Cryptosporidiosis is one of the main protozoan infections in birds. It manifests as either a respiratory or a digestive illness, and it affects a very large number of avian species across several continents. The aim of this review is to report on the main results of studies on cryptosporidiosis among birds and the importance of these results to veterinary medicine and public health.
Cryptosporidium spp.; wild birds; poultry
| Species/genotype | Host Order | Site of infection | Gene target | Geographic origin | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cryptosporidium baileyi | Anseriformes, Cathartiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Passeriformes, Piciformes, Psittaciformes, Strigiformes, Struthioniformes | Bursa of Fabricius, conjunctiva, kidneys, respiratory tract, cloaca, rectum | 18S rRNA, Actin, HSP-70, COWP | Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America |
Morgan et al. (2001)Morgan UM, Monis PT, Xiao L, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Raidal S, et al. Molecular and phylogenetic characterisation of from birds. CryptosporidiumInt J Parasitol 2001; 31(3): 289-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00164-8. PMid:11226456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)... , Ryan et al. (2003b)Ryan U, Xiao L, Read C, Zhou L, Lal AA, Pavlásek I. Identification of novel genotypes from the Czech Republic. CryptosporidiumAppl Environ Microbiol 2003b; 69(7): 4302-4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.4302-4307.2003. PMid:12839819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.4302-... , Chvala et al. (2006)Chvala S, Fragner K, Hackl R, Hess M, Weissenböck H. infection in domestic geese (. CryptosporidiumAnser anser f. domestica) detected by in-situ hybridizationJ Comp Pathol 2006; 134(2-3): 211-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.11.002. PMid:16615936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.11... , Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... , Huber et al. (2007)Huber F, da Silva S, Bomfim TCB, Teixeira KRS, Bello AR. Genotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of sp. from domestic animals in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2007; 150(1-2): 65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.018. PMid:17905514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.... , Van Zeeland et al. (2008)van Zeeland YRA, Schoemaker NJ, Kik MJL, van der Giessen JWB. Upper respiratory tract infection caused by Cryptosporidium in three mixed-bred falcons ( x . baileyiFalco rusticolusFalco cherrug)Avian Dis 2008; 52(2): 357-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8121-100207-Case.1. PMid:18646471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8121-100207-Ca... , Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... , Molina-López et al. (2010)Molina-Lopez RA, Ramis A, Martín-Vazquez S, Gómez-Couso H, Ares-Mazas E, Cacciò SM, et al. Cryptosporidium baileyiinfection associated with an outbreak of ocular and respiratory disease in otus owls () in a rehabilitation centre. Otus scopsAvian Pathol 2010; 39(3): 171-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079451003717589. PMid:20544422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079451003717... , Sevá et al. (2011)Sevá AP, Funada MR, Richtzenhain L, Guimarães MB, Souza SO, Allegretti L, et al. Genotyping of spp. from free-living wild birds from Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2011; 175(1-2): 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.031. PMid:21035268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.... , Qi et al. (2011)Qi M, Wang R, Ning C, Li X, Zhang L, Jian F, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128(4): 336-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.003. PMid:21557938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011... , Wang et al. (2011)Wang R, Qi M, Jingjing Z, Sun D, Ning C, Zhao J, et al. Prevalence of in ostriches (Cryptosporidium baileyiStruthio camelus) in Zhengzhou, China. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175(1-2): 151-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.005. PMid:21030152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.... , Coldwell et al. (2012)Coldwell L, Caldow G, Holliman A, Mearns R, Errington H, Giles M, et al. Cryptospordium baileyi in wild red grouse with ‘bulgy eye’. Vet Rec 2012; 170(23): 603-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.e3940. PMid:22696475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.e3940... , Schulze et al. (2012)Schulze C, Kämmerling J, Kutzer P, Engelhardt A, Richter B. baileyi - infection in Red-breasted Merganser (. CryptosporidiumMergus serrator) ducklings from a zoological gardenBerl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2012; 125(9-10): 428-431. PMid:23045806., Wang et al. (2012)Wang R, Wang F, Zhao J, Qi M, Ning C, Zhang L, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in quails () in Henan, China: molecular characterization and public health significance. Coturnix coturnix japonicaVet Parasitol 2012; 187(3-4): 534-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.002. PMid:22377447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.... , Baroudi et al. (2013)Baroudi D, Khelef D, Goucem R, Adjou KT, Adamu H, Zhang H, et al. Common occurrence of zoonotic pathogen in broiler chickens and turkeys in Algeria. Cryptosporidium meleagridisVet Parasitol 2013; 196(3-4): 334-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.022. PMid:23498647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.... , Bougiouklis et al. (2013)Bougiouklis PA, Weissenböck H, Wells A, Miller WA, Palmieri C, Shivaprasad HL. Otitis media associated with Cryptosporidium baileyi in a Saker falcon (). Falco cherrugJ Comp Pathol 2013; 148(4): 419-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.09.005. PMid:23123131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.09... , Nakamura et al. (2014)Nakamura AA, Homem CG, Silva AMJ, Meireles MV. Diagnosis of gastric cryptosporidiosis in birds using a duplex real-time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205(1-2): 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.033. PMid:25155280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.... , Qi et al. (2014)Qi M, Huang L, Wang R, Xiao L, Xu L, Li J, et al. Natural infection of in ostriches (Cryptosporidium murisStruthio camelus). Vet Parasitol 2014; 205(3-4): 518-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.035. PMid:25178556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.... , Wang et al. (2014b)Wang L, Xue X, Li J, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Du A. Cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China: molecular characterization of oocysts detected in fecal samples. Parasite 2014b; 21: 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014035. PMid:25075975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/20140... , Li et al. (2015)Li J, Lin X, Zhang L, Qi N, Liao S, Lv M, et al. Molecular characterization of spp. in domestic pigeons (CryptosporidiumColumba livia domestica) in Guangdong Province, Southern China. Parasitol Res 2015; 114(6): 2237-2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4415-1. PMid:25773186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-441... , Máca & Pavlásek (2015)Máca O, Pavlásek I. First finding of spontaneous infections with Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. meleagridisin the red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa from an aviary in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209(3-4): 164-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.003. PMid:25814162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.... |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | Columbiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Psittaciformes | Small intestine, large intestine | 18S rRNA, Actin, HSP-70, COWP, GP60 | Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, North America, South America |
Morgan et al. (2000)Morgan UM, Xiao L, Limor J, Gelis S, Raidal SR, Fayer R, et al. Cryptosporidium meleagridis in an Indian ring-necked parrot (). Psittacula krameriAust Vet J 2000; 78(3): 182-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10589.x. PMid:10860158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.20... , Morgan et al. (2001)Morgan UM, Monis PT, Xiao L, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Raidal S, et al. Molecular and phylogenetic characterisation of from birds. CryptosporidiumInt J Parasitol 2001; 31(3): 289-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00164-8. PMid:11226456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)... , Ryan et al. (2003b)Ryan U, Xiao L, Read C, Zhou L, Lal AA, Pavlásek I. Identification of novel genotypes from the Czech Republic. CryptosporidiumAppl Environ Microbiol 2003b; 69(7): 4302-4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.4302-4307.2003. PMid:12839819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.4302-... , Huber et al. (2007)Huber F, da Silva S, Bomfim TCB, Teixeira KRS, Bello AR. Genotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of sp. from domestic animals in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2007; 150(1-2): 65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.018. PMid:17905514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.... , Pagès-Manté et al. (2007)Pagès-Manté A, Pagès-Bosch M, Majó-Masferrer N, Gómez-Couso H, Ares-Mazás E. An outbreak of disease associated with cryptosporidia on a red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) game farm. Avian Pathol 2007; 36(4): 275-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450701439389. PMid:17620172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450701439... , Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... , Qi et al. (2011)Qi M, Wang R, Ning C, Li X, Zhang L, Jian F, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128(4): 336-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.003. PMid:21557938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011... , Silverlås et al. (2012)Silverlås C, Mattsson JG, Insulander M, Lebbad M. Zoonotic transmission of on an organic Swedish farm. CryptosporidiummeleagridisInt J Parasitol 2012; 42(11): 963-967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.08.008. PMid:23022616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.... , Wang et al. (2012)Wang R, Wang F, Zhao J, Qi M, Ning C, Zhang L, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in quails () in Henan, China: molecular characterization and public health significance. Coturnix coturnix japonicaVet Parasitol 2012; 187(3-4): 534-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.002. PMid:22377447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.... , Baroudi et al. (2013)Baroudi D, Khelef D, Goucem R, Adjou KT, Adamu H, Zhang H, et al. Common occurrence of zoonotic pathogen in broiler chickens and turkeys in Algeria. Cryptosporidium meleagridisVet Parasitol 2013; 196(3-4): 334-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.022. PMid:23498647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.... , Wang et al. (2014b)Wang L, Xue X, Li J, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Du A. Cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China: molecular characterization of oocysts detected in fecal samples. Parasite 2014b; 21: 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014035. PMid:25075975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/20140... , Li et al. (2015)Li J, Lin X, Zhang L, Qi N, Liao S, Lv M, et al. Molecular characterization of spp. in domestic pigeons (CryptosporidiumColumba livia domestica) in Guangdong Province, Southern China. Parasitol Res 2015; 114(6): 2237-2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4415-1. PMid:25773186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-441... , Máca & Pavlásek (2015)Máca O, Pavlásek I. First finding of spontaneous infections with Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. meleagridisin the red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa from an aviary in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209(3-4): 164-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.003. PMid:25814162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.... , Reboredo-Fernández et al. (2015)Reboredo-Fernández A, Ares-Mazás E, Cacciò SM, Gómez-Couso H. Occurrence of and in wild birds in Galicia (Northwest Spain). GiardiaCryptosporidiumParasitology 2015; 142(7): 917-925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182015000049. PMid:25669618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182015000... |
| Cryptosporidium galli | Bucerotiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Psittaciformes, Phoenicopteriformes | Proventriculus | 18S rRNA, Actin, HSP-70 | Asia, Europe, Oceania, South America |
Ryan et al. (2003a)Ryan UM, Xiao L, Read C, Sulaiman IM, Monis P, Lal AA, et al. A redescription of . Cryptosporidiumgalli Pavlasek, 1999 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from birdsJ Parasitol 2003a; 89(4): 809-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-74RI. PMid:14533694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-74RI... , Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... , Antunes et al. (2008)Antunes RG, Simões DC, Nakamura AA, Meireles MV. Natural infection with Cryptosporidiumgalli in canaries (Serinuscanaria), in a cockatiel ( hollandicus), and in lesser seed-finches ( ) from Brazil. NymphicusOryzoborusangolensisAvian Dis 2008; 52(4): 702-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8356-051208-Case.1. PMid:19166068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8356-051208-Ca... , Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... , Silva et al. (2010)Silva DC, Homem CG, Nakamura AA, Teixeira WF, Perri SH, Meireles MV. Physical, epidemiological, and molecular evaluation of infection by Cryptosporidium in Passeriformes. galliParasitol Res 2010; 107(2): 271-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1858-2. PMid:20407911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-185... , Sevá et al. (2011)Sevá AP, Funada MR, Richtzenhain L, Guimarães MB, Souza SO, Allegretti L, et al. Genotyping of spp. from free-living wild birds from Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2011; 175(1-2): 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.031. PMid:21035268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.... , Qi et al. (2011)Qi M, Wang R, Ning C, Li X, Zhang L, Jian F, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128(4): 336-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.003. PMid:21557938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011... , Nakamura et al. (2014)Nakamura AA, Homem CG, Silva AMJ, Meireles MV. Diagnosis of gastric cryptosporidiosis in birds using a duplex real-time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205(1-2): 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.033. PMid:25155280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.... |
| Avian genotype I | Galliformes, Passeriformes | nd | 18S rRNA, Actin | Oceania, South America |
Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... , Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... |
| Avian genotype II | Galliformes, Psittaciformes, Struthioniformes, | Cloaca, rectum, bursa of Fabricius | 18S rRNA, Actin, HSP-70 | Asia, Oceania, South America |
Santos et al. (2005)Santos MMAB, Peiró JR, Meireles MV. Cryptosporidiuminfection in ostriches (. Struthio camelus) in Brazil: clinical, morphological and molecular studiesBraz J Poult Sci 2005; 7(2): 113-117., Meireles et al. (2006)Meireles MV, Soares RM, Santos MM, Gennari SM. Biological studies and molecular characterization of a C isolate from ostriches (ryptosporidiumStruthio camelus). J Parasitol 2006; 92(3): 623-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2006)92[623:BSAMCO]2.0.CO;2. PMid:16884009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2006... , Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... , Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... , Sevá et al. (2011)Sevá AP, Funada MR, Richtzenhain L, Guimarães MB, Souza SO, Allegretti L, et al. Genotyping of spp. from free-living wild birds from Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2011; 175(1-2): 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.031. PMid:21035268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.... , Nguyen et al. (2013)Nguyen ST, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Huynh VV, Nguyen DT, Nakai Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in ostriches () on a farm in central Vietnam. Struthio camelusExp Parasitol 2013; 133(1): 8-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.010. PMid:23142549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012... , Wang et al. (2014b)Wang L, Xue X, Li J, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Du A. Cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China: molecular characterization of oocysts detected in fecal samples. Parasite 2014b; 21: 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014035. PMid:25075975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/20140... |
| Avian genotype III | Passeriformes, Psittaciformes, | Proventriculus | 18S rRNA, Actin, HSP-70, COWP | Asia, Oceania, North America, South America |
Abe & Makino (2010)Abe N, Makino I. Multilocus genotypic analysis of isolates from cockatiels, Japan. CryptosporidiumParasitol Res 2010; 106(6): 1491-1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1810-5. PMid:20339870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-181... , Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... , Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... , Makino et al. (2010)Makino I, Abe N, Reavill DR. Cryptosporidium avian genotype III as a possible causative agent of chronic vomiting in peach-faced lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis). Avian Dis 2010; 54(3): 1102-1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/9227-123009-Case.1. PMid:20945797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/9227-123009-Ca... , Qi et al. (2011)Qi M, Wang R, Ning C, Li X, Zhang L, Jian F, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128(4): 336-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.003. PMid:21557938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011... , Gomes et al. (2012)Gomes RS, Huber F, da Silva S, do Bomfim TC. spp. parasitize exotic birds that are commercialized in markets, commercial aviaries, and pet shops. CryptosporidiumParasitol Res 2012; 110(4): 1363-1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2636-5. PMid:21922240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-263... , Nakamura et al. (2014)Nakamura AA, Homem CG, Silva AMJ, Meireles MV. Diagnosis of gastric cryptosporidiosis in birds using a duplex real-time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205(1-2): 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.033. PMid:25155280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.... , Ravich et al. (2014)Ravich ML, Reavill DR, Hess L, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX Jr. Gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis in captive psittacine birds in the United States: a case review. J Avian Med Surg 2014; 28(4): 297-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-28.4.297. PMid:25843467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-28.4... |
| Avian genotype IV | Psittaciformes | nd | 18S rRNA | Europe |
Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... |
| Avian genotype V | Psittaciformes | nd | 18S rRNA, actin, HSP-70 | Asia, South America |
Abe & Makino (2010)Abe N, Makino I. Multilocus genotypic analysis of isolates from cockatiels, Japan. CryptosporidiumParasitol Res 2010; 106(6): 1491-1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1810-5. PMid:20339870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-181... , Qi et al. (2011)Qi M, Wang R, Ning C, Li X, Zhang L, Jian F, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128(4): 336-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.003. PMid:21557938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011... , Nakamura et al. (2014)Nakamura AA, Homem CG, Silva AMJ, Meireles MV. Diagnosis of gastric cryptosporidiosis in birds using a duplex real-time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205(1-2): 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.033. PMid:25155280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.... |
| Goose genotypes I-V | Anserifornes | nd | 18S rRNA | North America |
Jellison et al. (2004)Jellison KL, Distel DL, Hemond HF, Schauer DB. Phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene of oocysts in feces of Canada geese (CryptosporidiumBranta canadensis): evidence for five novel genotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70(1): 452-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.1.452-458.2004. PMid:14711674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.1.452-4... , Zhou et al. (2004)Zhou L, Kassa H, Tischler ML, Xiao L. Host-adapted spp. in Canada geese (CryptosporidiumBranta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70(7): 4211-4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4211-4215.2004. PMid:15240303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4211-... |
| Black duck genotype | Anseriformes | nd | 18S rRNA | Oceania |
Morgan et al. (2001)Morgan UM, Monis PT, Xiao L, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Raidal S, et al. Molecular and phylogenetic characterisation of from birds. CryptosporidiumInt J Parasitol 2001; 31(3): 289-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00164-8. PMid:11226456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)... |
| Eurasian Woodcock genotype | Charadriiformes | Proventriculus | 18S rRNA, HSP-70 | Europe |
Ryan et al. (2003b)Ryan U, Xiao L, Read C, Zhou L, Lal AA, Pavlásek I. Identification of novel genotypes from the Czech Republic. CryptosporidiumAppl Environ Microbiol 2003b; 69(7): 4302-4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.4302-4307.2003. PMid:12839819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.7.4302-... |
| Cryptosporidium andersoni | Galliformes | nd | 18S rRNA, Actin | Europe |
Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... |
| Cryptosporidium muris | Caprimulgiformes, Struthioniformes | nd | 18S rRNA, HSP-70, Actin | Asia, Europe |
Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... , Qi et al. (2014)Qi M, Huang L, Wang R, Xiao L, Xu L, Li J, et al. Natural infection of in ostriches (Cryptosporidium murisStruthio camelus). Vet Parasitol 2014; 205(3-4): 518-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.035. PMid:25178556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.... |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | Accipitriformes, Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Psittaciformes | Small intestine, caecum | TRAP-C2, beta-tubulin,18S rRNA, COWP | Asia, Europe, North America, South America |
Graczyk et al. (1998)Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Trout JM, Lewis EJ, Farley CA, Sulaiman I, et al. Giardia sp. cysts and infectious oocysts in the feces of migratory Canada geese (). Cryptosporidium parvumBranta canadensisAppl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64(7): 2736-2738. PMid:9647860., Zhou et al. (2004)Zhou L, Kassa H, Tischler ML, Xiao L. Host-adapted spp. in Canada geese (CryptosporidiumBranta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70(7): 4211-4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4211-4215.2004. PMid:15240303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4211-... , Zylan et al. (2008)Zylan K, Bailey T, Smith HV, Silvanose C, Kinne J, Schuster RK, et al. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a collection of Stone curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus) in Dubai. Avian Pathol 2008; 37(5): 521-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450802357019 PMid:18798028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450802357... , McEvoy & Giddings (2009)McEvoy JM, Giddings CW. in commercially produced turkeys on-farm and postslaughter. CryptosporidiumLett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48(3): 302-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02516.x. PMid:19187504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.20... , Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... , Gomes et al. (2012)Gomes RS, Huber F, da Silva S, do Bomfim TC. spp. parasitize exotic birds that are commercialized in markets, commercial aviaries, and pet shops. CryptosporidiumParasitol Res 2012; 110(4): 1363-1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2636-5. PMid:21922240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-263... , Reboredo-Fernández et al. (2015)Reboredo-Fernández A, Ares-Mazás E, Cacciò SM, Gómez-Couso H. Occurrence of and in wild birds in Galicia (Northwest Spain). GiardiaCryptosporidiumParasitology 2015; 142(7): 917-925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182015000049. PMid:25669618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182015000... |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | Anseriformes | nd | 18S rRNA | North America |
Zhou et al. (2004)Zhou L, Kassa H, Tischler ML, Xiao L. Host-adapted spp. in Canada geese (CryptosporidiumBranta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70(7): 4211-4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4211-4215.2004. PMid:15240303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.7.4211-... |
| Host species | Geographic origin | Species/genotype | % positive for Cryptosporidium spp. (No. positive/No. sampled) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alectoris rufa | Czech Republic | C. baileyi, C. meleagridis | 22 (145/663) |
Máca & Pavlásek (2015)Máca O, Pavlásek I. First finding of spontaneous infections with Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. meleagridisin the red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa from an aviary in the Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209(3-4): 164-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.003. PMid:25814162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.... |
| Anas platyrhynchos | China | C. baileyi | 16.6 (92/564) |
Wang et al. (2010)Wang R, Jian F, Sun Y, Hu Q, Zhu J, Wang F, et al. Large-scale survey of spp. in chickens and Pekin ducks (CryptosporidiumAnas platyrhynchos) in Henan, China: prevalence and molecular characterization. Avian Pathol 2010; 39(6): 447-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2010.518314. PMid:21154053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2010.... |
| Columba livia domestica | Iran | Cryptosporidiumspp. | 2.94 (3/102) |
Radfar et al. (2012)Radfar MH, Asl EN, Seghinsara HR, Dehaghi MM, Fathi S. Biodiversity and prevalence of parasites of domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in a selected semiarid zone of South Khorasan, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44(2): 225-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-0002-3. PMid:22081317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-000... |
| China | C. baileyi, C. meleagridis | 0.8 (2/244) |
Li et al. (2015)Li J, Lin X, Zhang L, Qi N, Liao S, Lv M, et al. Molecular characterization of spp. in domestic pigeons (CryptosporidiumColumba livia domestica) in Guangdong Province, Southern China. Parasitol Res 2015; 114(6): 2237-2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4415-1. PMid:25773186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-441... |
|
| Coturnix coturnix japonica | C. baileyi, C. meleagridis | 13.1 (239/1818) |
Wang et al. (2012)Wang R, Wang F, Zhao J, Qi M, Ning C, Zhang L, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in quails () in Henan, China: molecular characterization and public health significance. Coturnix coturnix japonicaVet Parasitol 2012; 187(3-4): 534-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.002. PMid:22377447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.... |
|
| Gallus gallus domesticus | China | C. baileyi, C. meleagridis | 8.9 (179/2015) |
Wang et al. (2010)Wang R, Jian F, Sun Y, Hu Q, Zhu J, Wang F, et al. Large-scale survey of spp. in chickens and Pekin ducks (CryptosporidiumAnas platyrhynchos) in Henan, China: prevalence and molecular characterization. Avian Pathol 2010; 39(6): 447-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2010.518314. PMid:21154053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2010.... |
| Algeria | C. baileyi, C. meleagridis | 34.4 (31/90) |
Baroudi et al. (2013)Baroudi D, Khelef D, Goucem R, Adjou KT, Adamu H, Zhang H, et al. Common occurrence of zoonotic pathogen in broiler chickens and turkeys in Algeria. Cryptosporidium meleagridisVet Parasitol 2013; 196(3-4): 334-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.022. PMid:23498647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.... |
|
| China | Avian genotype II, C. baileyi, C. meleagridis | 9.87 (38/385) |
Wang et al. (2014b)Wang L, Xue X, Li J, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Du A. Cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China: molecular characterization of oocysts detected in fecal samples. Parasite 2014b; 21: 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014035. PMid:25075975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/20140... |
|
| Meleagris gallopavo | Iran | Cryptosporidiumspp. | 35.3 (17/60) |
Gharagozlou et al. (2006)Gharagozlou MJ, Dezfoulian O, Rahbari S, Bokaie S, Jahanzad I, Razavi ANE. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in turkeys in Iran. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2006; 53(6): 282-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00843.x. PMid:16901269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.20... |
| USA | C. parvum | 6.3 (5/79) |
McEvoy & Giddings (2009)McEvoy JM, Giddings CW. in commercially produced turkeys on-farm and postslaughter. CryptosporidiumLett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48(3): 302-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02516.x. PMid:19187504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.20... |
|
| Algeria | C. meleagridis | 43.9 (25/57) |
Baroudi et al. (2013)Baroudi D, Khelef D, Goucem R, Adjou KT, Adamu H, Zhang H, et al. Common occurrence of zoonotic pathogen in broiler chickens and turkeys in Algeria. Cryptosporidium meleagridisVet Parasitol 2013; 196(3-4): 334-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.022. PMid:23498647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.... |
|
| Several species |
Australia | Avian genotypes I, II, III, C. andersoni, C. baileyi, C. galli, C. muris | 6.25 (27/430) |
Ng et al. (2006)Ng J, Pavlasek I, Ryan U. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72(12): 7548-7553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06. PMid:17028234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01352-06... |
| Brazil | Avian genotypes I, II, III, C. baileyi, C. galli, C. meleagridis, C. parvum | 4.86 (47/966) |
Nakamura et al. (2009)Nakamura AA, Simões DC, Antunes RG, Silva DC, Meireles MV. Molecular characterization of spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2009; 166(1-2): 47-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.033. PMid:19683397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.... |
|
| China | Avian genotypes I, II, III, V, C. baileyi, C. galli, C. meleagridis, C. parvum | 8.1 (35/434) |
Qi et al. (2011)Qi M, Wang R, Ning C, Li X, Zhang L, Jian F, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128(4): 336-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.003. PMid:21557938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2011... |
|
| Brazil | Avian genotype II, C. baileyi, C. galli | 6.6 (16/242) |
Sevá et al. (2011)Sevá AP, Funada MR, Richtzenhain L, Guimarães MB, Souza SO, Allegretti L, et al. Genotyping of spp. from free-living wild birds from Brazil. CryptosporidiumVet Parasitol 2011; 175(1-2): 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.031. PMid:21035268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.... |
|
| Nigeria | Cryptosporidiumspp. | 7.4 (66/890) | Bamaiyi et al. (2013)Bamaiyi PH, Umoh JU, Abdu PA, Lawal IA. The prevalence of oocysts in Zaria, Nigeria. CryptosporidiumBorneo J Resour Sci Tech 2013; 2(2): 52-59. | |
| Spain | C. meleagridis, C. parvum | 8.3 (36/433) |
Reboredo-Fernández et al. (2015)Reboredo-Fernández A, Ares-Mazás E, Cacciò SM, Gómez-Couso H. Occurrence of and in wild birds in Galicia (Northwest Spain). GiardiaCryptosporidiumParasitology 2015; 142(7): 917-925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182015000049. PMid:25669618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182015000... |
|
| Struthio camelus | Brazil | Cryptosporidiumspp. | 44.4 (50/77) | Oliveira et al. (2008)Oliveira FCR, Ederli NB, Ederli BB, Albuquerque MC, Santos MD. [Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) in ostriches, L., 1758 (Aves, Struthionidae) reared in North and Lowered Coastline regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Struthio camelusRev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008;17(1 Suppl 1): 322-325. PMid:20059869. |
| China | C. baileyi | 11.7 (53/452) |
Wang et al. (2011)Wang R, Qi M, Jingjing Z, Sun D, Ning C, Zhao J, et al. Prevalence of in ostriches (Cryptosporidium baileyiStruthio camelus) in Zhengzhou, China. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175(1-2): 151-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.005. PMid:21030152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.... |
|
| Vietnam | Avian genotype II | 23.7 (110/464) |
Nguyen et al. (2013)Nguyen ST, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Huynh VV, Nguyen DT, Nakai Y. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in ostriches () on a farm in central Vietnam. Struthio camelusExp Parasitol 2013; 133(1): 8-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.010. PMid:23142549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012... |
|
| China | C. baileyi, C. muris | 10.2 (31/303) |
Qi et al. (2014)Qi M, Huang L, Wang R, Xiao L, Xu L, Li J, et al. Natural infection of in ostriches (Cryptosporidium murisStruthio camelus). Vet Parasitol 2014; 205(3-4): 518-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.035. PMid:25178556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.... |
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