Prenatal |
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Hermansen4848. Hermansen TK, Røysamb E, Augusti E-M, Melinder A. Behavior and inhibitory control in children with prenatal exposure to antidepressants and medically untreated depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233:1523-35. |
BDI-II |
3rd and 7th months of pregnancy |
NEPSY-II (Statue Subtest), ANT |
5 and 6 years |
El Marroun5353. El Marroun H, White TJ, Fernandez G, Jaddoe VW, Verhulst FC, Stricker BH, et al. Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and non-verbal cognitive functioning in childhood. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf). 2017;31:346-55. |
BSI |
20.6 weeks of pregnancy |
BRIEF-P, NEPSY-II (attention and executive functioning) |
4 and 7 years |
Prenatal and postpartum |
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Buss5757. Buss C, Davis EP, Hobel CJ, Sandman CA. Maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 6-9 years age. Stress. 2011;14:665-76. |
CES-D, BDI |
2nd trimester of pregnancy, 6-9 years |
Flanker task, Sequential Memory task |
6-9 years |
Weikum5454. Weikum WM, Brain U, Chau CMY, Grunau RE, Boyce WT, Diamond A, et al. Prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressant exposure and serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4) influence executive functions at 6 years of age. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:180. |
HAM-D |
3rd trimester of pregnancy, 6 years |
Hearts & Flowers task |
6 years |
Jensen4545. Jensen SKG, Dumontheil I, Barker ED. Developmental inter-relations between early maternal depression, contextual risks, and interpersonal stress, and their effect on later child cognitive function. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:599-607. |
EPDS |
8th month of pregnancy, 2 and 8 months postpartum, 1 year and 9 months, 3 year and 9 months |
TEAch |
8 years |
Plamondon5656. Plamondon A, Akbari E, Atkinson L, Steiner M, Meaney MJ, Fleming AS. Spatial working memory and attention skills are predicted by maternal stress during pregnancy. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91:23-9. |
EPDS |
3rd trimester of pregnancy, 6 months postpartum |
CANTAB, ECBQ |
1 year and 6 months, 4 years |
Vänskä5252. Vänskä M, Punamäki R-L, Lindblom J, Flykt M, Tolvanen A, Unkila-Kallio L, et al. Parental pre- and postpartum mental health predicts child mental health and development: Parental pre- and postpartum mental health. Fam Relat. 2017;66:497-511. |
GHQ-36,7272. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med. 1979;9:139-45. BDI |
2nd trimester of pregnancy, 2 and 12 months postpartum |
FTF |
6 and 7 years |
Neuenschwander5858. Neuenschwander R, Hookenson K, Brain U, Grunau RE, Devlin AM, Weinberg J, et al. Children’s stress regulation mediates the association between prenatal maternal mood and child executive functions for boys, but not girls. Dev Psychopathol. 2018;30:953-69. |
HAM-D |
3rd trimester of pregnancy, 6 years |
Hearts & Flowers task |
6 years |
Nolvi6161. Nolvi S, Pesonen H, Bridgett DJ, Korja R, Kataja E-L, Karlsson H, et al. Infant sex moderates the effects of maternal pre- and postnatal stress on executive functioning at 8 months of age. Infancy. 2018;23:194-210. |
EPDS |
14th, 24th, and 34th gestational weeks, 6 months postpartum |
Delayed Response task |
8 months |
Rotheram-Fuller6060. Rotheram-Fuller EJ, Tomlinson M, Scheffler A, Weichle TW, Rezvan PH, Comulada WS, et al. Maternal patterns of antenatal and postnatal depressed mood and the impact on child health at 3-years postpartum. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86:218-30. |
EPDS |
2 weeks postpartum, 6, 18, and 36 months |
Executive Function Battery |
3 years |
Hutchinson5959. Hutchison SM, Mâsse LC, Brain U, Oberlander TF. A 6-year longitudinal study: Are maternal depressive symptoms and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant treatment during pregnancy associated with everyday measures of executive function in young children? Early Hum Dev. 2019;128:21-6. |
EPDS, BDI, HAM-D |
2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, 6 months postpartum, 3 and 6 years |
BRIEF |
6 years |
Faleschini4343. Faleschini S, Rifas-Shiman S, Tiemeier H, Oken E, Hivert M-F. Associations of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms with offspring cognition and behavior in mid-childhood: A prospective cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:1007. |
EPDS |
Mid-pregnancy, 6 and 12 months postpartum |
BRIEF |
Mid-childhood |
Oh4646. Oh Y, Joung Y-S, Baek JH, Yoo N. Maternal depression trajectories and child executive function over 9 years. J Affect Disord. 2020;276:646-52. |
K6 |
9 months of pregnancy, 6 months postpartum, 1 and 2 years |
EFDSQ |
7 years |
Dhaliwal4242. Dhaliwal G, Weikum WM, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Brain U, Grunau RE, Oberlander TF. Effects of maternal depression and prenatal SSRI exposure on executive functions and susceptibility to household chaos in 6-year-old children: prospective cohort study. BJPsych Open. 2020;6:e106. |
HRSD |
6th and 9th months of pregnancy, 6 years |
BRIEF |
6 years |
Ross5555. Ross KM, Letourneau N, Climie E, Giesbrecht G, Dewey D. Perinatal maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms and child executive function and attention at two-years of age. Dev Neuropsychol. 2020;45:380-95. |
EPDS |
2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, 3 months postpartum |
BRIEF-P |
2 years |
Rinne4747. Rinne GR, Davis EP, Mahrer NE, Guardino CM, Charalel JM, Shalowitz MU, et al. Maternal depressive symptom trajectories from preconception through postpartum: Associations with offspring developmental outcomes in early childhood. J Affect Disord. 2022;309:105-14. |
EPDS, CES-D |
2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, 3 months postpartum |
Dimensional Change Card Sort task, Flanker Inhibitory Control-Attention task |
5 years |
Postpartum |
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Poehlmann4949. Poehlmann J, Schwichtenberg AJM, Shah PE, Shlafer RJ, Hahn E, Maleck S. The Development of effortful control in children born preterm. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39:522-36. |
CES-D |
At discharge, 4, 9, 16, 24, and 36 months postpartum |
Snack Delay, Gift Bag Towers, Shapes Walk-a-Line Slowly Whisper |
2 and 3 years |
Rhoades3939. Rhoades BL, Greenberg MT, Lanza ST, Blair C. Demographic and familial predictors of early executive function development: Contribution of a person-centered perspective. J Exp Child Psychol. 2011;108:638-62. |
BSI-18 |
1 and 7 months postpartum |
Simon task, Flexible Item Selection Span-type Working Memory |
3 years |
Hughes3838. Hughes C, Roman G, Hart MJ, Ensor R. Does maternal depression predict young children’s executive function? - A 4-year longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54:169-77. |
BDI |
2-4 and 6 years |
Beads Working Memory task, Day-Night Game, Tower-of-London task |
2 and 6 years |
Comas3737. Comas M, Valentino K, Borkowski JG. Maternal depressive symptoms and child temperament: Longitudinal associations with executive functioning. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2014;35:156-67. |
BDI |
3, 5, 8, 10 years |
D-KEFS, TEA |
18 years |
Hackman6262. Hackman DA, Gallop R, Evans GW, Farah MJ. Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation. Dev Sci. 2015;18:686-702. |
CES-D |
1 month postpartum |
WJ Psychoeducational Battery - Revised, Tests of Cognitive Ability, Tower of Hanoi task |
4 years and 6 months, 1st, 3rd, and 5th grade |
Yan6363. Yan N. Children’s resilience in the presence of mothers’ depressive symptoms: Examining regulatory processes related to active agency. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2016;61:90-100. (sample overlapped with Hackman6262. Hackman DA, Gallop R, Evans GW, Farah MJ. Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation. Dev Sci. 2015;18:686-702.) |
CES-D |
6 months postpartum, 1 year and 3 months, 2 and 3 years, 4 years and 6 months, 6 years |
CPT, CBQ |
4 years and 6 months |
Lagasse4141. Lagasse LL, Conradt E, Karalunas SL, Dansereau LM, Butner JE, Shankaran S, et al. Transactional relations between caregiving stress, executive functioning, and problem behavior from early childhood to early adolescence. Dev Psychopathol. 2016;28:743-56. |
BDI, BSI |
4 and 30 months postpartum, 4 years, 5 years and 6 months, 9, 11, and 13 years |
Delay of Gratification task, Prohibition task, TOVA, CANTAB |
5, 9, and 13 years |
Wang6565. Wang Y, Dix T. Mothers’ depressive symptoms in infancy and children’s adjustment in grade school: The role of children’s sustained attention and executive function. Dev Psychol. 2017;53:1666-79. (sample overlapped with Hackman6262. Hackman DA, Gallop R, Evans GW, Farah MJ. Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation. Dev Sci. 2015;18:686-702.) |
CESD |
6 and 15 months postpartum, 2 and 3 years, 4 years and 6 months |
CPT, Memory for Sentences Subtest from the WJ Psychoeducational Battery, Tower of Hanoi task |
1st grade |
Berthelsen5151. Berthelsen D, Hayes N, White SLJ, Williams KE. Executive function in adolescence: Associations with child and family risk factors and self-regulation in early childhood. Front Psychol. 2017;8:903. |
K6 |
4 and 5 years |
Cogstate Assessment Battery |
14-15 years |
Wade5050. Wade M, Madigan S, Plamondon A, Rodrigues M, Browne D, Jenkins JM. Cumulative psychosocial risk, parental socialization, and child cognitive functioning: A longitudinal cascade model. Dev Psychol. 2018;54:1038-50. |
CES-D |
2 months postpartum |
Bear/Dragon, DCCS |
4 years |
Feng6868. Feng Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Perkins A, Wang Y, Sun J. Comparison in executive function in Chinese preterm and full-term infants at eight months. Front Med. 2018;12:164-73. |
EPDS |
3 days postpartum, 8 months postpartum |
Working memory and Inhibition task, Two-Cup task, Three-Cup task, Planning test |
8 months |
Gueron-Sela4444. Gueron-Sela N, Camerota M, Willoughby MT, Vernon-Feagans L, Cox MJ, The Family Life Project Key Investigators. Maternal depressive symptoms, mother-child interactions, and children’s executive function. Dev Psychol. 2018;54:71-82. (sample overlapped with Rhoades3939. Rhoades BL, Greenberg MT, Lanza ST, Blair C. Demographic and familial predictors of early executive function development: Contribution of a person-centered perspective. J Exp Child Psychol. 2011;108:638-62.) |
BSI-18, CES-D |
6, 15, and 24 months postpartum |
Working Memory Span, Pick-the-Picture Game, Silly Sounds Stroop, Spatial Conflict, Animal Go/No-Go, Something is the Same Game |
3 and 4 years |
Baker6666. Baker CE. Maternal depression and the development of executive function and behavior problems in head start: indirect effects through parenting. Infant Ment Health J. 2018;39:134-44. |
CES-D |
1st year postpartum |
Pencil-tapping task |
5 years |
Priel4040. Priel A, Zeev-Wolf M, Djalovski A, Feldman R. Maternal depression impairs child emotion understanding and executive functions: The role of dysregulated maternal care across the first decade of life. Emotion. 2020;20:1042-58. |
SCID and DSM-IV Axis I Disorders |
6 and 9 months postpartum, 6 and 10 years |
CANTAB |
10 years |
Familiar6767. Familiar I, Chernoff M, Ruisenor-Escudero H, Laughton B, Joyce C, Fairlie L, et al. Association between caregiver depression symptoms and child executive functioning. Results from an observational study carried out in four sub-Saharan countries. AIDS Care. 2020;32:486-94. |
HSCL-25 |
At discharge, 8 months, 2 years |
BRIEF |
7.2 years |
Ku6464. Ku S, Feng X. Maternal depressive symptoms and the growth of child executive function: Mediation by maternal sensitivity. J Fam Psychol. 2023;37:421-31. (sample overlapped with Hackman6262. Hackman DA, Gallop R, Evans GW, Farah MJ. Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation. Dev Sci. 2015;18:686-702.) |
CES-D |
6 months postpartum, 1 year and 3 months, 2 and 3 years, 4 years and 6 months, 1st, 3rd, and 5th grades |
Tower of Hanoi task |
1st, 3rd, 5th grades |
Yu6969. Yu Y, Ma Q, Groth SW. Association between maternal psychological factors and offspring executive function: analysis of African-American mother-child dyads. Pediatr Res. 2022;92:1051-8. |
RAND MHI |
2 years |
Digital Span task, Attention Sustained Subtest of the Leiter, International Performance Scale, Gambling task |
6 and 18 years |