Endoparasitic fauna of two South American foxes in Chile: <i>Lycalopex culpaeus</i> and <i>Lycalopex griseus</i>

Oyarzún-Ruiz, Pablo; Cataldo, Sophia Di; Cevidanes, Aitor; Millán, Javier; González-Acuña, Daniel

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612020055

Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz

Laboratorio de Parásitos y Enfermedades en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile

Becario ANID Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-0676

Sophia Di Cataldo

Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile

Aitor Cevidanes

Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile

Javier Millán

Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile

Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, España

Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, España

Daniel González-Acuña ^**Corresponding author: Daniel González-Acuña. E-mail: danigonz@udec.cl

Laboratorio de Parásitos y Enfermedades en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2397-2991

*Corresponding author: Daniel González-Acuña. E-mail: danigonz@udec.cl

Figures (3)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Map detailing the locations along Chile where native foxes were sampled.

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Figure 2
(a) Trachea of a Culpeo fox with several parasitic nodules near the medial, caudal and carina parts of trachea (left, upper right side) (arrowheads). Note the uterus of an ovigerous female of Oslerus (Oslerus) osleri filled with several embryonated eggs (bottom right side). Scale bars= 6 cm (left), 3 cm (upper right side), 500 µm (bottom right side); (b) Anterior end of an ovigerous female of Acanthocheilonema sp. isolated in the abdominal cavity of a Culpeo fox, note the flattened lips, narrow esophagus and also the presence of multiple embryonated eggs. Scale bar= 250 µm; (c) Anterior end of Physaloptera rara isolated in the stomach of a Chilla fox, note its characteristic cephalic collarette and prominent triangular lips. Scale bar= 500 µm; (d) Pterygodermatites sp. isolated in the small intestine of a Culpeo fox; Anterior third of body of an immature worm, note the rows of comb-like spines along the body (arrowhead) (left). Detail of anterior end with a dorsal oral aperture armed with denticles (upper right side). Close up of comb-like spines over the body of the worm (arrowhead) (bottom right side). Scale bars= 1 mm (left), 500 µm (right); (e) Spirocerca sp. isolated from the stomach of a Culpeo fox. Anterior end of the worm characterized by non-evident lips (left). Posterior end of male worm with unequal spicules (white asterisk) also, caudal alae present. Note pedunculated papillae (arrowhead) (right). Scale bars= 500 µm; (f) Protospirura numidica isolated from the stomach of a Culpeo fox. Spiral posterior end of male worm with its unequal spicules (left), one is thin and pointed (image inserted), meanwhile the other is thick and stout (arrow head). Anterior end with its prominent lateral lips (upper right side). Ovigerous female worms with embryonated eggs in the uterus (bottom right side). Scale bars= 500 µm.

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Figure 3
(a) Anterior end of Uncinaria stenocephala bent dorsally, oral aperture armed with a pair of semilunar cutting plates. This worm was isolated from the small intestine of a Culpeo fox. Scale bar= 1 mm; (b) Mesocestoides sp. isolated from the small intestine of a Chilla fox. Scolex unarmed with its muscular four suckers (left). Mature proglottid with its typical paruterine organ (arrowhead) (right). Scale bars= 500 µm (left), 1 mm (right); (c) Taenia hydatigena isolated from the small intestine of a Culpeo fox. Scolex armed with a double row of hooks and four muscular suckers (left). Ovigerous proglottid with its branched uterus filled with eggs. Note the presence of genital pore in the lateral border of the proglottid (asterisk) (right). Scale bars= 1 mm (upper left side), 500 µm (bottom left side, right); (d) Ascocotyle felippei collected from the small intestine of a Culpeo fox. Worm in toto with an elongated forebody and dilated hindbody, note the uterus filled with eggs (left). Note the two circles of cephalic spines around oral sucker (arrowhead) (right). Scale bars= 50 µm (left), 12.5 µm (right); (e) Centrorhynchus spinosus isolated from the small intestine of a Culpeo fox. Cylindrical proboscis armed with 32 longitudinal rows of 24 hooks each and neck covered with spines. Note the cylindrical shape of proboscis (left). Immature worm in toto, note the nearly cylindrical body (right). Scale bars= 500 µm (left), 1 mm (right); (f) Linguatula serrata collected from the nasal sinuses of a Culpeo fox. Anterior third of body armed with four hooks around the sclerotized oral aperture (left). Middle part of the body, suggesting a tongue-shaped body with its typical transversal striations (right). Scale bars= 500 µm (left), 2 mm (right).

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Table 1
Endoparasites isolated in Andean fox L. culpaeus and Chilla L. griseus from different localities along Chile. Parasitological descriptors, organs parasitized and localities of collected specimens are detailed. The latter were grouped according its corresponding region being expressed as a roman number between parenthesis (see Materials and Methods).

	P(%)		_MI		_MA		R		Organ(s)	Locality(ies)
	Lc	Lg	Lc	Lg	Lc	Lg	Lc	Lg	Organ(s)	Locality(ies)
Phylum Nematoda
Order Ascaridida
Family Anisakidae
Contracaecum sp.†‡ (l)	2.04† (0–6.0)	-	1.0	-	0.02	-	1	-	Small intestine	LQ (XVI)
Family Ascarididae
Toxascaris leonina† (a)	36.73 (23.24–50.23)	11.76 (0–27.08)	9.72	8.0	3.57	0.94	1–43	1–15	Stomach, small intestine	Chi, Col, LLH, Me, SF (RM), RCNR, RZ (VI), Ma, Ta (VII), LaNP (VIII), Ch, Coi, LL, LQ (XVI), Va (XIV), CNR (XI), Nd
Toxocara canis† (a)	12.24 (3.07–21.42)	-	3.83	-	0.47	-	1–13	-	Esophagus, small intestine	CM, LLH (RM), Ma (VII), Ch (XVI), LaNP (VIII), Nd
Order Spirurida
Family Filaroididae
Oslerus (O.) osleri†‡^* * = number of parasitic nodules. Hosts: Lc= Lycalopex culpaeus, Lg= Lycalopex griseus; (a)	12.24 (3.07–21.42)	5.88 (0–17.07)	6.67	3.0	0.82	0.18	3–23	3	Trachea, bronchi, urinary bladder	Cha, Chi, LB, Me (RM), RCNR (VI), Ta (VII)
Family Onchocercidae
Acanthocheilonema sp.^† † = new host record for Chile; ^‡ ‡ = new host record for Neotropical region; (a)	2.04 (0–6.0)	-	1.0	-	0.02	-	1	-	Abdominal cavity	Ta (VII)
Family Physalopteridae
Physaloptera rara^† † = new host record for Chile; ^‡ ‡ = new host record for Neotropical region; ^§ § = first record from Chile. (a)	4.08 (0–9.62)	5.88 (0–17.07)	2.5	109.0	0.1	6.41	2–3	109	Esophagus, stomach	CB (III), LaNP (VIII), Nd
Family Rictulariidae
Pterygodermatites sp.†‡ (l)	2.04 (0–6.0)	-	1.0	-	0.02	-	1	-	Small intestine	LCNR (IV)
Family Spirocercidae
Spirocerca sp.†‡§ (a)	10.2 (1.73–18.68)	-	5.0	-	0.51	-	1–10	-	Stomach	Co (V), Ma, Ta (VII), Coi (XVI), Nd
Family Spiruridae
Protospirura numidica†§ (a)	2.04 (0–6.0)	-	30.0	-	0.61	-	30	-	Stomach	FJNP (IV)
Order Strongylida
Family Strongylidae
Uncinaria stenocephala† (a)	2.04 (0–6.0)	-	14.0	-	0.29	-	14	-	Small intestine	LaNP (VIII)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda
Family Diphyllobothriidae
Spirometra sp.†‡ (l)	2.04 (0–6.0)	-	1.0	-	0.02	-	1	-	Abdominal cavity	Ta (VIII)
Family Mesocestoididae
Mesocestoides sp.† (a)	12.24 (3.07–21.42)	23.53 (3.37–43.69)	236.67	110.5	28.98	26.0	1–1263	50–200	Small intestine	CB (III), FJNP (IV), Ca (V), Me, SF (RM), Ta (VII), Nd
Family Taeniidae
Taenia hydatigena† (a)	40.82 (27.05–54.58)	5.88 (0–17.07)	8.15	1.0	3.33	0.06	1–63	1	Small intestine	LCNR, To (IV), Cha, Chi, Col, LB, LLH, Me, Sa, SE, Tal, Nd (RM), Ta (VII), Coi, Hu, LQ (XVI), Nd
Cestoda gen. sp.	6.12 (0–12.84)	17.65 (0–35.77)	-	-	-	-	-	-	Small intestine	No (V), Col (RM), Che, Mch (VI), Ma (VII), Nd
Subclass Digenea
Family Heterophiydae
Ascocotyle (A.) felippei†‡ (a)	4.08 (0–9.62)	-	1.0	-	0.04	-	2	-	Small intestine	Nd
Phylum Acanthocephala
Family Centrorhynchidae
Centrorhynchus spinosus†‡ (j)	2.04 (0–6.0)	-	3.0	-	0.06	-	3	-	Small intestine	ACNR (RM)
Phylum Pentastomida
Family Linguatulidae
Linguatula serrata (a)	2.04 (0–6.0)	-	3.0	-	0.06	-	3	-	Nasal sinuses	LCNR (IV)

[1] *Corresponding author: Daniel González-Acuña. E-mail: danigonz@udec.cl

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Endoparasitic fauna of two South American foxes in Chile: Lycalopex culpaeus and Lycalopex griseus

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Abstract