High-Risk Cohort Study for the Development of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders |
Brazil |
From a screening phase of 9,937 subjects (6 to 14 years of age), a total of 2,512 (958 randomly selected and 1,554 at high risk for mental disorders defined by symptoms and family history) were selected for further detailed evaluation (parental and child interviews and cognitive testing). Saliva samples were collected from trios of index subjects. A subsample of 720 underwent multimodal MRI techniques including T1-weighted structural, diffusion tension imaging, and resting-state functional connectivity, as well as blood sampling for biomarker evaluation.1010. Salum GA, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Moriyama TS, Graeff-Martins AS, Tamanaha AC, et al. High risk cohort study for psychiatric disorders in childhood: rationale, design, methods and preliminary results. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2015;24:58-73. |
- Atypical ventral striatum functional connectivity predicted future risk for depressive disorder.1111. Pan PM, Sato JR, Salum GA, Rohde LA, Gadelha A, Zugman A et al. Ventral striatum functional connectivity as a predictor of adolescent depressive disorder in a longitudinal community-based sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:1112-9.- Systemic inflammation may be involved in the pathway linking familial risk and mental health problems in children.1212. Mansur RB, Cunha GR, Asevedo E, Zugman A, Rizzo LB, Grassi-Oliveira R, et al. Association of serum interleukin-6 with mental health problems in children exposed to perinatal complications and social disadvantage. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;71:94-101. |
1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort |
Brazil |
A total of 5,249 subjects were enrolled at birth and subsamples were followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months and 1, 4, 6, 9, and 12-13 years of age. All subjects were followed up at 11 and 15 years of age. Data was collected from questionnaires and interviews, and DNA was extracted from saliva.2323. Victora CG, Hallal PC, Araújo CL, Menezes AM, Wells JC, Barros FC. Cohort profile: the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37:704-9.,2424. Gonçalves H, Assunção MC, Wehrmeister FC, Oliveira IO, Barros FC, Victora CG, et al. Cohort profile update: the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort follow-up visits in adolescence. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:1082-8. |
- Poverty was associated with more conduct problems and, to a lesser extent, emotional problems in adolescents.2525. Anselmi L, Menezes AM, Hallal PC, Wehrmeister F, Gonçalves H, Barros FC, et al. Socioeconomic changes and adolescent psychopathology in a Brazilian birth cohort study. J Adolesc Health. 2012;51(6 Suppl):S5-10.- Attention and hyperactivity problems at age 11 were associated with male gender, low family income, smoking during pregnancy, maternal psychiatric disorder, and behavioral/emotional problems at age 4.2626. Anselmi L, Menezes AM, Barros FC, Hallal PC, Araujo CL, Domingues MR, et al. Early determinants of attention and hyperactivity problems in adolescents: the 11-year follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26:1954-62. |
2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort |
Brazil |
A total of 4,231 subjects were enrolled at birth and all were followed up at 3, 12, 24, and 48 months and 6-7 and 11 years of age. Data was collected from questionnaires and interviews.2727. Santos IS, Barros AJ, Matijasevich A, Domingues MR, Barros FC, Victora CG. Cohort profile: the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:1461-8. |
- The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was higher in boys than girls at ages 6 and 11.2828. La Maison C, Munhoz TN, Santos IS, Anselmi L, Barros FC, Matijasevich A. Prevalence and risk factors of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence: 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53:685-97.,2929. Petresco S, Anselmi L, Santos IS, Barros AJ, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Barros FC, et al. Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among 6-year-old children: 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49:975-83.- Intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen was associated with emotional and hyperactivity/inattention problems in boys at age 6 and less so at age 11.3030. Tovo-Rodrigues L, Schneider BC, Martins-Silva T, Del-Ponte B, Loret de Mola C, Schuler-Faccini L, et al. Is intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen associated with emotional and hyperactivity problems during childhood? Findings from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:368. |
Hong Kong Children of 1997 |
China |
A total of 8,327 subjects were enrolled at birth and followed up through age 13. Data was collected from self-report questionnaires and clinical measurements.3131. Schooling CM, Hui LL, Ho LM, Lam TH, Leung GM. Cohort profile: ‘children of 1997’: a Hong Kong Chinese birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:611-20. |
- Childhood behavioral problems and low self-esteem predicted adolescent depressive symptoms.3232. Leung CY, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Behavioral problem trajectories and self-esteem changes in relation with adolescent depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53:673-84.- Early onset of breast development was associated with higher risk of depression.3333. Wang H, Lin SL, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Age at onset of puberty and adolescent depression: "Children of 1997" birth cohort. Pediatrics. 2016 Jun;137(6). pii: e20153231. doi: http://10.1542/peds.2015-3231. http://10.1542/peds.2015-3231...
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Birth to Twenty |
South Africa |
A total of 3,273 subjects were enrolled at birth and followed up at 6 months and 1, 2, 3-4, 5, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13, 14, and 15 years of age. Data was collected from questionnaires, interview, and clinical measurements.3434. Richter L, Norris S, Pettifor J, Yach D, Cameron N. Cohort profile: Mandela's children: the 1990 birth to twenty study in South Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:504-11. |
- Maternal postnatal depression was associated with adverse psychological outcomes in children at age 10.3535. Verkuijl NE, Richter L, Norris SA, Stein A, Avan B, Ramchandani PG. Postnatal depressive symptoms and child psychological development at 10 years: a prospective study of longitudinal data from the south African birth to twenty cohort. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1:454-60. |
Mauritius Child Health Study |
Mauritius |
A total of 1,795 subjects were enrolled at age 3 and followed up at ages 8, 11, and 17. Of these subjects, 200 were selected and studied more intensely at ages 4,5,6, and 8. Data was collected from clinical assessments and checklists for behavior problems.3636. Raine A, Liu J, Venables PH, Mednick SA, Dalais C. Cohort profile: the Mauritius Child Health Project. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:1441-51. |
- Malnutrition at age 3 predicted externalizing behavior problems at ages 8, 11, and 17.3737. Liu J, Raine A, Venables PH, Mednick SA. Malnutrition at age 3 years and externalizing behavior problems at ages 8, 11 and 17 years. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2005-13.- Birth complications are associated with increased externalizing behavior at age 11.3838. Liu J, Raine A, Wuerker A, Venables PH, Mednick S. The association of birth complications and externalizing behavior in early adolescents: direct and mediating effects. J Res Adolesc. 2009;19:93-111. |