Metachondromatosis: A Confusing Disease

Abstract

Metachondromatosis is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease with incomplete penetrance that involves abnormal function of the PTPN11 gene. Differentiation between chondrogenic tumors is a challenge for orthopedists. We report a case of a 5 year-old girl with metachondromatosis, a disease that shares attributes with osteochondromas and enchondromas. We found multiple osteochondroma-like lesions with the atypical characteristic of guiding its growth toward the neighboring joint (epyphisis) instead of moving away from it. Furthermore, columnar enchondroma-like lesions were clearly visible in the right distal radius, in the proximal femoral cervix and in the iliac crests. The patient reported that some other tumor had disappeared or downsized with time. This case was debated between a multidisciplinary skeletal dysplasia group. The aforementioned clinical and radiographic findings reinforced the hypothetical diagnosis of metachondromatosis. Definitive diagnosis of metachondromatosisrequiresa combination of clinical, radiographical and histopathological findings. Differential diagnosis between enchondromas, osteochondromas and metachondromatosis is vital due to differences in malignization and natural history. When a patient has multiple enchondromas and osteochondromas with regression of some lesions and atypical radiographical characteristic of the osteochondroma-like lesions pointing toward the epiphysis, metachondromatosis, a rare disease, must be considered. Surgical treatment is reserved for painful lesions Risk of malignization is insignificant and genetic advice must be given due it is an autosomal dominant disease.

Keywords
bone neoplasms/pathology; child; enchondromas; exostoses, multiple hereditary; osteochondromas