Briggs2929. Briggs AC, Stretch DD, Brandon S. Subtyping of panic disorder by symptom profile. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:201-9. |
1993 |
1,168 |
14 (based on DSM-III-R, faintness, and dizziness independently) |
Presence or absence |
PCA |
Subtype of presence of prominent respiratory symptoms – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Subtype of absence of prominent respiratory symptoms – 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 |
Cox4343. Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Endler NS, Norton GR. The symptom structure of panic attacks. Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35:349-53. |
1994 |
212 |
23 (based on Panic Attack Questionnaire) |
0-4 (not present, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) |
PCA |
Dizziness-related symptoms (28.2% of variance) – 5, 7, 11 (hyperventilation-related symptoms) Cardiorespiratory distress (9.9%) – 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Cognitive factors (8.7%) – 12 |
Bandelow4444. Bandelow B, Amering M, Benkert O, Marks I, Nardi AE, Osterheider M, et al. Cardio-respiratory and other symptom clusters in panic disorder. Anxiety. 1996;2:99-101. |
1996 |
330 |
13 (DSM-III-R) |
Presence or absence |
PCA |
Cardiorespiratory cluster (60.6% of sample) – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Cluster 2 (39.4%) – 6, 8, 9, 12, 13 |
Shioiri4545. Shioiri T, Someya T, Murashita J, Takahashi S. The symptom structure of panic disorder: a trial using factor and cluster analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93:80-6. |
1996 |
207 |
15 (13 DSM-III-R, agoraphobia and anticipatory anxiety included) |
Presence or absence |
PCA |
Cluster A – respiratory cluster (9.5% of variance) – 1, 2, 8, 10, 13 Cluster B (10.9%) – 7, 6, 9, 14, 15, 16 Cluster C (9.5%) – 5, 4, 3, 12 |
Rees4646. Rees CS, Richards JC, Smith LM. Symptom clusters in panic disorder. Aust J Psychol. 1998;50:19-24. |
1998 |
153 |
11 (DSM-III-R and DSM-IV) – fear of dying, fear of going crazy, and losing control not included |
0-4 (not present, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) |
PCA |
Cluster 1: 1, 2 (27.7%) Cluster 2: 7, 14 (12.6%) Cluster 3: 8, 10, 13 (9.7%) Cluster 4: 6, 9 (9%) Cluster 5: 4, 5 (8.3%) |
Segui4747. Segui J, Salvador-Carulla L, Garcia L, Canet J, Ortiz M, Farre JM. Semiology and subtyping of panic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;97:272-7. |
1998 |
274 |
14 (DSM-III-R, faintness, and dizziness independently) |
0-3 (non-existent, mild, moderate, severe) |
PCA |
Cardiorespiratory (26.1% variance) – 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 Vestibular (15.1%) – 7, 11, 12 Mixed (8.5%) – 2, 8, 10, 14 General arousal (7.2%) – 5, 8, 9, 13 |
Neerakal4848. Neerakal I, Srinivasan K. A factor analytic study of panic symptoms. Indian J Psychiatry. 2002;44:125-30. |
2002 |
94 |
13 (DSM-IV-TR) |
Presence or absence |
PCA |
Autonomic (17.8% of variance) – 8, 9, 10 Cognitive (12.8%) – 12, 14 Mixed (10.75%) – 5, 13, 4, 3y Respiratory (8.7%) – 1, 2
|
Meuret55. Meuret AE, White KS, Ritz T, Roth WT, Hofmann SG, Brown TA. Panic attack symptom dimensions and their relationship to illness characteristics in panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40:520-7. |
2006 |
343 |
14 (DSM-IV) |
0-8 (none to very severe) |
EFA |
Cardiorespiratory (18.8% variance) – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Autonomic/somatic (6.4%) – 7, 8, 9, 10, 13 Cognitive (3.8%) – 15, 12 |
Sarp5050. Sarp A, Arik AC, Güz H, Sahin AR, Abanoz Z. [Possible subtypes of panic disorder]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2010;21:269-79. |
2010 |
105 |
13 (DSM-IV-TR) + 7 further symptoms |
0-3 (none to severe) |
PCA |
Respiratory-circulatory (34.3% of variance) – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Cognitive (16.5%) – 12, 14 Autonomic (10.8%) – 7, 9, 10, 13 |
Roberson-Nay77. Roberson-Nay R, Latendresse SJ, Kendler KS. A latent class approach to the external validation of respiratory and non-respiratory panic subtypes. Psychol Med. 2012;42:461-74. |
2012 |
NESARC (2,294)ECA (351)VATSPSUD (102)CNCPS (1161)NCS (360) |
11 symptoms (CA)13 symptoms (other databases) |
Presence or absence |
FMMEFALCA |
CNCPS (class 1 [64.5% of sample] – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and class 2 [35.5%]) – lower endorsement of 12, 13, 14 ECA (class 1 [54.5% of sample] – 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and class 2 [45.5%]) – 6, 8, 9, 10 NCS (class 1 [53.2% of sample] – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and class 2 [46.8%]) – lower endorsement of 2, 3, 5 VATSPSUD (class 1 [50.1% of sample] – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and class 2 [49.9%]) – 6, 9, 10 NESARC – high respiratory and somatic symptoms (38.1%) – high all 13 symptoms, milder respiratory class (27.3%) – 1, 3, 4, 6, 7; low respiratory and high somatic symptoms (34.7%) – 6, 8, 9, 10 |
Konkan5151. Konkan R, Senormanci O, Guclu O, Aydin E, Erkiran M. Evaluating the subtypes of panic disorder by using principal component analysis. J Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 2013;26;333-40. |
2013 |
159 |
13 (DSM-IV-TR) + fear of stroke + desire to escape |
Presence or absence |
PCA |
Autonomic activation (15% of variance) – 8, 10, 12, 13 Vestibular symptoms (9.3%) – 7, 9, 14 Cardiovascular symptoms (8.8%) – 4, 6 Pseudoneurologic symptoms (7.9%) – 1, 5, 17 Respiratory system (7.5%) – 1, 2, 12, 13 Fear of death (7.1%) – 3, 13, 18 |
Pattyn33. Pattyn T, Van Den Eede F, Lamers F, Veltman D, Sabbe BG, Penninx BW. Identifying panic disorder subtypes using factor mixture modeling. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32:509-17. |
2015 |
658 |
Beck Anxiety Index (21-item) |
1 = not at all; 2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4 = severe.Absence = 1/2, presence = 3/4 |
FMMEFALCA |
Cognitive-autonomic subtype (29.8% of sample) – 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 + being scared and fear of the worst happening Autonomic subtype (29.9%) – low respiratory and cognitive items Specific subtype (40.3%) – low autonomic item probabilities and absence of clear dimensions |
Drenckhan5252. Drenckhan I, Glöckner-Rist A, Rist F, Richter J, Gloster AT, Fehm L, et al. Dimensional structure of bodily panic attack symptoms and their specific connections to panic cognitions, anxiety sensitivity and claustrophobic fears. Psychol Med. 2015;45:1675-85. |
2015 |
369 |
10 (DSM-IV-TR) with no cognitive symptoms (items 3, 12, 14) |
0-4 |
CFA in different dimensional models |
Cardiac – 4,6 Respiratory – 1, 2 Vestibular/mixed somatic factor – 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13 |
Bruno4949. Bruno A, Muscatello MR, Pandolfo G, Ciura G, Quattrone D, Scimeca G, et al. Does personality matter? Temperament and character dimensions in panic subtypes. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2018;55:325-9. |
2018 |
74 |
13 (DSM-IV-TR) |
Not described |
PCA |
Somatic dissociative (18.3% of variance) – 7, 9, 12, 14 Respiratory (13.7%) – 1, 2 Cardiologic (12.7%) – 3, 4, 6 |