Factors associated with <i>Leishmania</i> infection in dogs and geospatial analysis in the Sertão of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil

Braz, Beatriz Maria de Almeida; Leite, Denny Parente de Sá Barreto Maia; Silva, Raizza Barros Sousa; Silva, Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues da; Azevedo, Ana Clara de França Silva; Martins Filho, Erotides; Ramalho, Walter Massa; Melo, Marcia Almeida de

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612021047

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 30 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612021047 copy

Factors associated with Leishmania infection in dogs and geospatial analysis in the Sertão of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil

Fatores associados à infecção por Leishmania em cães e análise espacial no Sertão da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution that has a major impact on public health. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of canine infection by Leishmania infantum, the factors associated with the infection and its spatial distribution in the municipality of Mãe D’Água, in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 150 dogs for diagnosis by the DPP®, ELISA-S7®, ELISA-EIE® and qPCR assays. The prevalence was calculated considering the positivity in at least two tests. SaTScan® was used for spatial analysis. The prevalence of canine infection with Leishmania was 18.6% (28/150), with the rural area being identified as a risk factor (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.93). The permanence of the dog loose during the night (OR = 0.33) and deworming (OR = 0.30) were identified as protective factors. A risk cluster was formed in the northern region of the urban area. Mãe D’Água showed a pattern of active transmission in the rural area, but VL control measures also need to be carried out in the urban area to prevent human cases and the spread of the disease in the risk zone.

Keywords:
Cluster; georeferencing; leishmaniasis; real-time PCR; serology

Variable	Category	N. of animals	Positives	Odds ratio	Confidence interval	P-value
Origin	Urban	75	8(10.6%)
Origin	Rural	75	20(26.6%)	3.04	1.28 - 7.84	0.01*
Level of schooling of the owner	Illiterate	12	3(25%)
Level of schooling of the owner	Any form of literacy	138	25(18.1%)	0.66	0.18 - 3.14	0.55
Income of the owner	Less than 2MS	91	14 (15.3%)
Income of the owner	2 or >2 MS	59	14(23.7%)	1.71	0.74 - 3.94	0.20*
Gender of the animal	Male	105	25(23.8%)
Gender of the animal	Female	45	3(6.6%)	0.22	0.05 - 0.70	0.02*
Age of the animal	6 months - 2 years	17	4 (23.5%)
Age of the animal	>2 Years	133	24(18%)	0.71	0.22 - 2.71	0.58
Breed	Mixed breed	132	27(20.4%)
Breed	Pure breed	18	1(5.5%)	0.22	0.01 - 1.19	0.16*
Type of rearing	Domiciliary	70	7(10%)
	Semi-domiciliary	62	17(27.4%)	3.4	1.34 - 9.42	0.01*
	Free	18	4(22.2%)	2.57	1.60 - 9.79	0.17*
Type of feed	Commercial feed	13	1(7.7%)
	Homemade food	125	26(20.8%)	3.15	0.57 – 58.71	0.28*
	Both	12	1(8.3%)
Contact with other animals	Yes	125	26(20.8%)	3.02	0.81 – 19.57	0.15*
Contact with other animals	No	25	2(8%)
Contact with equines	Yes	12	3(25%)	1.50	0.31 – 5.47	0.55
Contact with equines	No	138	25(18.1%)
Contact with wild animals	Yes	20	2(10%)	0.44	0.06 -1.67	0.29*
Contact with wild animals	No	130	26(20%)
Contact with felines	Yes	38	10(26.3%)	1.86	0.75 – 4.4	0.16*
Contact with felines	No	112	18(16%)
Contact with dogs	Yes	85	17(20%)	1.22	0.53 – 2.90	0.63
Contact with dogs	No	65	11(17%)
Contact with swines	Yes	17	2(11.7%)	0.54	0.08 – 2.11	0.44
Contact with swines	No	133	26(19.5%)
Contact with small ruminants	Yes	15	3(20%)	1.1	0.23 – 3.78	0.88
Contact with small ruminants	No	135	25(18.5%)
Contact with bovines	Yes	15	4(26.6%)	1.68	0.43 - 5.40	0.40
Contact with bovines	No	135	24(17.7%)
Contact with birds	Yes	84	21(25%)	2.80	1.15 - 7.57	0.02*
Contact with birds	No	66	7(10.6%)
In which environment is reared	Soil	93	21(22.5%)	0.20	0.17 - 0.46	0.12*
In which environment is reared	Cement	57	7(12.2%)
Execution of the cleansing of the environment	Yes	89	12(13.4%)	0.43	0.18 -1.00	0.05*
Execution of the cleansing of the environment	No	61	16(26.2%)
Variable	Category	N. of animals	Positives	Odds ratio	Confidence interval	P-value
Cleaning of the environment frequency	Does not perform	61	16(26.2%)
	Daily	63	8(12.6%)	0.40	0.15 -1.01	0.06*
	Weekly/Fortnightly/monthly	26	4(15.3%)	0.51	0.13 -1.59	0.27*
Vaccinated animal (Anti-rabies, viruses, CVL)	Yes	126	22(17.4%)
Vaccinated animal (Anti-rabies, viruses, CVL)	No	24	6(25%)	0.33	0.12 -0.79	0.38
Vermifugated animal	Yes	70	7(10%)	0.31	0.11 -0.75	0.01*
Vermifugated animal	No	80	21(26.2%)
Presence of ticks	Yes	115	21(18.2%)	0.89	0.35- 2.46	0.81
Presence of ticks	No	35	7(20%)
Has Always lived with the same owner	Yes	98	18(18.3%)	0.94	0.40 -2.29	0.89
Has Always lived with the same owner	No	52	10(2%)
Adopted	No	86	14(16.2%)
	From the streets	15	2(13.3%)	0.79	0.11 – 3.30	0.77
	Other owner	49	12(24.4%)	1.66	1.69 – 3.97	0.24*
Has Always lived in the same municipality	Yes	125	25(20%)	1.83	0.57 – 8.17	0.35
Has Always lived in the same municipality	No	25	3 (12%)
The animal hunts	Yes	18	6(33.3%)	2.5	0.79 – 7.19	0.09*
The animal hunts	No	132	22(16.6%)
Where does it sleep	Indoors	42	5(11.9%)
	Peridomicile	98	21(21.4%)	2.01	0.75 – 6.41	0.19*
	Street	10	2(20%)	1.85	0.23 – 10.46	0.50
How spends the night	Free/without collar	90	11(12.2%)	0.39	0.21 -0.68	0.01*
How spends the night	Tied	60	17(28.3%)
Travels	Yes	12	2(16.6%)	0.86	0.12 – 3.52	0.86
Travels	No	138	26(18.8%)
Repellent collar	Yes	1	-	7.51	0,00 – 0,00	0.99
Repellent collar	No	149	28(18.8%)

	Variable	Odds ratio CI (95%)	P-value
Risk factor	Origin (rural)	2.93 (1.18 – 7.92)	0.02
Protection factor	Vermifugated animal (yes)	0.30 (0.10 – 0.77)	0.01
Protection factor	How the animal spends the night (Free)	0.33 (0.13 – 0.80)	0.01

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] *Corresponding authors: Beatriz Maria de Almeida Braz; Marcia Almeida de Melo. E-mails: beatrizbraz89@hotmail.com; marcia.melo@ufcg.edu.br