Duration deviance |
Standard tone and deviant tons are presented for different lengths of time. |
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Auditory |
Example: Standard = 75 dB, 1,000 Hz, 100 msDeviant = 75 dB, 1,000 Hz, 200 ms |
MMN amplitude is reduced in MDD relative to HC; in some cases also reduced relative to BPD (which is also reduced relative to controls). |
Bissonnette,7979. Bissonnette JN, Francis AM, Hull KM, Leckey J, Pimer L, Berrigan LI, et al. MMN-indexed auditory change detection in major depressive disorder. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2020;51:365-72. Kim,8080. Kim S, Baek JH, Shim SH, Kwon YJ, Lee HY, Yoo JH, et al. Mismatch negativity indices and functional outcomes in unipolar and bipolar depression. Sci Rep. 2020;10:12831.Chen,8181. Chen J, Zhang Y, Wei D, Wu X, Fu Q, Xu F, et al. Neurophysiological handover from MMN to P3a in first-episode and recurrent major depression. J Affect Disord. 2015;174:173-9. Forsyth8282. Forsyth A, McMillan R, Campbell D, Malpas G, Maxwell E, Sleigh J, et al. Comparison of local spectral modulation, and temporal correlation, of simultaneously recorded EEG/fMRI signals during ketamine and midazolam sedation. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235:3479-93. |
Visual |
Example: Standard = black square, 1 cm × 1 cm, 100 ms Deviant = black square, 1 cm × 1 cm, 200 ms |
MMN amplitude was reduced in MDD, but only in response to longer duration deviants (150 vs. 50 ms). |
Qiu8484. Qiu X, Yang X, Qiao Z, Wang L, Ning N, Shi J, et al. Impairment in processing visual information at the pre-attentive stage in patients with a major depressive disorder: a visual mismatch negativity study. Neurosci Lett. 2011;491:53-7. |
Pitch/frequency deviance |
Standard tone and deviant tone are presented at different frequencies. Everything else might remain constant. |
MMN amplitude has been shown to depend on stimulus intensity (dB), with different studies showing effects in both directions. |
He,2323. He W, Chai H, Zheng L, Yu W, Chen W, Li J, et al. Mismatch negativity in treatment-resistant depression and borderline personality disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34:366-71. Bissonnette,7979. Bissonnette JN, Francis AM, Hull KM, Leckey J, Pimer L, Berrigan LI, et al. MMN-indexed auditory change detection in major depressive disorder. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2020;51:365-72. Restuccia8585. Restuccia D, Vollono C, Scaloni L, Buccelletti F, Camardese G. Abnormality of auditory mismatch negativity in depression and its dependence on stimulus intensity. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2016;47:105-12. |
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Example:Standard = 75 dB, 1,000 Hz, 100 msDeviant = 75 dB, 2,000 Hz, 100 ms |
MMN latency is increased in MDD relative to HC. |
Bissonnette,7979. Bissonnette JN, Francis AM, Hull KM, Leckey J, Pimer L, Berrigan LI, et al. MMN-indexed auditory change detection in major depressive disorder. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2020;51:365-72. Restuccia,8585. Restuccia D, Vollono C, Scaloni L, Buccelletti F, Camardese G. Abnormality of auditory mismatch negativity in depression and its dependence on stimulus intensity. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2016;47:105-12. Qiao8686. Qiao Z, Yu Y, Wang L, Yang X, Qiu X, Zhang C, et al. Impaired pre-attentive change detection in major depressive disorder patients revealed by auditory mismatch negativity. Psychiatry Res. 2013;211:78-84. |
Affective content |
The standard and deviant differ in terms of affective information. |
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Auditory |
Example:Standard = five-word sentence in neutral toneDeviant = five-word sentence in sad tone |
MMN was absent for sad deviant stimuli in MDD relative to controls. MMN amplitude and latency were similar between MDD and HC for neutral, happy, and angry prosody. |
Pang8787. Pang X, Xu J, Chang Y, Tang D, Zheng Y, Liu Y, et al. Mismatch negativity of sad syllables is absent in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91995. |
Visual |
Example:Standard = 10 cm × 10 cm, 100 ms, neutral face pictureDeviant = 10 cm × 10 cm, 100 ms, angry face picture |
Subcomponents of the MMN are differentially affected by MDD. The early MMN amplitude to all emotional faces was reduced relative to HC. The late MMN was absent. |
Chang8888. Chang Y, Xu J, Shi N, Zhang B, Zhao L. Dysfunction of processing task-irrelevant emotional faces in major depressive disorder patients revealed by expression-related visual MMN. Neurosci Lett. 2010;472:33-7. |