Effects of Biomimetic Shoes on Healthy Young Children's Gait

Okai-Nobrega, Liria Akie; Santos, Thiago Ribeiro Teles; Lage, Ana Paula; de Araújo, Priscila Albuquerque; Souza, Thales Rezende; Fonseca, Sergio Teixeira

doi:10.1055/s-0043-1771006

Liria Akie Okai-Nobrega Address for correspondence Liria Akie Okai-Nóbrega, Physical Therapy Department, EEFFTO- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Brazil (e-mail: okainobrega@gmail.com).

Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal deMinas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Anamê Science and Technology in Child Health Products, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-2797

Thiago Ribeiro Teles Santos

Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

Ana Paula Lage

Anamê Science and Technology in Child Health Products, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Priscila Albuquerque de Araújo

Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal deMinas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Thales Rezende Souza

Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal deMinas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Sergio Teixeira Fonseca

Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal deMinas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Address for correspondence Liria Akie Okai-Nóbrega, Physical Therapy Department, EEFFTO- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Brazil (e-mail: okainobrega@gmail.com).

Conflict of Interests

Liria Akie Okai-Nóbrega and Ana Paula Lage work at Anamê Science and Technology in Child Health Products. The others authors do not have conflicts of interest.

Dr. Lage reports grants from Inovation award SESI/SENAI, during the conduct of the study; In addition, Dr. Lage has a patent Dynamic Insole (Brazil) pending, and a patent Biomimetic Shoe (Brazil, USA, India, Japan, UE) pending.

Variable	Descriptive statistics – Mean (SD)						ANOVA			Post hoc – Condition Main Effect
	Biomimetic shoe		Barefoot		Regular shoe		Main effect		Interaction effects	Biomimetic shoe X Barefoot	Biomimetic shoe X Regular shoe	Barefoot X Regular shoe
	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Condition	Side	Interaction effects	Biomimetic shoe X Barefoot	Biomimetic shoe X Regular shoe	Barefoot X Regular shoe
Spatial-temporal parameters
Speed (m/s)	0.59 (0.20)		0.63 (0.21)		0.69 (0.24)		p = 0.05^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. F (2,36) = 3.21 f = 0.42 Power = 0.58			p = 0.28 t (18) = -1.12 dz = 0.26 Power = 0.18	p = 0.02^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. t (18) = -2.52 dz = 0.58 Power = 0.66	p = 0.19 t (18) = -1.37 dz = 0.31 Power = 0.25
Step length (m)	0.23 (0.05)	0.21 (0.06)	0.22 (0.05)	0.22 (0.05)	0.24 (0.06)	0.24 (0.06)	p = 0.04^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. F (2,36) = 3.58 f = 0.45 Power = 0.63	p = 0.35 F (1,18) = 0.92 f = 0.23 Power = 0.15	p = 0.06 F (2,36) = 3.08 f = 0.42 Power = 0.56	p = 0.96 t (18) = -0.06 dz = 0.01 Power = 0.05	p = 0.02^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. t (18) = -2.49 dz = 0.57 Power = 0.65	p = 0.06 t (18) = -1.98 dz = 0.45 Power = 0.47
Stride width (m)	0.11 (0.03)		0.11 (0.02)		0.11 (0.02)		p = 0.71 F (2,36) = 0.34 f = 0.14 Power = 0.10
Kinematic parameters
COM mean vertical displacement (m)	0.016 (0.006)		0.016 (0.006)		0.019 (0.006)		p = 0.02^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. F (2,36) = 4.13 f = 0.48 Power = 0.69			p = 0.82 t (18) = -0.23 dz = 0.05 Power = 0.06	p = 0.01^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. t (18) = -2.99 dz = 0.68 Power = 0.81	p = 0.05^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. t (18) = -2.06 dz = 0.47 Power = 0.50
Knee flexion peak (°)	76.5 (9.4)	71.1 (9.0)	71.0 (11.0)	67.5 (9.2)	75.0 (9.1)	75.1 (13.8)	p = 0.01^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. F (1.5,34) = 6.48 f = 0.62 Power = 0.80	p = 0.06 F (1,17) = 3.92 f = 0.48 Power = 0.46	p = 0.19 F (1.3,34) = 1.73 f = 0.31 Power = 0.27	p < 0.01^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. t (18) = 3.92 dz = 0.90 Power = 0.96	p = 0.48 t (17) = -0.73 dz = 0.17 Power = 0.10	p = 0.01^* * = p £ 0.05; F (x,y) = F statistic (degrees of freedom), f = Cohen's f effect size, dz = Cohen's dz effect size. t (17) = -2.81 dz = 0.66 Power = 0.73
Maximal foot height (m)	0.098 (0.017)	0.096 (0.017)	0.089 (0.014)	0.089 (0.013)	0.093 (0.019)	0.092 (0.018)	p = 0.07 F (2,36) = 2.85 f = 0.40 Power = 0.52	p = 0.41 F (1,18) = 0.72 f = 0.20 Power = 0.13	p = 0.87 F (2,36) = 0.15 f = 0.10 Power = 0.07

[1] Address for correspondence Liria Akie Okai-Nóbrega, Physical Therapy Department, EEFFTO- Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Brazil (e-mail: okainobrega@gmail.com).

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Effects of Biomimetic Shoes on Healthy Young Children's Gait

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