Space travel: A challenge from the point of view of ophthalmology

Cunha, Carlos Eduardo Ximenes da; Oliveira, Ariadne Figueiredo; Maia, Gabriel Lessa de Souza; Castro, Laís Rytholz; Ribeiro, Marina Viegas Moura Rezende

doi:10.5935/0034-7280.20210015

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UPDATE ARTICLE • Rev. bras.oftalmol. 80 (1) • Jan-Feb 2021 • https://doi.org/10.5935/0034-7280.20210015 copy

Space travel: A challenge from the point of view of ophthalmology

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

At the end of the twentieth century, with the emergence of new technologies and new space programs, aerospace medicine gained prominence in the scientific community since studies related to changes in human physiology in space have become increasingly necessary for the maintenance of cosmonaut health. The eyes are considered one of the most sensitive structures in the body to vascular, structural and biochemical changes caused by microgravity and cosmic radiation. In this sense, this narrative review seeks to identify and explain the main morphological and functional changes that occur in the visual system as a result of space missions.

Keywords:
Aerospace Medicine; Eye manifestations; Cosmic radiation; Cataract; Papilledema

Authors	Study Site	Ophthalmology findings
Aleci 2020 ⁽⁶6 Aleci C. From international ophthalmology to space ophthalmology: the threats to vision on the way to Moon and Mars colonization. Int Ophthalmol. 2020;40(3):775-86.⁾	Turin, Italy	Optic disc edema, retinal cotton wool spots, cataracts and phosphene phenomenon.
Kandarpa et al., 2019 ⁽⁷7 Kandarpa K, Schneider V, Ganapathy K. Human health during space travel: an overview. Neurol India. 2019;67(8 Suppl):S176-81.⁾	Tamil Nadu, India	Cerebral venous congestion leading to optic nerve damage.
Lee et al., 2017⁽⁸8 Lee SH, Dudok B, Parihar VK, Jung KM, Zöldi M, Kang YJ, et al. Neurophysiology of space travel: energetic solar particles cause cell type-specific plasticity of neurotransmission. Brain Struct Funct. 2017;222(5):2345-57.⁾	Houston, United States	Papilledema, cotton wool spots.
Kramer et al., 2012 ⁽⁹9 Kramer LA, Sargsyan AE, Hasan KM, Polk JD, Hamilton DR. Orbital and intracranial effects of microgravity: findings at 3-T MR imaging. Radiology. 2012;263(3):819-27.⁾	Houston, United States	Posterior globe flattening (27%), optic nerve protrusion (15%).
West 2000 ⁽¹⁰10 West JB. Physiology in microgravity. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;89(1):379-84.⁾	California, United States	Cardiovascular diseases leading to periorbital edema.
Michael et al., 2015 ⁽¹¹11 Michael AP, Marshall-Bowman K. Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015;86(6):557-62.⁾	Illinois, United States	Nausea, projectile vomiting and visual disturbances.
Takahashi et al., 2018 ⁽¹⁵15 Takahashi A, Ikeda H, Yoshida Y. Role of high-linear energy transfer radiobiology in space radiation exposure risks. Int J Part Ther. 2018;5(1):151-9.⁾	Gunma, Japan	Increased cancer risk and development of degenerative diseases, such as cataracts.
Kleiman et al., 2017 ⁽¹⁶16 Kleiman NJ, Stewart FA, Hall EJ. Modifiers of radiation effects in the eye. Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2017;15:43-54.⁾	New York, United States	The visual system is the first to be affected by radiation.
Sannita et al., 2006 ⁽¹⁹19 Sannita WG, Narici L, Picozza P. Positive visual phenomena in space: A scientific case and a safety issue in space travel. Vision Res. 2006;46(14):2159-65.⁾	Rome, Italy	Phosphene phenomenon.
Zhang et al., 2018 ⁽²⁰20 Zhang K, Zhu X, Lu Y. The Proteome of cataract markers: focus on crystallins. Adv Clin Chem. 2018;86:179-210.⁾	Shanghai, China	Cataracts.
Ivanov et al., 2018 ⁽²²22 Ivanov IV, Mappes T, Schaupp P, Lappe C, Wahl S. Ultraviolet radiation oxidative stress affects eye health. J Biophotonics. 2018;11(7):e201700377.⁾	Tübingen, Germany	Increased cancer risk and dystrophic changes.

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[1] Corresponding author: Carlos Eduardo Ximenes da Cunha, Adress: Avenida Beira Mar, Bairro 13 de julho, nº1656, apt 1202, Aracaju, SE - Brasil, CEP: 49025-040, Fone: (79) 999187437. Email: ocaduximenes@gmail.com