Sarcocystis neurona e Sarcocystis spp. relacionados, excretados por gambás (Didelphis spp.) na América do Sul

Gondim, Luís Fernando Pita; Soares, Rodrigo Martins; Moré, Gastón; Jesus, Rogério Fernando de; Llano, Horwald Alexander Bedoya

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Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária

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Sumário

Review Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 30 (3) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612021059 copiar

Sarcocystis neurona e Sarcocystis spp. relacionados, excretados por gambás (Didelphis spp.) na América do Sul

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Parasitos protozoários do gênero Sarcocystis são coccídios heteroxenos formadores de cistos, que infectam variadas espécies animais e compreendem cerca de 200 espécies descritas. Pelo menos quatro Sarcocystis spp. (S. falcatula, S. neurona, S. lindsayi e S. speeri) utilizam gambás (Didelphis spp.) como hospedeiros definitivos; e duas delas, S. neurona and S. falcatula são conhecidas por causarem doença em equinos e aves, respectivamente. Gambás didelfídeos são restritos ao continente americano, contudo são distribuídos de forma heterogênea nas Américas. Cinco Didelphis spp. são distribuídos na América do Sul (D. aurita, D. albiventris, D. marsupialis, D. imperfecta e D. pernigra), enquanto somente uma espécie (D. virginiana) é encontrada na América do Norte. Trabalhos conduzidos, nas últimas décadas, mostram que Sarcocystis spp. derivados de Didelphis spp. sul-americanos possuem diferenças biológicas e genéticas, quando comparados a Sarcocystis spp. excretados pelo gambá norte-americano D. virginiana. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir a situação peculiar das espécies de Sarcocystis na América do Sul com um foco especial em diagnóstico, epidemiologia e infecções animais, assim como nas características genéticas desses parasitos.

Palavras-chave:
Sarcocystis neurona; Sarcocystis falcatula; marsupial; Sarcocystidae

Country	State /province	Host	No. positive/no. tested (% pos)	Recovery of sporocysts	Bioassay	Molecular biology	Identified species	Reference
Argentina	Buenos Aires	D. albiventris	4/4	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	ND	S. falcatula	(Dubey et al., 1999bDubey JP, Venturini L, Venturini C, Basso W, Unzaga J. Isolation of Sarcocystis falcatula from the South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris) from Argentina. Vet Parasitol 1999b; 86(4): 239-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00145-4. PMid:10536981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)... )
	Buenos Aires	D. albiventris	4/4	Intestinal scraping	ɣ -IFN KO mice (-)	ND	S. falcatula
	Buenos Aires	D. albiventris	2/2 ^A A = Both opossum samples were previously identified as having S. falcatula sporocysts (Dubey et al., 1999b).	Intestinal scraping	ɣ -IFN KO mice (+)	ND	S. speeri	(Dubey et al., 2000eDubey JP, Venturini L, Venturini MC, Speer CA. Isolation of Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999 parasite from the South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris) from Argentina. J Parasitol 2000e; 86(1): 160-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0160:IOSSDA]2.0.CO;2. PMid:10701583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2000... )
	Buenos Aires	D. albiventris		Intestinal scraping	nude Swiss mice (-)	ND	S. speeri

Brazil	São Paulo	D. albiventris	1/3 (33.3%)	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	ITS + RFLP (HinfI /DraI), locus 25/396	S. falcatula-like	(Dubey et al., 2000bDubey JP, Lindsay DS, Rezende PC, Costa AJ. Characterization of an unidentified Sarcocystis falcatula-like parasite from the South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris from Brazil. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2000b; 47(6): 538-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00087.x. PMid:11128705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.20... )
	São Paulo	D. albiventris	1/3 (33.3%)	Intestinal scraping	ɣ-IFN KO mice (-)	Large subunit ribosomal, ITS1	Posteriorly identified as S. lindsayi	(Dubey et al., 2001bDubey JP, Lindsay DS, Kerber CE, Kasai N, Pena HF, Gennari SM, et al. First isolation of Sarcocystis neurona from the South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris, from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2001b; 95(2-4): 295-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00395-2. PMid:11223209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)... )
	São Paulo	D. marsupialis	1/NI	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (-)	ND	S. speeri	(Dubey et al., 2000aDubey JP, Kerber CE, Lindsay DS, Kasai N, Pena HF. The South American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, from Brazil as another definitive host for Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999. Parasitology 2000a; 121(Pt 6): 589-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003118200000682X. PMid:11155929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000006... )
					ɣ-IFN KO mice (+)
					Nude mice (+)
	São Paulo	D. marsupialis (1)	9/NI	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	ITS + RFLP (HinfI /DraI), locus 25/396, large subunit ribosomal, ITS1	S. falcatula-like	(Dubey et al., 2001cDubey JP, Lindsay DS, Rosenthal BM, Kerber CE, Kasai N, Pena HF, et al. Isolates of Sarcocystis falcatula-like organisms from South American opossums Didelphis marsupialis and Didelphis albiventris from São Paulo, Brazil. J Parasitol 2001c; 8(6): 1449-1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1449:iosflo]2.0.co;2. PMid:11780836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001... )
	São Paulo	D. albiventris (8)	9/NI	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)		S. falcatula-like
	São Paulo	D. albiventris	8/NI	Intestinal scraping	ɣ-IFN KO mice (+)	ITS + RFLP (HinfI /DraI), locus 25/396	S. neurona,	(Dubey et al., 2001bDubey JP, Lindsay DS, Kerber CE, Kasai N, Pena HF, Gennari SM, et al. First isolation of Sarcocystis neurona from the South American opossum, Didelphis albiventris, from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2001b; 95(2-4): 295-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00395-2. PMid:11223209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)... )
	São Paulo	D. albiventris	8/NI	Intestinal scraping	ɣ-IFN KO mice (+)	ITS + RFLP (HinfI /DraI), locus 25/396	S. speeri
	Rio de Janeiro	D. aurita	3/5 (60%)	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	ND	S. lindsayi-like	(Stabenow et al., 2008Stabenow CS, De Oliveira FC, Albuquerque GR, Lopes CW. Sarcocystis lindsayi-like (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystinae) of the opossum (Didelphis aurita) from Southeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008; 17(Suppl 1): 342-344. PMid:20059875.)
	São Paulo	D. aurita (66 dead)	6/66 (9.1%) D. aurita (dead)	Intestinal scraping, fecal flotation (live animals)	ND	ND	Sarcocystis sp.	(Casagrande et al., 2009Casagrande RA, Cesar MO, Pena HFJ, Zwarg T, Teixeira RHF, Nunes ALV, et al. Ocorrência de Sarcocystis spp. em gambás (Didelphis aurita e Didelphis albiventris) em regiões do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2009; 46(2): 101-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2009.26755. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445... )
		D. albiventris (32 dead)	0/32 (0%) D. albiventris (dead)
		D. aurita (28 alive)	2/28 (7.1%) D. aurita (alive)
		D. albiventris (05 alive)	0/5 (0%) D. albiventris (alive)
	Rio de Janeiro	D. aurita	3/9 (33.3%)	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	ND	S. lindsayi	(da Silva Stabenow et al., 2012da Silva Stabenow C, Ederli NB, Lopes CW, de Oliveira FC. Didelphis aurita (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): a new host for Sarcocystis lindsayi (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae). J Parasitol 2012; 98(6): 1262-1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3140.1. PMid:22571294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3140.1... )
	Rio Grande do Sul	D. albiventris,	27/NI	Intestinal scraping, fecal flotation	ND	SAG2, SAG3, SAG4	S. falcatula-like	(Monteiro et al., 2013Monteiro RM, Keid LB, Richtzenhain LJ, Valadas SY, Muller G, Soares RM. Extensively variable surface antigens of Sarcocystis spp. infecting Brazilian marsupials in the genus Didelphis occur in myriad allelic combinations, suggesting sexual recombination has aided their diversification. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196(1-2): 64-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.... )
	Rio Grande do Sul	D. aurita	27/NI	Intestinal scraping, fecal flotation	ND	SAG2, SAG3, SAG4	S. falcatula-like
	São Paulo	Didelphis sp.	25/NI	Intestinal scraping	ND	SAG2, SAG3, SAG4, ITS1, CytB		(Valadas et al., 2016Valadas SY, da Silva JI, Lopes EG, Keid LB, Zwarg T, de Oliveira AS, et al. Diversity of Sarcocystis spp shed by opossums in Brazil inferred with phylogenetic analysis of DNA coding ITS1, cytochrome B, and surface antigens. Exp Parasitol 2016; 164: 71-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2016.02.008. PMid:26905780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2016... )
	Bahia	D. albiventris (16)	0/39	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	SAG2, SAG3, SAG4, ITS1, CytB, locus 25/396	S. falcatula-like	(Gondim et al., 2017Gondim LSQ, Jesus RF, Ribeiro-Andrade M, Silva JCR, Siqueira DB, Marvulo MFV, et al. Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora caninum in Brazilian opossums (Didelphis spp.): molecular investigation and in vitro isolation of Sarcocystis spp. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243: 192-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.002. PMid:28807293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.... )
	Bahia	D. aurita/marsupialis (23)	9 positive samples from independent study of São Paulo state	Intestinal scraping	ɣ-IFN KO mice (-)	SAG2, SAG3, SAG4, ITS1, CytB, locus 25/396	S. falcatula-like
	Rio de Janeiro	D. aurita	8/13 (61.5%)	Intestinal scraping, fecal flotation	Budgerigars (+)	ITS + RFLP (HinfI /DraI), ITS	S. falcatula-like	(Gallo et al., 2018Gallo SSM, Lindsay DS, Ederli NB, Matteoli FP, Venancio TM, de Oliveira FCR. Identification of opossums Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuweid, 1826) as a definitive host of Sarcocystis falcatula-like sporocysts. Parasitol Res 2018; 117(1): 213-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-017-5695-4. PMid:29192336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-017-569... )
	Rio de Janeiro	D. aurita	8/13 (61.5%)	Intestinal scraping, fecal flotation	Nude mice (-)	ITS + RFLP (HinfI /DraI), ITS	Maybe S. lindsayi in one sample
	São Paulo	D. albiventris (1)	12/NI	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	SAG2, SAG3, SAG4,	S. falcatula-like	(Cesar et al., 2018Cesar MO, Matushima ER, Zwarg T, de Oliveira AS, Sanches TC, Joppert AM, et al. Multilocus characterization of Sarcocystis falcatula-related organisms isolated in Brazil supports genetic admixture of high diverse SAG alleles among the isolates. Exp Parasitol 2018; 188: 42-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2018.03.004. PMid:29522766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2018... )
	São Paulo	D. aurita/marsupialis (11)	12/NI	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	ITS1, CytB, 18S	S. falcatula-like
	Bahia	D. aurita/marsupialis	1/1	Intestinal scraping	Budgerigars (+)	SAG2, SAG3, SAG4, ITS1, 18S, Cox1, locus 25/396	S. falcatula-like	(Gondim et al., 2019Gondim LFP, Soares RM, Tavares AS, Borges-Silva W, de Jesus RF, Llano HAB, et al. Sarcocystis falcatula-like derived from opossum in Northeastern Brazil: in vitro propagation in avian cells, molecular characterization and bioassay in birds. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 10: 132-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.08.008. PMid:31516824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.... )

Country	State/Province	No. tested	No. positive (%)	Test	Antigen /strain	Cut-off	Reference
Argentina	Chaco	76	27 (35.5)	Immunoblot	TLA/SN3	-	(Dubey et al., 1999cDubey JP, Venturini MC, Venturini L, McKinney J, Pecoraro M. Prevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in horses from Argentina. Vet Parasitol 1999c; 86(1): 59-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00127-2. PMid:10489203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)... )
	Buenos Aires (531),Cordoba (51), Santa Fe (11), La Pampa (8), Corrientes (5), Santiago del Estero (4), San Juan (4), Neuquen (1), Entre Rios (1), unknown (24)	640	167 (26.1)	Immunoblot	TLA/SN3	-	(Moré et al., 2014Moré G, Vissani A, Pardini L, Monina M, Muriel M, Howe D, et al. Seroprevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and its association with neurologic disorders in Argentinean horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014; 34(9): 1051-1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06... )

Brazil	Alagoas	427	12 (2.8)	IFAT and immunoblot	Merozoite/ SN37R	1:80	(Valença et al., 2019Valença SRFA, Ribeiro-Andrade M, Moré G, Albuquerque PPF, Pinheiro JW Jr, Mota RA. Low prevalence of infection by Sarcocystis neurona in horses from the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019; 28(2): 298-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019027. PMid:31188947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019... )
Brazil	Alagoas	427	12 (2.8)	IFAT and immunoblot	TLA/SN3	-
	Bahia	9	7 (77.8)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Goiás	15	9 (60)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Mato Grosso	28	15 (53.6)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Mato Grosso	500	104 (20.8)	IFAT and	Merozoite/ SN37R	1:25	(Borges et al., 2017Borges AMCM, Yeargan MR, Silva LG, Taques ÍIGG, Howe D, Aguiar DM. Antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona, Neospora spp., and Toxoplasma gondii in horses and mules from the Northern Pantanal Wetland of Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2017; 56: 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.04.007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.04... )
	Mato Grosso	500	33 (6) a	rSnSAG ELISA	rSnSAG2/4/3	10%
	Mato Grosso do Sul	11	9 (81.8)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Minas Gerais	10	9 (90)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Minas Gerais	506	117 (23.09)	IFAT	Merozoite/SN37R	1:80	(Ribeiro et al., 2016Ribeiro MJM, Rosa MHF, Bruhn FRP, Garcia AM, Rocha CMBM, Guimarães AM. Seroepidemiology of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. among horses in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(2): 142-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016029. PMid:27334814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016... )
	Paraná	146	88 (60.3)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Paraná	100	42 (42)	IFAT	Merozoite/ SN37R	1:50	(Koch et al., 2019Koch MDO, Laskoski LM, Aguiar DM, Silva BR, Régio RR, Ishikura JI, et al. Detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in horses, dogs and cat. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2019; 56(2): e152918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.152918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445... )
	Rio Grande do Sul	2	1 (50)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Rio Grande do Sul	189	57 (33.86)	IFAT	Merozoite/ SN37R	1:50	(Antonello et al., 2015Antonello AM, Pivoto FL, Camillo G, Braunig P, Sangioni LA, Pompermayer E, et al. Investigação de anticorpos contra Sarcocystis neurona e Sarcocystis cruzi em equinos. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2015; 67(5): 1465-1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7374... )
	Rio Grande do Sul	195 (M and PF)	M 159 (84.1)	IFAT	Merozoite/ SN37R	M= 1:50	(Antonello et al., 2016Antonello AM, Cadore GC, Pivoto FL, Camillo G, Braunig P, Sangioni LA, et al. Intra-uterine exposure of horses to Sarcocystis spp. antigens. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2016; 68(2): 271-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8227... )
	Rio Grande do Sul	195 (M and PF)	PF 14 (7.4)	IFAT	Merozoite/ SN37R	PF= 1:25
	Rio Grande do Sul	181 (M and PF)	M 61 (33.7)	ELISA	TLA/SN37R	EI >1.2	(Pivoto et al., 2014Pivoto FL, de Macedo AG Jr, da Silva MV, Ferreira FB, Silva DA, Pompermayer E, et al. Serological status of mares in parturition and the levels of antibodies (IgG) against protozoan family Sarcocystidae from their pre colostral foals. Vet Parasitol 2014; 199(1-2): 107-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.001. PMid:24183649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.... )
	Rio Grande do Sul	181 (M and PF)	PF 12 (6.6)	ELISA	TLA/SN37R	EI >1.2
	Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná	197	71 (36)	IFAT	Merozoite/ SN37R	1:50	(Portella et al., 2017Portella LP, Cadore GC, Sangioni LA, Pellegrini LFV, Fighera R, Ramos F, et al. Antibodies against Apicomplexa protozoa and absence sarcocysts in heart tissues from horses in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(1): 100-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016068. PMid:28327879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016... )
	Rondônia	192	162 (84.4)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Roraima	303	141 (43.2)	IFAT	Merozoite/SN37R	1:25	(Spohr et al., 2018Spohr KAH, Borges AMCM, Ribeiro TMP, Jayme VS, Godoy I, Nakazato L, et al. Fatores de risco associados à prevalência de anticorpos anti-Sarcocystis neurona, Neospora spp. e Toxoplasma gondii em equinos de Roraima, Amazônia. Pesq Vet Bras 2018; 38(7): 1337-1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-... )
	Roraima	213	86 (40.4)	IFAT	Merozoite/SN-138	1:80	(Gomes et al., 2019Gomes FA, Jansen AM, Machado RZ, Jesus Pena HF, Fumagalli MJ, Silva A, et al. Serological evidence of arboviruses and coccidia infecting horses in the Amazonian region of Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14(12): e0225895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225895. PMid:31830142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0... )
	Santa Catarina	24	11 (45.8)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	Santa Catarina	174	72 (41.37)	IFAT	Merozoite/SN37R	1:50	(Cazarotto et al., 2016Cazarotto CJ, Balzan A, Grosskopf RK, Boito JP, Portella LP, Vogel FF, et al. Horses seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora spp.: possible risk factors for infection in Brazil. Microb Pathog 2016; 99: 30-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.016. PMid:27475033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016... )
	São Paulo	101	36 (35.6)	Immunoblot	TLA/SN3	-	(Dubey et al., 1999aDubey JP, Kerber CE, Granstrom DE. Serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999a; 215(7): 970-972. PMid:10511862.)
	São Paulo	513	348 (67.8)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )
	São Paulo	116	27 (23.8)	IFAT	Merozoite/SN-138	1:80	(Oliveira et al., 2017Oliveira S, Silva NQB, Silveira I, Labruna MB, Gennari SM, Pena HFJ. Occurrences of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp., and Sarcocystis neurona in horses and dogs in the municipality of Pauliceia, São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2017; 54(3): 277-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.123956. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445... )
	Unknown	11	10 (90.9)	SnSAG4 ELISA	SnSAG4/SN3	25%	(Hoane et al., 2006Hoane JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS, Yai LE, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136(2): 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.023. PMid:16310955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.... )

Colombia	Córdoba	73	48 (65.7)	ELISA/ND	ELISA/ND	100^* * = absorbance units.	(Calderón et al. 2014Calderón A, Rodríguez V, Henao AG, Aguas LJ. Seroprevalence of Sarcocystis neurona in horses in montería (Córdoba, Colombia). Rev Udca Actual Divulg Cient 2014; 17(2): 453-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v17.n2.2014.250. http://dx.doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v17.n2.... )
	Bogotá	1	1	Immunoblot	TLA/SN3	-	(Medina & Oliver, 2003Medina CE, Oliver OJ. Mieloencefalitis protozoica equina en colombia. reporte de caso. Rev Med Vet Zootec (Bogota) 2003; 50(1): 6-9.)

	Country	State/region	Species	No. tested	No. positive (%)	Serology	Cut-off	Reference
Domestic Carnivores	Brazil	São Paulo	Cat	502	0 (0%)	SAT	1:50	(Dubey et al., 2002Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Hill D, Romand S, Thulliez P, Kwok OC, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona in sera of domestic cats from Brazil. J Parasitol 2002; 88(6): 1251-1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1251:POATNC]2.0.CO;2. PMid:12537122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002... )
		Bahia	Cat	272	11 (4.04%)	IFAT	1:25	(Meneses et al., 2014Meneses IDS, Andrade MR, Uzêda RS, Bittencourt MV, Lindsay DS, Gondim LF. Frequency of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora caninum in domestic cats in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(4): 526-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014080. PMid:25517534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014... )
		Paraná	Dog	100	7 (7%)	IFAT	1:50	(Koch et al., 2019Koch MDO, Laskoski LM, Aguiar DM, Silva BR, Régio RR, Ishikura JI, et al. Detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in horses, dogs and cat. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2019; 56(2): e152918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.152918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-445... )
		Paraná	Cat	100	5 (5%)	IFAT	1:50
		Bahia	Dog	353	12 (3.39)	IFAT	1:25	(Oliveira et al., 2020Oliveira CMC, Oliveira PB, Albuquerque GR, Gondim LFP. Serologic reactivity of canine sera to Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis cruzi antigens. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020; 21: 100439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100439. PMid:32862892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.1... )
Wildlife	Brazil	São Paulo	Capybara	63	2 (3.17%)	IFAT	1:25	(Valadas et al., 2010Valadas S, Gennari SM, Yai LE, Rosypal AC, Lindsay DS. Prevalence of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Sarcocystis neurona, and Neospora caninum in Capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, from São Paulo State, Brazil. J Parasitol 2010; 96(3): 521-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2368.1. PMid:20020808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2368.1... )
Wildlife	Brazil	São Paulo	(Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)	63	2 (3.17%)	IFAT	1:25
		Mato Grosso	Jaguar	11	8 (72.7%)	IFAT	1:25	(Onuma et al., 2014Onuma SS, Melo ALT, Kantek DLZ, Crawshaw-Junior PG, Morato RG, May-Junior JA, et al. Exposure of free-living jaguars to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona in the Brazilian Pantanal. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(4): 547-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014077. PMid:25517539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014... )
		Mato Grosso	(Panthera onca)	11	8 (72.7%)	IFAT	1:25
		Paraná	Red-tailed Amazon parrot	51	0 (0%)	IFAT	1:5	(Sato et al., 2020Sato AP, Vaz FF, Konell AL, Koch MO, Ferreira RF, Sipinski EAB, et al. Survey of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in wild red-tailed Amazon parrots (Amazona brasiliensis). Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020; 29(1): e017519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019107. PMid:32049146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019... )
		Paraná	(Amazona brasiliensis)	51	0 (0%)	IFAT	1:5
	Peru	Ica	South American fur seal	29	0 (0%)	IFAT	1:40	(Jankowski et al., 2015Jankowski G, Adkesson MJ, Saliki JT, Cárdenas-Alayza S, Majluf P. Survey for Infectious Disease in the South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis) Population at Punta San Juan, Peru. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46(2): 246-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2014-0120.1. PMid:26056875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2014-0120.1... )
	Peru	Ica	(Arctocephalus australis)	29	0 (0%)	IFAT	1:40

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: Luís Fernando Pita Gondim. E-mail: pita@ufba.br