INTRODUCTION: Neuroleptic-induced akathisia is a movement disorder related to the motor system characterized by complaints of inner restlessness, mental uneasiness, or dysphoria, all of which can be intense. Restlessness and non-dyskinetic movements are associated with these symptoms. This adverse effect to neuroleptics can lead to poor compliance with treatment, and thus, ultimately, to an increased risk of relapse. OBJECTIVES: To review the effectiveness and tolerability of beta-blockers, benzodiazepines and anticholinergics in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia, comparing each drug group with placebo and between each other, regardless of age or psychiatric diagnosis. METHODS: All controlled studies, obtained with certain search strategies, which fulfilled the inclusion criteria, were included in the review. Up to March 1999, seven electronic databases were assessed as well as the references of each clinical trial retrieved. RESULTS: There are 22 controlled clinical trials, 13 comparing beta-blockers, benzodiazepines and anticholinergics with placebo, and 9 comparing directly two or more active treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The three pharmacological interventions showed a better efficacy compared to placebo. Central action beta-blockers revealed a better efficacy when compared to peripheral action beta-blockers, benzodiazepines, and anticholinergics.
Psychomotor agitation; Antipsychotic agents; Drug therapy; Adrenergic beta-antagonists; Anti-anxiety agents; Cholinergic antagonists
