ECS |
|
|
|
|
|
Williams4343. Williams NR, Short EB, Hopkins T, Bentzley BS, Sahlem GL, Pannu J, et al. Five-year follow-up of bilateral epidural prefrontal cortical stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Brain Stimul. 2016;9:897-904. |
5 |
OLS |
5 years |
54.9 |
Long-term safety and efficacy of FPC and DL-PFC stimulation |
Kopell6262. Kopell BH, Halverson J, Butson CR, Dickinson M, Bobholz J, Harsch H, et al. Epidural cortical stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for refractory major depressive disorder. Neurosurgery. 2011;69:1015-29. |
12 |
Randomized, OLS |
104 weeks |
40.0 |
≥ 40% improvement in six patients, ≥ 50% improvement in five patients of depression symptoms |
Nahas et al.4141. Nahas Z, Anderson BS, Borckardt J, Arana AB, George MS, Reeves ST, et al. Bilateral epidural prefrontal cortical stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:101-9. |
5 |
OLS |
7 months |
60.0 |
54.9% improvement in HRSD score following 7 months of treatment |
VNS |
|
|
|
|
|
McAllister-Williams6363. McAllister-Williams RH, Sousa S, Kumar A, Greco T, Bunker MT, Aaronson ST, et al. The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on the course and outcomes of patients with bipolar disorder in a treatment-resistant depressive episode: a 5-year prospective registry. Int J bipolar Disord. 2020;8:13. |
156 |
OLS |
5 years |
63.0 |
After 5 years, VNS + TAU had a 63% response rate vs. 39% in the TAU group |
Kumar6464. Kumar A, Bunker MT, Aaronson ST, Conway CR, Rothschild AJ, Mordenti G, et al. Durability of symptomatic responses obtained with adjunctive vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:457-68. |
599 |
Nonrandomized comparative study |
5 years |
62.5 |
After 5 years, VNS + TAU had a 62.5% response rate vs. 39.9% in the TAU group |
Kucia6565. Kucia K, Merk W, Zapalowicz K, Medrala T. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment resistant depression: case series of six patients-retrospective efficacy and safety observation after one year follow up. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:3247-54. |
6 |
OLS |
1 year |
83.0 |
Response rates of 40% and 83% were reported after 3 months and 1 year of VNS, respectively |
Conway6060. Conway CR, Kumar A, Xiong W, Bunker M, Aaronson ST, Rush AJ. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation significantly improves quality of life in treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79:18m12178. |
599 |
Longitudinal study |
5 years |
N/A |
VNS + TAU improved QoL (34%) without significant effects on depressive symptoms |
Jodoin6666. Jodoin VD, Richer F, Miron JP, Fournier-Gosselin MP, Lespérance P. Long-term sustained cognitive benefits of vagus nerve stimulation in refractory depression. J ECT. 2018;34:283-90. |
14 |
Naturalistic longitudinal study |
2 years |
70.0 |
After 24 months of treatment, there was a 70% response rate and cognitive improvement |
Trottier-Duclos6767. Trottier-Duclos F, Jodoin VD, Fournier-Gosselin MP, Richer F, Desjardins N, Tieu S, et al. A 6-year follow-up study of vagus nerve stimulation effect on quality of life in treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study. J ECT. 2018;34:e58-60. |
10 |
Naturalistic study |
6 years |
80.0 |
There was significant improvement in mental and physical QoL, as well as an 80% response rate after 72 months of treatment |
Aaronson5555. Aaronson ST, Sears P, Ruvuna F, Bunker M, Conway CR, Dougherty DD, et al. A 5-year observational study of patients with treatment-resistant depression treated with vagus nerve stimulation or treatment as usual: comparison of response, remission, and suicidality. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:640-8. |
795 |
Nonrandomized, OLS |
5 years |
67.6 |
After 5 years, there was a significantly higher response rate in the VNS + TAU group (71.3%) than the TAU group (56.9%) |
Müller6868. Müller HH, Lücke C, Moeller S, Philipsen A, Sperling W. Efficacy and long-term tuning parameters of vagus nerve stimulation in long-term treated depressive patients. J Clin Neurosci. 2017;44:340-1. |
18 |
Retrospective study |
104.9 months |
N/A |
Higher levels of depressive symptom remittance were found after longer treatment |
Perini6969. Perini GI, Toffanin T, Pigato G, Ferri G, Follador H, Zonta F, et al. Hippocampal gray volumes increase in treatment-resistant depression responding to vagus nerve stimulation. J ECT. 2017;33:160-6. |
6 |
OLS |
12 months |
N/A |
Increased hippocampal gray volume following VNS treatment indicated hippocampus remodeling, which also paralleled antidepressant response |
Albert7070. Albert U, Maina G, Aguglia A, Vitalucci A, Bogetto F, Fronda C, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant mood disorders: a long-term naturalistic study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:64. |
5 |
Naturalistic study |
5 years |
60.0 |
Response/remission rates were 40 and 60% after 1 and 5 years of treatment, respectively |
Tisi7171. Tisi G, Franzini A, Messina G, Savino M, Gambini O. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in treatment‐resistant depression: a series report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68:606-11. |
27 |
OLS |
5 years |
47.2 |
VNS was successful in 20% of TRD patients |
Christmas7272. Christmas D, Steele JD, Tolomeo S, Eljamel MS, Matthews K. Vagus nerve stimulation for chronic major depressive disorder: 12-month outcomes in highly treatment-refractory patients. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:1221-5. |
28 |
OLS |
1 year |
35.7 |
Corroborated the use of VNS in chronic TRD patients |
Aaronson7373. Aaronson ST, Carpenter LL, Conway CR, Reimherr FW, Lisanby SH, Schwartz TL, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy randomized to different amounts of electrical charge for treatment-resistant depression: acute and chronic effects. Brain Stimul. 2013;6:631-40. |
331 |
Multicenter double-blind |
2 year |
N/A |
Adjunctive VNS treatment led to significant improvement in TRD patients |
Cristancho5353. Cristancho P, Cristancho MA, Baltuch GH, Thase ME, O’Reardon JP. Effectiveness and safety of vagus nerve stimulation for severe treatment-resistant major depression in clinical practice after FDA approval: outcomes at 1 year. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:1376-82. |
15 |
OLS |
1 year |
43.0 |
Supported the use of VNS in TRD treatment |
Bajbouj7474. Bajbouj M, Merkl A, Schlaepfer TE, Frick C, Zobel A, Maier W, et al. Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30:273-81. |
74 |
Randomized, OLS |
2 years |
53.1 |
After 2 years, the patients had a 53.1% response rate and a 38.9% remission rate without noticeable side effects |
Burke & Husain5757. Burke MJ, Husain MM. Concomitant use of vagus nerve stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. J ECT. 2006;22:218-22. |
205 |
Double-blind RCT |
1 year |
55.0 |
VNS + ECT was found safe and effective, and it can be given either sequentially or concurrently |
Corcoran7575. Corcoran CD, Thomas P, Phillips J, O’Keane V. Vagus nerve stimulation in chronic treatment-resistant depression: preliminary findings of an open-label study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:282-3. |
11 |
OLS |
1 year |
55.0 |
The depression rating was significantly reduced after 1 year of treatment |
George7676. George MS, Rush AJ, Marangell LB, Sackeim HA, Brannan SK, Davis SM, et al. A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:364-73. |
205 |
Naturalistic OLS |
1 year |
26.8 |
After 12 months, the HRSD score of the VNS + TAU group was 26.8% vs. 12.5% in TAU only group |
Nahas7777. Nahas Z, Marangell LB, Husain MM, Rush AJ, Sackeim HA, Lisanby SH, et al. Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment of major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:1097-104. |
59 |
OLS |
2 years |
42.0 |
VNS therapy had long-term benefits, including a 42% response rate and a 22% remission rate |
O’Keane7878. O’Keane V, Dinan TG, Scott L, Corcoran C. Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis measures after vagus nerve stimulation therapy in chronic depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:963-8. |
11 |
OLS |
2 years |
N/A |
VNS normalizes increased ACTH levels in subjects who underwent a CRH challenge |
Rush7979. Rush AJ, Marangell LB, Sackeim HA, George MS, Brannan SK, Davis SM, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:347-54. |
235 |
RCT |
10 weeks |
15.2 |
After 10 weeks, the HRSD response rate in the VNS group was 15.2 vs. 10% for sham therapy, indicating no definitive evidence of short-term efficacy |
Rush6161. Rush AJ, Sackeim HA, Marangell LB, George MS, Brannan SK, Davis SM, et al. Effects of 12 months of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:355-63. |
233 |
Double-blind RCT |
1 year |
30.0 |
Chronic VNS treatment was found efficacious in TRD patients |
Rush1313. Rush A, George MS, Sackeim HA, Marangell LB, Husain M, Nahas Z. Continuing benefit of VNS therapy over 2 years for treatment-resistant depression. In: 43rd Annual NCDEU Meeting. Miami: NCDEU; 2003. |
59 |
RCT |
2 years |
44.0 |
After 2 years of VNS treatment, 44% response and 22% remission rates were found |
Sackeim8080. Sackeim HA, Rush AJ, George MS, Marangell LB, Husain MM, Nahas Z, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS™) for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, side effects, and predictors of outcome. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25:713-28. |
60 |
OLS |
12 weeks |
30.5 |
After VNS, the response rate was 30.5% for primary HRSD28 and 37.3% for CGI-I |