Acaricides
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Organophosphates |
Acetylcholinesterase |
Inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase at cholinergic synapses and at muscle end plates. |
MacDonald (1995)MacDonald JM. Flea control: an overview of treatment concepts for North America. Vet Dermatol 1995; 6(3): 121-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1995.tb00055.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.19...
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Pyrethroids |
Voltage-gated Na+-channel |
Prolonged opening of sodium channels in nerve, muscle and other excitable cells. |
Catterall (2001)Catterall WA. Structural biology: a 3D view of sodium channels. Nature 2001; 409(6823): 988-991. PMid:11234048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059188 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059188...
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Phenylpyrazoles |
GABA receptor |
Blocking transmission of signals by the inhibitory neu-rotransmitter, GABA. The compound binds within the chloride channel and consequently inhibits the flux of Cl– ions into the nerve cell. |
Cole et al. (1993)Cole LM, Nicholson RA, Casida JE. Action of phenylpyrazole insecticides at the GABA-gated Chloride channel. Pestic Biochem Physiol 1993; 46(1): 47-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1993.1035 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1993.1035...
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Benzoylphenyl urea |
Chitin formation |
Chitin synthesis inhibitors. |
Spindler et al. (1990)Spindler KD, Spindler-Barth M, Londershausen M. Chitin metabolism: a target for drugs against parasites. Parasitol Res 1990; 76(4): 283-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928180 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928180...
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Formamidines |
Octopamine receptors |
Agonism of octopamine receptors. |
Evans and Gee (1980)Evans PD, Gee JD. Action of formamidine pesticides on octopamine receptors. Nature 1980; 287(5777): 60-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287060a0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/287060a0...
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Macrocyclic lactones
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Avermectins |
Glutamate-gated Cl–-channel |
Blocking nerve signals by interfering with the glutamate-gated chlorid (GluCl) channel receptors |
Martin et al. (2002)Martin RJ, Robertson AP, Wolstenholme AJ. Mode of action of the macrocyclic lactones. In: Vercruysse J, Rew RS, editors. Macrocyclic Lactones in Antiparasitic Therapy. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2002. p. 125-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851996172.0125 http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851996172....
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Milbemycins |
Glutamate-gated Cl–-channel |
High affinity for the glutamate-gated ion channels in close proximity to GABA-gated chloride channels. |
Lumaret et al. (2012)Lumaret JP, Errouissi F, Floate K, Römbke J, Wardhaugh K. A review on the toxicity and non-target effects of macrocyclic lactones in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13(6): 1004-1060. PMid:22039795 PMCid:PMC3409360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920112800399257 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13892011280039...
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Spinosyns |
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors |
Disruption of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. |
Lewer et al. (2009)Lewer P, Hahn DR, Karr LL, Duebelbeis DO, Gilbert JR, Crouse GD, et al. Discovery of the butenyl-spinosyn insecticides: novel macrolides from the new bacterial strain Saccharopolyspora pogona. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17(12): 4185-4196. PMid:19324553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.035 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02....
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Spinosyn A may has a novel mode of action. |
Orr et al. (2009)Orr N, Shaffner AJ, Richey K, Crouse GD. Novel mode of action of spinosad: Receptor binding studies demonstrating lack of interaction with known insecticidal target sites. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2009; 95(1): 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009....
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