Lopez,5858. Lopez KC, Luby JL, Belden AC, Barch DM. Emotion dysregulation and functional connectivity in children with and without a history of major depressive disorder. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2018;18:232-48. St. Louis, United States |
Preschool Depression Study (Luby et al.5959. Luby JL, Si X, Belden AC, Tandon M, Spitznagel E. Preschool depression: homotypic continuity and course over 24 months. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:897-905.) |
18 |
143/58 |
7-12 (9.74-1.23) |
66.00 |
10-16 (12.52-1.11) |
Community-based, high-risk,58 MDD-hx, and 85 controls |
Seed to whole brain |
2 |
3-T Tim Trio/6.8 min |
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (categorical); CDI and Child Sadness Management Scores (dimensional) |
dlPFC and amygdala |
vlPFC, insula, vmPFC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex |
Amygdala, striatum and PFC network (within-circuit) linked to concurrent and future MDD |
Other diagnoses, anxiety, disruptive |
Hyperconnectivity, CCN-SN |
No categorical MDD analysis; no significant finding after adjusting for concurrent depressive symptoms |
Pan,6060. Pan PM, Sato JR, Salum GA, Rohde LA, Gadelha A, Zugman A, et al. Ventral striatum functional connectivity as a predictor of adolescent depressive disorder in a longitudinal community-based sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:1112-9. São Paulo and Porto Alegre, Brazil |
BHRCS |
36 |
637/56 |
6-12 |
45.6 |
9-15 (10.6-1.9) |
Community-based, high-risk |
Graph theory analyses |
1 |
1.5-T GE Signa HDX/6 min |
Developmental and Well-Being Assessment |
Node strength (i.e., degree centrality) of striatal nodes within a 11-node reward network |
Node strength (i.e., degree centrality) of other nodes: thalamus, insula, pre-SMA, ventral tegmental area, anterior cingulate cortex, PCC, vmPFC |
Increased left ventral striatum connectivity within reward network predicted a 50% increase in MDD risk at follow-up |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Anxiety, any substance use |
Hyperconnectivity, within reward network |
Investigated only iFC within one brain network, no cross-network analyses |
Davey,6161. Davey CG, Whittle S, Harrison BJ, Simmons JG, Byrne ML, Schwartz OS, et al. Functional brain-imaging correlates of negative affectivity and the onset of first-episode depression. Psychol Med. 2015;45:1001-9. Melbourne, Australia |
ADS |
24 |
56/8 |
(16.5-0.5) |
44.60 |
19 (18.8-0.5) |
Community-based, high-risk, eight new-onset MDD at follow-up |
Seed to seed |
2 |
3-T Siemens MAGNETOM Trio/not reported |
CES-D |
Amygdala to sgACC associations with negative affectivity |
Longitudinal associations with MDD onset |
Concurrent increase in amygdala -sgACC connectivity among new-onset MDD participants; amygdala -sgACC connectivity changes associated with negative affectivity changes |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, any substance use |
Hyperconnectivity, SN-DMN |
MDD was a secondary analysis |
Luking,6262. Luking KR, Repovs G, Belden AC, Gaffrey MS, Botteron KN, Luby JL, et al. Functional connectivity of the amygdala in early-childhood-onset depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:1027-41.e3. St Louis, United States |
Early Emotional Development Program at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis |
48-60 |
51/26 |
3-6 |
52.90 |
7-11 |
Clinical sample; four subgroups: MDD-hx, familial high-risk, both combined, healthy controls |
Seed to seed |
2 |
3-T Tim Trio Scanner/6.8 min |
Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment Categorical (previous); CDI, dimensional (current) |
Amygdala to bilateral: superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus; right: putamen and para hippocampal gyrus; left: inferior temporal gyrus; middle frontal gyrus, superior middle gyrus, IPL, precuneus, superior frontal gyrus |
Associations with CDI and MDD severity |
Reduced connectivity between amygdala and the dlPFC, dmPFC, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and hippocampal gyrus in MDD/family risk |
Other diagnoses (not specified) included in control group and used as covariates |
Hypoconnectivity, SN-DMN, SN-CCN |
MDD episode occurred several years before the fMRI |
Langenecker,6363. Langenecker SA, Jenkins LM, Stange JP, Chang YS, DelDonno SR, Bessette KL, et al. Cognitive control neuroimaging measures differentiate between those with and without future recurrence of depression. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;20:1001-9. Ann Arbor and Chicago, United States |
Convenience sample from University of Illinois |
13-18 |
109/60 (21 recurrent MDD) |
18-23 (21.00-1.38 for recurrence groups) |
54.10 |
19-25 |
Community-based convenience, high-risk, 60 with MDD-hx, 21 MDD recurrence at follow-up |
Seed to whole brain |
1 |
3-T, GE Scanner/8 min |
Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies |
sgACC and middle frontal gyrus |
rs-fMRI analyses are part of a larger task-based study |
Increased connectivity between sgACC, middle frontal gyrus, and other CCN regions, and decreased connectivity between the middle frontal gyrus and parietal regions in MDD-Hx who presented an MDD recurrence at follow-up |
Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient analyses with fMRI scans after 4-12 weeks |
Hyperconnectivity, DMN-CCN; hypoconnectivity within CCN |
Previous history of MDD defined retrospectively |
Callaghan,6464. Callaghan BL, Dandash O, Simmons JG, Schwartz O, Byrne ML, Sheeber L, et al. Amygdala resting connectivity mediates association between maternal aggression and adolescent major depression: a 7-year longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56:983-91.e3. Melbourne, Australia |
ADS |
36 |
101/14 |
16 (16.5-0.53) |
46.50 |
19 (18.8-0.5) |
Community-based, 14 developed MDD prior to fMRI scan (excluded from analyses) and 14 after |
Seed to whole brain |
1 |
3-T Siemens MAGNETOM Trio/not reported |
K-SADS-E |
Amygdala to whole brain. Associations between previous maternal aggression and current amygdala iFC. |
VS and Nac with whole brain |
Increased amygdala-temporal cortex and amygdala-insula iFC in MDD group. Findings mediated the maternal aggression-MDD association. |
VS and Nac iFC was not associated with maternal behavior |
Hyperconnectivity, within SN |
Relatively small sample size for MDD group |
Hirshfeld-Becker,6565. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Gabrieli JD, Shapero BG, Biederman J, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Chai XJ. Intrinsic functional brain connectivity predicts onset of major depression disorder in adolescence: a pilot study. Brain Connect. 2019;9:388-98. Boston, United States |
Convenience sample from Massachusetts General Hospital |
38,7-60,2 (47.8, 4.5) |
41/10 |
8-14 (11.0-1.72) |
46.30 |
12-18 (15.3-1.7) |
Community-based, family high-risk MDD, 10 at risk developed MDD |
Seed to whole brain |
1 |
3-T TrioTim Siemens Scanner/6.2 min |
K-SADS-E and CDI |
mPFC, PCC, SgACC, dlPFC and amygdala |
Exploratory seed-to-seed amygdala-dlPFC |
Incident MDD group exhibited weaker connection between sgACC and IPL and between left and right dlPFC. Non-converters (resilient to the genetic risk) showed higher sgACC-IPL iFC connectivity. |
Support vector machine classifier using iFC |
Hypoconnectivity, within DMN and between DMN-CCN |
Relatively high attrition rate (28%) and few cases of incident MDD |
Jin,6666. Jin J, Van Snellenberg JX, Perlman G, DeLorenzo C, Klein DN, Kotov R, et al. Intrinsic neural circuitry of depression in adolescent females. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61:480-91. New York, United States |
ADEPT |
18 |
173/none |
13-15.5 (15.29-0.65) |
100.00 |
14.5-17 |
Community-based, convenience |
Graph theory analyses |
1 |
3-T TrioTim Siemens Scanner/5-6 min |
IDAS-II |
A within-circuit graph including PFC, amygdala and striatum and the iFC between this circuit with the whole brain (extended-circuit) |
A whole-brain graph using 217 nodes previously defined in a rs-fMRI atlas |
Amygdala, striatum, and PFC network (within-circuit) linked to concurrent and future MDD |
Extended-circuit model did not increased sensibility in predicting MDD symptoms |
Hyperconnectivity within SN and between SN-DMN |
Included only female participants |
Strikwerda-Brown,6767. Strikwerda-Brown C, Davey CG, Whittle S, Allen NB, Byrne ML, Schwartz OS, et al. Mapping the relationship between subgenual cingulate cortex functional connectivity and depressive symptoms across adolescence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2015;10:961-8. Melbourne, Australia |
ADS |
24 |
72/11 |
(16.47-0.59) |
45.80 |
(18.75-0.48) |
Community-based, 72 adolescents, 11 MDD on sets between follow-ups 2 and 6 with high scores at each time point |
Seed to whole brain |
2 |
3-T Siemens MAGNETOM Trio/12 min |
CES-D |
Longitudinal analyses of sgACC iFC |
Cross-sectional analyses of sgACC iFC |
Decreased iFC between sgACC and dmPFC, PCC, right angular gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus associated with higher depressive symptoms at follow-up |
Models adjusted for anxiety symptoms |
Hypoconnectivity within DMN |
Longitudinal findings did not survive to head movement adjustment for both time points |
Shapero,6868. Shapero BG, Chai XJ, Vangel M, Biederman J, Hoover CS, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, et al. Neural markers of depression risk predict the onset of depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2019;285:31-9. Boston, United States |
Convenience sample from Massachusetts General Hospital of Illinois |
47.4 (38.1-54.7, 4.68) |
44/12 between scans; two at follow-up |
8-14 (11.0-1.72) |
45.00 |
11-19 (14.3-1.9) |
Community-based, genetic high-risk MDD, 11/28 high-risk and 1/16 low-risk developed MDD |
Seed to whole brain |
1 |
3T TrioTim Siemens Scanner/6.2 min |
K-SADS-E both times; CDI and Child Behavior Checklist at follow-up |
DMN seeds (mPFC, PCC), CCN seeds (bilateral dlPFC) and amygdala |
|
Increased functional connectivity between DMN and supramarginal gyrus and decreased connectivity within the CCN (between left and right dlPFC) predicted onset of MDD |
Self- ad parent-reported dimensional symptomatic change |
Hyperconnectivity DMN-CCN; hypoconnectivity within CCN |
Canonical correlation analyses to reduce rs-fMRI variables due to low sample size |
Connolly,6969. Connolly CG, Ho TC, Blom EH, LeWinn KZ, Sacchet MD, Tymofiyeva O, et al. Resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala and longitudinal changes in depression severity in adolescent depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:86-94. San Diego, United States |
Convenience sample recruited from adolescent psychiatric and primary care clinics |
3.3 (0.60) |
101/48 MDD (24 at follow-up) |
13-18 (16.1-1.3) |
61.30 |
Only 3 months of follow-up |
Clinical sample, 48 drug naive MDD adolescents, 24 completed follow-up |
Seed to whole brain |
1 |
3T GE MR750/8.32 min |
Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised |
Amygdala to whole brain |
|
Increased connectivity from R. Amygdala to orbital middle frontal gyrus was associated with greater symptoms at follow-up; increased connectivity from R. Amygdala to bilateral insulae was associated with a reduction in follow-up depressive symptoms. |
|
Hypoconnectivity and hyperconnectivity within SN |
High follow-up attrition rate; treatment type was not controlled |
Malhi,7070. Malhi GS, Das P, Outhred T, Bryant RA, Calhoun V. Resting-state neural network disturbances that underpin the emergence of emotional symptoms in adolescent girls: resting-state fMRI study. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;215:545-51. Sydney, Australia |
Convenience sample recruited from the same school |
24 |
88/27 symptomatic |
14-16 (15.35-0.52) |
100.00 |
16-18 |
Community-based from a single school, follow-up n=71 (27 with emotional symptoms and 44 controls) |
Independent component analyses |
1 (dynamic fMRI) |
3-T Siemens MAGNETOM Trio Scanner/not reported |
Child and Adolescent PsychProfiler, CDI |
28 components/networks comprising DMN (n=7), CCN (n=7), and attentional networks (n=14) |
Longitudinal changes in CDI and state anxiety |
Left lPFC showed weaker connection with posterior and anterior midline PFC (DMN) and greater connection with right lPFC (CCN) in symptomatic girls |
Increased left LPFN-right LPFN iFC contributed to longitudinal CDI changes |
Hypoconnectivity CCN-DMN; hyperconnectivity within CCN |
Sample with low representativeness; only girls assessed; no formal MDD diagnosis |
Jalbrzikowski,7171. Jalbrzikowski M, Larsen B, Hallquist MN, Foran W, Calabro F, Luna B. Development of white matter microstructure and intrinsic functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: associations with anxiety and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;82:511-21. Pittsburgh, United States |
Accelerated cohort longitudinal design study Replication used the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort |
15-45 |
246/none (anxiety and depressive symptoms) |
10-22 longitudinal sub-sample; 20-25 cross-sectional subsample |
49.10 |
Not reported |
Community-based, participants and their first-degree relatives without psychiatric disorder. Follow-up data for two (n=117) or three (n=90) visits. |
Seed to seed |
1-3 |
3-T Tim Trio/5 min |
Youth Self-Report, 10-17 years-old/ Adult Self-Report, ages 18-25 years-old |
Amygdala (BL and CM subregions) and vmPFC (anterior vmPFC, anterior and posterior OFC, rACC, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, sgACC subregions) |
- |
Increased centromedial amygdala-rACC connectivity was associated with anxiety and depression symptoms in early adulthood |
Time-varying effect models evaluated differential effects of age, sex, and emotional symptoms |
Hyperconnectivity SN-DMN |
No formal MDD diagnosis |