Abdalla4242. Abdalla RR, Massaro L, de Queiroz Constantino Miguel A, Laranjeira R, Caetano R, Madruga CS. Association between drug use and urban violence: data from the II Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (BNADS). Addict Behav Rep. 2017;7:8-13. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
4,607 |
General |
Both |
15-64 |
Brazil |
Physical aggression |
Fighting |
Items combined |
Organizational |
Single item |
Protective |
Adamczyk4343. Adamczyk A. Understanding delinquency with friendship group religious context. Soc Sci Q. 2012;93:482-505. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
2,199 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
7-12th grades |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
Protective |
Altschul4444. Altschul I, Lee SJ. Direct and mediated effects of nativity and other indicators of acculturation on Hispanic mothers’ use of physical aggression. Child Maltreat. 2011;16:262-74. |
Longitudinal |
No |
845 |
Mothers |
Female |
23-26 |
United States |
Domestic violence |
Assaulting children |
CTSPC |
Organizational |
Single item |
Protective (W1)Protective (W2) |
Banyard4545. Banyard V, Edwards K, Jones L, Mitchell K. Poly-strengths and peer violence perpetration: what strengths can add to risk factor analyses. J Youth Adolesc. 2020;49:735-46. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
2,225 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
7-10th grade |
United States |
Sexual aggression |
Sexual coercion, unwanted sex, rape |
Items combined |
Spirituality |
Single item |
Protective |
Benda4646. Benda BB. The effect of religion on adolescent delinquency revisited. J Res Crime Delinq. 1995;32:446-66. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
1,093 |
Adolescents |
Both |
13-20 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
NS |
Benda4747. Benda BB. Religion and violent offenders in boot camp: a structural equation model. J Res Crime Delinq. 2002;39:91-121. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
600 |
Convicted in boot camp |
Male |
15-24 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Assaults, sexual assaults |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
NS |
Benda2121. Benda BB. The robustness of self-control in relation to form of delinquency. Youth Soc. 2005;36:418-44. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
3,335 |
Adolescents |
Both |
13-18 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, rape |
Items combined |
Spirituality |
SWBS |
Protective |
Bernat1919. Bernat DH, Oakes JM, Pettingell SL, Resnick M. Risk and direct protective factors for youth violence: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43:S57-66. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
2,263 |
Adolescents |
Both |
14-20 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Items combined |
Organizational |
Single item |
NS (W1) NS (W2) |
Brinkerhoff2222. Brinkerhoff MB, Grandin E, Lupri E. Religious involvement and spousal violence - the Canadian case. J Sci Study Relig. 1992;31:15-31. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
1,834 |
General |
Both |
> 18 |
Canada |
Domestic violence |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
CTS |
Organizational |
Single item |
NS NS |
Clubb4848. Clubb PA, Browne DC, Humphrey AD, Schoenbach V, Meyer B, Jackson M, et al. Violent behaviors in early adolescent minority youth: results from a “middle school youth risk behavior survey.” Matern Child Heal J. 2001;5:225-35. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
6,400 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
9-19 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Single item |
NS (attendance)Protective (salience) |
Corwyn4949. Corwyn RF, Benda BB. Violent youths in southern public schools in America. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2001;10:69-90. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
600 |
Adolescents |
Both |
13-18 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats, sexual coercion |
Items combined |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
Protective |
Cretacci5050. Cretacci MA. Religion and social control: an application of a modified social bond on violence. Crim Justice Rev. 2003;28:254-77. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
6,500 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
10-19 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective (commitment) NS (beliefs) |
Cunradi5151. Cunradi CB, Caetano R, Schafer J. Religious affiliation, denominational homogamy, and intimate partner violence among US couples. J Sci Study Relig. 2002;41:139-51. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
1,440 |
General |
Both |
> 18 |
United States |
Domestic violence |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
CTS |
Non-organizational intrinsic |
Single item |
NS (non-organizational for male and female) NS (salience for males)Risk (salience for females) |
Desmond5252. Desmond SA, Soper SE, Purpura DJ, Smith E. Religiosity, moral beliefs, and delinquency: does the effect of religiosity on delinquency depend on moral beliefs? Sociol Spectr. 2009;29:51-71. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
1,725 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
11-17 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Hitting |
Single item |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
NS |
Desmond5353. Desmond SA, Soper SE, Kraus R. Religiosity, peers, and delinquency: does religiosity reduce the effect of peers on delinquency? Sociol Spectr. 2011;31:665-94. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
1,725 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
11-17 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Hitting |
Single item |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
NS |
Dick5454. Dick SJ, Forsyth CJ, Chen J, Forsyth YA, Biggar RW, Burstein K. School and peers: examining the influence of protective factors on delinquency and age of onset. Deviant Behav. 2018;40:476-83. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
20,353 |
Adolescents |
Both |
10th |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Protective |
Dyslin5555. Dyslin CW, Thomsen CJ. Religiosity and risk of perpetrating child physical abuse: an empirical investigation. J Psychol Theol. 2005;33:291-8. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
436 |
General |
Both |
17-47 |
United States |
Domestic violence |
Assaulting parents |
Child physical abuse risk |
Organizational intrinsic |
RLI |
Risk (organizational)NS (intrinsic) |
Ellison5656. Ellison CG, Anderson KL. Religious involvement and domestic violence among US couples. J Sci Study Relig. 2001;40:269-86. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
13,017 |
General |
Both |
> 18 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Hitting |
Single item |
Organizational |
Single item |
Protective (once per week or more) NS (times per month or year) |
Eshuys5757. Eshuys D, Smallbone S. Religious affiliations among adult sexual offenders. Sex Abuse. 2006;18:279-88. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
111 |
Inmates |
Male |
38.5 (14.2) |
United States |
Physical aggression sexual aggression |
Number of victims of sexual and non-sexual offenses |
Single item |
Non-organizational intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective (“stayers” vs atheists) NS (other religious groups) |
Gonçalves5858. Gonçalves JPB, Madruga CS, Lucchetti G, Dias Latorre MDR, Laranjeira R, Vallada H. The effect of religiosity on violence: results from a Brazilian population-based representative survey of 4,607 individuals. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0238020. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
4,607 |
General |
Both |
14-99 |
Brazil |
Physical aggression domestic violence |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Single item |
Protective (affiliation)Protective (salience) |
Hagen5959. Hagen T, Thompson MP, Williams J. Religiosity reduces sexual aggression and coercion in a longitudinal cohort of college men: mediating roles of peer norms, promiscuity, and pornography. J Sci Study Relig. 2018;57:95-108. |
Longitudinal |
No |
795 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Male |
NR |
United States |
Sexual aggression |
Sexual coercion, unwanted sex, rape, threats |
SES |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
Protective (W4) |
Hardy6060. Hardy SA, Walker LJ, Rackham DD, Olsen JA. Religiosity and adolescent empathy and aggression: the mediating role of moral identity. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2012;4:237-48. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
502 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
10-18 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
RPQ |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
Protective (behavior)Protective (activities) |
Hemphill6161. Hemphill SA, Heerde JA, Scholes-Balog KE. Risk factors and risk-based protective factors for violent offending: a study of young victorians. J Crim Justice. 2016;45:94-100. |
Longitudinal |
No |
927 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
10-11 |
United States and Australia |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Items combined |
Organizational |
Single item |
NS |
Holmes6262. Holmes KJ, Lochman JE. The role of religiosity in African American preadolescent aggression. J Black Psychol. 2012;38:497-508. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
110 |
Children and adolescents |
Male |
7-12 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Organizationalnon-organizational intrinsic |
DUREL |
NS (organizational and non-organizational)Protective (intrinsic) |
Itani6363. Itani T, Fischer F, Chu JJ, Kraemer A. The prevalence of violent behavior among Lebanese university students: association with behavioral and mental health factors. Am J Health Behav. 2017;41:693-700. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
448 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
NR |
Lebanon |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
CRS |
Protective |
Johnson6464. Johnson MC, Morris RG. The moderating effects of religiosity on the relationship between stressful life events and delinquent behavior. J Crim Justice. 2008;36:486-93. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
4,834 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
11-21 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats, hitting |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective (W1)Protective (W2) |
Karimi6565. Karimi J, Mohammadi M. The relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression among elite wrestlers in Hamadan province of IRAN. J Relig Health. 2020;59:614-22. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
50 |
Adolescents |
Male |
14-17 |
Iran |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats, hitting |
BPAQ |
Spirituality |
SIS |
Protective |
Karriker-Jafe6666. Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Foshee VA, Ennett ST. Examining how neighborhood disadvantage influences trajectories of adolescent violence: a look at social bonding and psychological distress. J Sch Health. 2011;81:764-73. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
5,118 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
11-16 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective |
Katerndahl6767. Katerndahl DA, Obregon ML. An exploration of the spiritual and psychosocial variables associated with husband-to-wife abuse and its effect on women in abusive relationships. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007;37:113-28. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
105 |
Couples |
Both |
45.7 (14.7) male 42.9 (14.0) female |
United States |
Domestic violence |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
The Conflict Tactics Scale |
Non-organizational intrinsic |
BMMRS |
Risk (religious beliefs incompatibility) |
Kingre6868. Kingree JB, Thompson M, Ruetz E. Heavy episodic drinking and sexual aggression among male college students: the protective influence of church attendance. J Interpers Violence. 2017;32:604-20. |
Longitudinal |
No |
544 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
18-20 |
United States |
Sexual aggression |
Sexual coercion, unwanted sex, rape |
SES |
Organizational |
Single item |
Protective |
Leach6969. Leach MM, Berman ME, Eubanks L. Religious activities, religious orientation, and aggressive behavior. J Sci Study Relig. 2008;47:311-9. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
62 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
20.43 (3.11) |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats, hitting |
BPAQ |
Organizational, intrinsic spirituality |
ROS -Revised STS |
NS (organizational)Protective (intrinsic and spiritual) |
Linville7070. Linville DC, Huebner AJ. The analysis of extracurricular activities and their relationship to youth violence. J Youth Adolesc. 2005;34:483-92. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
235 |
Adolescents |
Both |
8-12th grades |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting |
Single item |
Organizational |
Single item |
NS |
Lynch7171. Lynch KR, Renzetti CM. Alcohol use, hostile sexism, and religious self-regulation: investigating risk and protective factors of IPV perpetration. J Interpers Violence. 2017;35:3237-63. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
255 |
General |
Male |
>18 |
United States |
Domestic violence |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
SVAWS |
Intrinsic |
Religious SRQ |
Protective (identified religious self-regulation) Risk (introjected religious self-regulation) |
Massarwi7272. Massarwi AA, Khoury-Kassabri M, Eseed R. The correlation between delinquent peers and perpetration of serious physical violence: religiosity as a protective factor. Child Indic Res. 2019;12:2051-65. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
2,811 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
13-18 |
Israel |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective |
Michaelson7373. Michaelson V, Donnelly P, Morrow W, King N, Craig W, Pickett W. Violence, adolescence, and Canadian religious communities: a quantitative study. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36:3613-37. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
24,307 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
6-10th grades |
Canada |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Non-organizational |
Single item |
NS (W1) NS (W2) |
Murshid7474. Murshid NS, Murshid N. Intergenerational transmission of marital violence: results from a nationally representative sample of men. J Interpers Violence. 2018;33:211-27. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
3,186 |
General |
Male |
16-54 |
Bangladesh |
Domestic violence |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
M-CTS |
Organizational |
Single item |
NS |
Padilla-Walker7575. Padilla-Walker LM, Bean RA, Hsieh AL. The role of parenting and personal characteristics on deviant peer association among European American and Latino adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2011;33:2034-42. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
1,629 |
Adolescents |
Both |
16.08 (1.09) |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
Protective |
Park7676. Park S, Morash M, Stevens T. Gender differences in predictors of assaultive behavior in late adolescence. Youth Violence Juv Justice. 2010;8:314-31. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
2,895 |
Adolescents |
Both |
12-13 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking |
Single item |
Organizational |
Single item |
Protective |
Peek7777. Peek CW, Curry EW, Chalfant HP. Religiosity and delinquency over time - deviance deterrence and deviance amplification. Soc Sci Q. 1985;66:120-31. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
1,545 |
Adolescents |
Male |
Sophomore, junior, senior years |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Assaulting parents |
Single item |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective |
Peek7878. Peek CW, Fischer JL, Kidwell JS. Teenage violence toward parents - a neglected dimension of family violence. J Marriage Fam. 1985;47:1051-8. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
817 |
Adolescents |
Male |
Sophomore, junior, senior years |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking |
Items combined |
Organizational |
Items combined |
Protective (W1)Protective (W2) |
Pickering7979. Pickering LE, Vazsonyi AT. Does family process mediate the effect of religiosity on adolescent deviance? Revisiting the Notion of Spuriousness. Crim Justice Behav. 2010;37:97-118. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
865 |
Adolescents |
Both |
16.4 (1.2) |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking |
Items combined |
Non-organizational intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective (Bible reading) NS (attendance, salience, relational practice) |
Pitel8080. Pitel L, Madarasova Geckova A, Kolarcik P, Halama P, Reijneveld SA, van Dijk JP. Gender differences in the relationship between religiosity and health-related behaviour among adolescents. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66:1122-8. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
1,784 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
15.48 (0.45) |
Slovakia |
Physical aggression |
Fighting |
Single item |
Intrinsic |
Single item |
NS NS |
Pournaghash8181. Pournaghash-Tehrani S, Ehsan HB, Gholami S. Assessment of the role of religious tendency in domestic violence. Psychol Rep. 2009;105:675-84. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
180 |
Couples |
Both |
25-45 |
Iran |
Domestic violence |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
ADV |
Non-organizational, intrinsic |
Islamic Religious Tendency Scale, items combined |
Protective (beliefs, practices, activities)Risk (religious disorganization) |
Powell8282. Powell KB. Correlates of violent and nonviolent behavior among vulnerable inner-city youths. Fam Community Health. 1997;20:38-47. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
521 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
5-11th grades |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting |
Single item |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective |
Purwono8383. Purwono U, French DC, Eisenberg N, Christ S. Religiosity and effortful control as predictors of antisocial behavior in Muslim Indonesian adolescents: moderation and mediation models. Psycholog Relig Spiritual. 2019;11:55-64. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
238 |
Adolescents |
Both |
15-18 |
Indonesia |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective |
René8484. René DD, Duane CM, Allen K, Baltzar A, McCoy CB. Protective effects of religion: drug use, HIV risk, and violence research in support of current health policy initiatives. J Addict Nurs. 2001;13:83-93. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
1,271 |
General |
Both |
> 18 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Items combined |
Organizational non-organizational |
Single item |
NS (self-perception and intentionally)Protective (attendance) |
Resnick8585. Resnick MD, Ireland M, Borowsky I. Youth violence perpetration: what protects? What predicts? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. J Adolesc Health. 2004;35:424.e1-10. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
13,110 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
7-12th grades |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Non-organizational |
NR |
Protective (female)NR (male) |
Sadeghifard8686. Sadeghifard YZ, Veisani Y, Mohamadian F, Azizifar A, Naghipour S, Aibod S. Relationship between aggression and individual resilience with the mediating role of spirituality in academic students - a path analysis. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:2. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
1,345 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
18-28 |
Iran |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
BPAQ |
Spirituality |
SAI |
NS |
Salas-Wright8787. Salas-Wright CP, Olate R, Vaughn MG, Tran TV. Direct and mediated associations between religious coping, spirituality, and youth violence in El Salvador. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;34:183-9. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
290 |
Children, adolescents and young adults |
Both |
11-25 |
El Salvador |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, homicide |
NR |
Intrinsic spirituality |
CRC, ISS |
Protective (religiosity)Protective (spirituality) |
Salas-Wright2020. Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG, Maynard BR. Religiosity and violence among adolescents in the United States: findings from the national survey on drug use and health 2006-2010. J Interpers Violence. 2014;29:1178-200. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
90,047 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
12-17 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Single item |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
Protective (attendance)Protective (beliefs)Protective (participation in religious groups) |
Salas-Wright8888. Salas-Wright CP, Tirmazi T, Lombe M, Nebbitt VE. Religiosity and antisocial behavior: evidence from young African American women in public housing communities. Soc Work Res. 2015;39:82-93. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
138 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Female |
13-24 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting |
Single item |
Non-organizational intrinsic |
SCSORF |
Protective (severe attacks) NS (fights) |
Salas-Wright8989. Salas-Wright CP, Lombe M, Nebbitt VE, Saltzman LY, Tirmazi T. Self-efficacy, religiosity, and crime: profiles of African American youth in urban housing communities. Vict Offender. 2018;13:84-101. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
236 |
Children, adolescents and young adults |
Both |
12-25 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
NR |
Non-organizational intrinsic |
SCSORF |
NS |
Schuster9090. Schuster I, Krahé B. Predictors of sexual aggression perpetration among male and female college students: cross-cultural evidence from Chile and Turkey. Sex Abuse. 2019;31:318-43. |
Longitudinal |
Yes |
1,593 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
18-30 |
Chile and Turkey |
Sexual aggression |
Sexual coercion, unwanted sex, rape |
SAV-S |
Intrinsic |
Single item |
Protective (Chileans W1) NS (Chilenas W2 and Turkish W1/W2) |
Sealock9191. Sealock MD, Manasse M. An uneven playing field: the impact of strain and coping skills on treatment outcomes for juvenile offenders. J Crim Justice. 2012;40:238-48. |
Longitudinal |
No |
298 |
Adolescents |
Both |
13-17 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Spirituality |
Items combined |
NS (W1) Protective (W2) |
Shepperd9292. Shepperd JA, Miller WA, Smith CT. Religiousness and aggression in adolescents: the mediating roles of self-control and compassion. Aggress Behav. 2015;41:608-21. |
Longitudinal |
No |
1,162 |
Adolescents |
Both |
15-19 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
RCRQ |
Intrinsic |
RCI |
Protective (W2)Protective (W3) |
Sinha9393. Sinha JW, Cnaan RA, Gelles RJ. Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: findings from a national study. J Adolesc. 2007;30:231-49. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
2,004 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
11-18 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Single item |
Intrinsic |
Single item |
NS (attendance and participation)protective (salience) |
Sloane9494. Sloane DM, Potvin RH. Religion and delinquency: cutting through the maze. Soc Forces. 1986;65:87-105. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
1,121 |
Adolescents |
Both |
13-18 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Fighting |
Single item |
Non-organizational intrinsic |
Single item |
NS (non-organizational)protective (intrinsic) |
Solinas-Saunders9595. Solinas-Saunders M, Stacer MJ. Prison resources and physical/verbal assault in prison: a comparison of male and female inmates. Vict Offender. 2012;7:279-311. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
14,499 |
Inmates |
Both |
16-84 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting |
Single item |
Non-organizational |
Single item |
NS |
Stevens9696. Stevens DL, Hardy SA. Individual, family, and peer predictors of violence among Samoan adolescents. Youth Soc. 2011;45:428-49. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
310 |
Adolescents |
Both |
13-19 |
Polynesia |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Proactive-Reactive Aggression Questionnaire |
Non-organizational |
RCI |
Protective |
Todhunter9797. Todhunter RG, Deaton J. The relationship between religious and spiritual factors and the perpetration of intimate personal violence. J Fam Violence. 2010;25:745-53. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
1,507 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Male |
18-26 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats, sexual coercion |
NR |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
NS |
Tomaszewska9898. Tomaszewska P, Krahé B. Predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among Polish university students: a longitudinal study. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47:493-505. |
Longitudinal |
No |
318 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
19.7 (1.03) |
Poland |
Sexual aggression |
Sexual coercion, unwanted sex, rape |
SAV-S |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
NS (W1) NS (W2) |
Tyler9999. Tyler KA, Kort-Butler LA, Swendener A. The effect of victimization, mental health, and protective factors on crime and illicit drug use among homeless young adults. Violence Vict. 2014;29:348-62. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
172 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
19-26 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
NS |
Tzamalouka100100. Tzamalouka GS, Parlalis SK, Soultatou P, Papadakaki M, Chliaoutakis JE. Applying the concept of lifestyle in association with aggression and violence in Greek cohabitating couples. Aggress Behav. 2007;33:73-85. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
1,122 |
General |
Both |
18-65 |
Greece |
Physical aggressionsexual aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats, rape, forced sex |
Items combined |
Non-organizational |
Items combined |
Protective (physical aggression) Protective (sexual aggression) |
Velazquez101101. Velazquez HA, Pedroza F, Chaine SM, Chaparro A, Torres NB. Risk and proactive factors for aggresive behavior, and its generalization in a sample of Mexican school children. Salud Ment. 2002;25:27-40. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
345 |
Children and adolescents |
Both |
1-6th grades |
Mexico |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
CAS |
Organizational |
Escala del Ambiente Social Familiar |
Protective |
Weber102102. Weber D, Robinson Kurpius S. The importance of self-beliefs on relational aggression of college students. J Interpers Violence. 2011;26:2735-43. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
457 |
Adolescents and young adults |
Both |
18-23 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
RAS |
Intrinsic |
FMS |
NS |
Wolf103103. Wolf JP, Kepple NJ. Individual- and county-level religious participation, corporal punishment, and physical abuse of children: an exploratory study. J Interpers Violence. 2019;34:3983-94. |
Cross-sectional |
Yes |
3,023 |
Children |
Both |
< 12 |
United States |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, hitting, threats |
PCTSPC |
Organizational |
Single item |
Risk |
Yun104104. Yun I, Lee J. The relationship between religiosity and deviance among adolescents in a religiously pluralistic society. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2017;61:1739-59. |
Cross-sectional |
No |
4,864 |
General |
Both |
15.15 (1.61) |
South Korea |
Physical aggression |
Attacking, fighting, threats |
Items combined |
Intrinsic |
Items combined |
NS |