AL de AL. Epidemiologia e diferenças regionais da retinopatia diabética em Pernambuco, Brasil. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008;71(2):172-5.)	Brazil	2008	Epidemiology and regional differences in retinopathy diabetics in Pernambuco, Brazil	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27492008000200008
14	Espinoza AG, et al.(²⁰20. Espinoza AG, Gutiérrez AG. Día mundial de la visión: campaña contra la ceguera por retinopatía diabética. Octubre de 2004, Guayaquil - Ecuador. Medicina (B Aires). 2007;12(4):275-80.)	Ecuador	2006	World day of vision: campaign against blindness by diabetic retinopathy. October 2004, Guayaquil - Ecuador	https://editorial.ucsg.edu.ec/ojs-medicina/index.php/ucsg-medicina/article/view/282
15	Esteves JF, et al.(²¹21. Esteves JF, Kramer CK, Azevedo MJ de, Stolz AP, Roggia MF, Larangeira A, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(3):268-73.)	Brazil	2009	Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302009000300017
16	García-Alcolea EE, et al.(²²22. García-Alcolea EE. Comportamiento clínico de la retinopatía diabética, en Parroquia Maiquetía, Vargas, Venezuela 2007. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2009;83(2):87-90.)	Venezuela	2009	Clinical behavior of diabetic retinopathy in Parroquia Maiquetía, Vargas, Venezuela 2007	https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=20519
17	Gerchman F, et al.(²³23. Gerchman F, Zanatta CM, Burttet LM, Picon PX, Lisboa HRK, Silveiro SP, et al. Vascular complications of black patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southern Brazil. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2008;41(8):668-73.)	Brazil	2008	Vascular complications of black patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southern Brazil	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2008005000034
18	Gomes MB, et al.(²⁴24. Gomes MB, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Melo LGN, Barros BSV, Montenegro R, et al. Relationship between health care insurance status, social determinants and prevalence of diabetes-related microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56(6):697-705.)	Brazil	2019	Relationship between health care insurance status, social determinants and prevalence of diabetes-related microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-019-01308-7
19	Jiménez-Báez MV, et al.(²⁵25. Jimenez-Baez MV, Marquez-Gonzalez H, Barcenas-Contreras R, Montoya CM, Espinosa-Garcia LF. Early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in primary care. Colomb Med. 2015;46(1):14.)	Mexico	2015	Early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in primary care	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437282/
20	Jost BS, et al.(²⁶26. Jost BS, Hilgemberg É, Rodrigues EB, Daniotti AF, Bonamigo EL. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética na população portadora de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do município de Luzerna - SC. Arq bras oftalmol. 2010;259-65.)	Brazil	2010	Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the city of Luzerna - SC	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27492010000300010
21	Lima-Gómez V, et al.(²⁷27. Lima Gómez V, Ríos González LC. Opacidad de cristalino en diabéticos. Prevalencia y asociación con deficiencia visual y retinopatía. Cir Ciruj. 2004;72(3):171-5.)	Mexico	2004	Crystal opacity in diabetics. Prevalence and association with visual impairment and retinopathy	https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=280
22	Lopez-Ramos A, et al.(²⁸28. Lopez-Ramos A, Gomez-Bastar PA, Lansingh VC, Rodriguez-Gomez JA, Vargas-Fragoso V, Soria-Arellano FA, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness: Prevalence of blindness, visual impairment and diabetes in nuevo leon, Mexico 2014. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25(5-6):412-8.)	Mexico	2018	Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness: Prevalence of blindness, visual impairment and diabetes in nuevo leon, Mexico 2014	https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2018.1501498
23	Lopez-Star EM, et al.(²⁹29. Lopez-Star EM, Allison-Eckert K, Limburg H, Brea-Rodriguez I, Lansingh VC. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness including diabetic retinopathy in Queretaro, Mexico. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2018;92(2).)	Mexico	2018	Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness including diabetic retinopathy in Queretaro, Mexico	http://dx.doi.org/10.24875/RMOE.M18000005
24	Martinez J, et al.(³⁰30. Martinez J, Hernandez-Bogantes E, Wu L. Diabetic retinopathy screening using single-field digital fundus photography at a district level in Costa Rica: a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol. 2011;31(2):83-8.)	Costa Rica	2011	Diabetic retinopathy screening using single-field digital fundus photography at a district level in Costa Rica: a pilot study	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10792-010-9413-9
25	Melo LGN, et al.(³¹31. Melo LGN, Morales PH, Drummond KRG, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Barros BSV, et al. Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a national multicenter study in Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-9.)	Brazil	2018	Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a national multicenter study in Brazil	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5859-x
26	Mendoza-Herrera K, et al.(³²32. Mendoza-Herrera K, Quezada AD, Pedroza-Tobías A, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Fromow-Guerra J, Barquera S. A Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Tool for Low-Income Adults in Mexico. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E95-E95)	Mexico	2017	A Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Tool for Low-Income Adults in Mexico	https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170157
27	Pedrosa DR, et al.(³³33. Pedrosa DR, Lemos EO, Gonçalves DC de A, Raniéri PSG, Pires CAA, Paiva VR de. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética em pacientes atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Ananindeua - PA. Rev Bras Med Família e Comunidade. 2013;8(26):58-63.)	Brazil	2013	Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients seen by the Health Care Strategy Family Health in the municipality of Ananindeua - PA	http://dx.doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc7(23)394
28	Perrasse AV, et al.(³⁴34. Perasse AV, Abad SB, Faciolince S, Hernández N, Maya C, Parra L, et al. El control de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones en Medellín, Colombia, 2001-2003. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;20(6).)	Colombia	2006	The control of diabetes mellitus and its complications in Medellín, Colombia, 2001-2003	https://www.scielosp.org/article/rpsp/2006.v20n6/393-402/
29	Polack S, et al.(³⁵35. Polack S, Yorston D, López-Ramos A, Lepe-Orta S, Baia RM, Alves L, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Chiapas, Mexico. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(5):1033-40.)	Mexico	2012	Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness and Diabetic Retinopathy in Chiapas, Mexico	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.11.002
30	Rodrigues TC, et al.(³⁶36. Rodrigues TC, Canani LH, Viatroski RS, Hoffmann LH, Esteves JF, Gross JL. Masked hypertension, nocturnal blood pressure and retinopathy in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(2):240-5.)	Brazil	2010.1	Masked hypertension, nocturnal blood pressure and retinopathy in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.016
31	Rodrigues TC, et al.(³⁷37. Rodrigues TC, Pecis M, Canani LH, Schreiner L, Kramer CK, Biavatti K, et al. Caracterização de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 do sul do Brasil: complicações crônicas e fatores associados. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(1):67-73.)	Brazil	2010.2	Characterization of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in southern Brazil: chronic complications and associated factors	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302010000100019
32	Rodriguez ME, et al.(³⁸38. Rodriguez ME, Aviles BL, Barrera OM, Fernandez HH. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in districts of the Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC). Arch. chil. oftalmol; 66(1): 35-39, 2011.)	Chile	2011	Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in dependent inhabitants of the Western Metropolitan Health Service (SSMOC)	http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah. xis&src=google&base=LILACS⟨=p&next Action=lnk&exprSearch=609944&indexSearch=ID
33	Rodriguez NM, et al.(³⁹39. Rodriguez NM, Aguilar S. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a clinic population from Puerto Rico. Optom Vis Sci. 2016;93(7):750-3.)	Puerto Rico	2016	Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in a Clinic Population from Puerto Rico	http://dx.doi.org/1040-5488/16/9307-0750/0
34	Rosa LCGFD, et al.(⁴⁰40. Rosa LCGF da, Zajdenverg L, Souto DL, Dantas JR, Pinto MVR, Salles GF da CM de, et al. HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control are linked to diabetic retinopathy and glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and multiethnic background. J Diabetes Complications. 2019;33(9):610-5.)	Brazil	2019	HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control are linked to diabetic retinopathy and glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and multiethnic background	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.05.022
35	Sabag-Ruiz E, et al.(⁴¹41. Sabag-Ruiz E, Álvarez-Félix A, Celiz-Zepeda S, Gómez-Alcalá A V. Complicaciones crónicas en la diabetes mellitus. Prevalencia en una unidad de medicina familiar. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2006;44(5):415-21.)	Mexico	2006	Chronic complications in diabetes mellitus. Prevalence in a medical unit family	https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=9182
36	Sampaio E, et al.(⁴²42. Sampaio E, Almeida HGG, Delfino VDA. Nefropatia e retinopatia em diabéticos do tipo 1 de um programa de atendimento multiprofissional universitário. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(3):410-8)	Brazil	2007	Nephropathy and Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetics from a University Multiprofessional Care Program	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000300008
37	Santos KG, et al.(⁴³43. Santos KG, Tschiedel B, Schneider JR, Souto KEP, Roisenberg I. Prevalence of retinopathy in Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients from the South of Brazil and relationship with clinical and metabolic factors. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(2):221-5.)	Brazil	2005	Prevalence of retinopathy in Caucasians type 2 diabetic patients from the South of Brazil and relationship with clinical and metabolic factors	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2005000200010
38	Schellini SA, et al.(⁴⁴44. Schellini SA, Carvalho GM de, Rendeiro FS, Padovani CR, Hirai FE. Prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Brazilian Population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21(1):33-8.)	Brazil	2014	Prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Brazilian Population	https://doi.org/10.3109/09286586.2013.868004
39	Souza EV, et al.(⁴⁵45. Souza EV de, Souza NV de, Rodrigues M de LV. Retinopatia diabética em pacientes de um programa de atendimento multidisciplinar do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto - USP. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2004;67(3):433-6.)	Brazil	2004	Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients of a multidisciplinary care at the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto - USP	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27492004000300012
40	Tres GS, et al.(⁴⁶46. Tres GS, Lisbôa HRK, Syllos R, Canani LH, Gross JL. Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic polyneuropathy in Passo Fundo, South of Brazil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(6):987-92.)	Brazil	2007	Prevalence and Characteristics of Diabetic Polyneuropathy in Passo Fundo, South of Brazil	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000600014
41	Verdaguer J, et al.(⁴⁷47. Verdaguer J, Zanolli M, Sepúlveda G, García de los Ríos M, Domínguez A. Historia natural de retinopatía diabética en un estudio a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. Factores de riesgo para progresión a enfermedad proliferante. Rev Med Chil. 2009;137(9):1145-52.)	Chile	2009	Natural history of retinopathy diabética en un estudio a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. Risk factors for progression to proliferative disease	http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872009000900002
42	Villena JE, et al.(⁴⁸48. Villena JE, Yoshiyama CA, Sánchez JE, Hilario NL, Merin LM. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Peruvian patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a hospital-based retinal telescreening program. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2011;30(5):408-14.)	Peru	2011	Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Peruvian patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a hospital-based retinal telescreening program	https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/2011.v30n5/408-414/en

Author	Country	Year	Study design	DM Type	Sample (n)	Average age	Gender – male (%)	RD prevalence (%)
Perrasse AV, et al.(³⁴34. Perasse AV, Abad SB, Faciolince S, Hernández N, Maya C, Parra L, et al. El control de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones en Medellín, Colombia, 2001-2003. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;20(6).)	Colombia	2006	Transversal	DM 1	123	-	-	31.7
Sampaio E, et al.(⁴²42. Sampaio E, Almeida HGG, Delfino VDA. Nefropatia e retinopatia em diabéticos do tipo 1 de um programa de atendimento multiprofissional universitário. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(3):410-8)	Brazil	2007	Transversal	DM 1	81	26.4	35.5	21.0
Esteves JF, et al.(²¹21. Esteves JF, Kramer CK, Azevedo MJ de, Stolz AP, Roggia MF, Larangeira A, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(3):268-73.)	Brazil	2009	Transversal	DM 1	437	-	50.3	44.4
Verdaguer J, et al.(⁴⁷47. Verdaguer J, Zanolli M, Sepúlveda G, García de los Ríos M, Domínguez A. Historia natural de retinopatía diabética en un estudio a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. Factores de riesgo para progresión a enfermedad proliferante. Rev Med Chil. 2009;137(9):1145-52.)†	Chile	2009	Cohort	DM 1	39	46.5	48.7	92.3
Rodrigues TC, et al.(³⁶36. Rodrigues TC, Canani LH, Viatroski RS, Hoffmann LH, Esteves JF, Gross JL. Masked hypertension, nocturnal blood pressure and retinopathy in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(2):240-5.)	Brazil	2010	Transversal	DM 1	103	-	29.2	35.9
Rodrigues TC, et al.(³⁷37. Rodrigues TC, Pecis M, Canani LH, Schreiner L, Kramer CK, Biavatti K, et al. Caracterização de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 do sul do Brasil: complicações crônicas e fatores associados. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(1):67-73.)	Brazil	2010	Transversal	DM 1	533	33.0	50.5	43.3
Almeida FK, et al.(⁹9. Almeida FK, Gross JL, Rodrigues TC. Complicações microvasculares e disfunção autonômica cardíaca em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 1. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(6):484-9.)	Brazil	2011	Transversal	DM 1	81	40.5	54.3	54.4
Drummond KRG, et al.(¹⁸18. Drummond KRG, Malerbi FK, Morales PH, Mattos TCL, Pinheiro AA, Mallmann F, et al. Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi-center study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018 101. 2018;10(1):1-11.)	Brazil	2018	Transversal	DM 1	1,760	30.2	43.9	33.0
Melo LGN, et al.(³¹31. Melo LGN, Morales PH, Drummond KRG, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Barros BSV, et al. Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: a national multicenter study in Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-9.)	Brazil	2018	Transversal	DM 1	1,644	30.1	44.2	35.7
Gomes MB, et al.(²⁴24. Gomes MB, Santos DC, Pizarro MH, Melo LGN, Barros BSV, Montenegro R, et al. Relationship between health care insurance status, social determinants and prevalence of diabetes-related microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56(6):697-705.)	Brazil	2019	Transversal	DM 1	1,760	29.9	44.1	35.8
Rosa LCGFD, et al.(⁴⁰40. Rosa LCGF da, Zajdenverg L, Souto DL, Dantas JR, Pinto MVR, Salles GF da CM de, et al. HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control are linked to diabetic retinopathy and glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and multiethnic background. J Diabetes Complications. 2019;33(9):610-5.)†	Brazil	2019	Cohort	DM 1	220	29.6	40,0	18.0
Lima-Gómez V, et al.(²⁷27. Lima Gómez V, Ríos González LC. Opacidad de cristalino en diabéticos. Prevalencia y asociación con deficiencia visual y retinopatía. Cir Ciruj. 2004;72(3):171-5.)	Mexico	2004	Transversal	DM 2	313	58.5	33.0	18.8
Santos KG, et al.(⁴³43. Santos KG, Tschiedel B, Schneider JR, Souto KEP, Roisenberg I. Prevalence of retinopathy in Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients from the South of Brazil and relationship with clinical and metabolic factors. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(2):221-5.)	Brazil	2005	Cohort	DM 2	210	58.7	32.4	47.1
Perrasse AV, et al.(³⁴34. Perasse AV, Abad SB, Faciolince S, Hernández N, Maya C, Parra L, et al. El control de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones en Medellín, Colombia, 2001-2003. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;20(6).)	Colombia	2006	Transversal	DM 2	2,854	-	-	31.9
Tres GS, et al.(⁴⁶46. Tres GS, Lisbôa HRK, Syllos R, Canani LH, Gross JL. Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic polyneuropathy in Passo Fundo, South of Brazil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(6):987-92.)	Brazil	2007	Transversal	DM 2	340	57.8	40.0	28.8
Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹⁵15. Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Predictors of development and progression of microvascular complications in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22(3):164-70.)	Brazil	2008	Cohort	DM 2	471	60.5	65.8	22.5
Gerchman F, et al.(²³23. Gerchman F, Zanatta CM, Burttet LM, Picon PX, Lisboa HRK, Silveiro SP, et al. Vascular complications of black patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southern Brazil. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2008;41(8):668-73.)	Brazil	2008	Transversal	DM 2	1,810	-	46.8	21.5
Jost BS, et al.(²⁶26. Jost BS, Hilgemberg É, Rodrigues EB, Daniotti AF, Bonamigo EL. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética na população portadora de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do município de Luzerna - SC. Arq bras oftalmol. 2010;259-65.)	Brazil	2010	Transversal	DM 2	120	63.5	48.3	38.4
Martinez J, et al.(³⁰30. Martinez J, Hernandez-Bogantes E, Wu L. Diabetic retinopathy screening using single-field digital fundus photography at a district level in Costa Rica: a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol. 2011;31(2):83-8.)‡	Costa Rica	2011	Transversal	DM 2	1,319	60.5	39.8	21.9
Villena JE, et al.(⁴⁸48. Villena JE, Yoshiyama CA, Sánchez JE, Hilario NL, Merin LM. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Peruvian patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a hospital-based retinal telescreening program. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2011;30(5):408-14.)	Peru	2011	Transversal	DM 2	1,222	59.0	-	23.1
Pedrosa DR, et al.(³³33. Pedrosa DR, Lemos EO, Gonçalves DC de A, Raniéri PSG, Pires CAA, Paiva VR de. Prevalência de retinopatia diabética em pacientes atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Ananindeua - PA. Rev Bras Med Família e Comunidade. 2013;8(26):58-63.)	Brazil	2013	Transversal	DM 2	40	58.1	35.5	40.7
Abuauad S, et al.(⁷7. Abuauad S, Guzmán P, Urzúa C. Prevalencia de retinopatía diabética y edema macular en población diabética del CESFAM Cordillera Andina de Los Andes. Rev Chil Salud Pública. 2014;18(1):81-6.)	Chile	2014	Transversal	DM 2	468		39.1	24.8
Schellini SA, et al.(⁴⁴44. Schellini SA, Carvalho GM de, Rendeiro FS, Padovani CR, Hirai FE. Prevalence of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Brazilian Population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2014;21(1):33-8.)†	Brazil	2014	Transversal	DM 2	407	58.8	33.4	7.62
Jiménez-Báez MV, et al.(²⁵25. Jimenez-Baez MV, Marquez-Gonzalez H, Barcenas-Contreras R, Montoya CM, Espinosa-Garcia LF. Early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in primary care. Colomb Med. 2015;46(1):14.)	Mexico	2015	Transversal	DM 2	105	-	44.8	23.8
Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹²12. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Dib E, Salles GF. Predictors of Development and Progression of Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Importance of Blood Pressure Parameters. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-10.)	Brazil	2017	Cohort	DM 2	544	60.2	37.1	26.5
Mendoza-Herrera K, et al.(³²32. Mendoza-Herrera K, Quezada AD, Pedroza-Tobías A, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Fromow-Guerra J, Barquera S. A Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Tool for Low-Income Adults in Mexico. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E95-E95)	Mexico	2017	Transversal	DM 2	1,000	57.2	27.0	31.7
Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹¹11. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Moram CBM, Salles GF. Long-term visit-to-visit glycemic variability as predictor of micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):1-16.)	Brazil	2018	Cohort	DM 2	654	60.1	38.0	32.7
Adrianzén RE, et al.(⁸8. Adrianzén RE, Rioja M, Manrique A. Frecuencia y severidad de retinopatía diabética en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Instituto Regional de Oftalmología. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2019;36(2):260-4.)	Peru	2019	Transversal	DM 2	3,239	59.0	37.3	25.9
Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹⁴14. Cardoso CRL, Salles GC, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic impact of carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques on the development of micro- and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):1-13.)	Brazil	2019	Cohort	DM 2	478	60.0	36.0	33.5
Cardoso CRL, et al.(¹³13. Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic importance of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for micro- and macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):1-13.)	Brazil	2020	Cohort	DM 2	632	60.0	38.6	32.4

*Risk Factor^ Author**	Longer DM duration	Presence of SAH	Increased Hb1Ac	Increasing age
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Gomes MB, et al.⁽²⁴⁾†	1.07 (1.05-1.09)	2.31 (1.65-3.25)	1.22 (1.19-1.35)		1.02 (1.01-1.03)
Melo LGN, et al.⁽³¹⁾†	1.07 (1.05-1.09)	1.68 (1.13-2.50)	1.24 (1.17-1.32)		1.03 (1.02-1.04)
Rodrigues TC, et al.⁽³⁷⁾†	1.07 (1.03-1.11)	2.12 (1.16-3.87)		3.40 (1.89-6.13)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cardoso CRL, et al.⁽¹⁵⁾†	1.29 (1.07-1.55)
Cardoso CRL, et al.⁽¹²⁾†	1.04 (1.02-1.06)		1.30 (1.10-1.54)
Santos KG, et al.⁽⁴³⁾†	1.15 (1.09-1.22)		1.21 (1.01-1.46)	12.72 (3.89-41.56)

[1] Corresponding author: Joice Silva Machado. Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, quadra 17, lote 58 – Candeias Zip code: 45029-094 – Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil

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Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in Latin American countries: a scoping review

Prevalência e fatores associados à retinopatia diabética em países da América Latina: uma revisão de escopo

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