Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1977) (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) em Puma concolor no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Rev Bras Parasitol Vet rbpv Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 0103-846X 1984-2961 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Resumo Espécimes de Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1997) foram recuperados de fragmentos do tecido intestinal de uma fêmea de Puma concolor (Linn, 1771) encontrada morta em Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, em 2017. Um total de 140 helmintos foram recuperados. Cinco machos e 5 cinco fêmeas dos helmintos foram analisados morfologicamente, bem como 50 ovos dos parasitos recuperados no conteúdo intestinal. Morfologicamente, esses helmintos eram compatíveis com o gênero Oncicola, devido ao tamanho e formato da probóscide, o tamanho e disposição do leminisco e a morfometria dos ovos, que apresentaram membrana externa da casca delicada e clara. A partir da histopatologia, pode-se verificar que os helmintos estavam profundamente inseridos na mucosa, atingindo até a camada muscular. Um espécime também foi identificado molecularmente com primers universais que amplificam a região ITS-1.5.8S.ITS-2. Após as análises moleculares, foi verificado que os helmintos apresentavam 99% de identidade com sequência gênica de O. venezuelensis que está depositada no Genbank. É importante enfatizar, que esse parasito foi muito pouco relatado na literatura, demonstrando a importância deste relato. Introduction There are around 1298 valid species of Acanthocephala distributed in four class (Amin, 2013). In Class Archiacanthocephala, Order Oligacanthorhynchida has a single Family Oligacanthorhynchidae, which contains 12 genera, including the genus Oncicola (Amin, 2013). This genus has 24 species that infect carnivorous animals such as mephetids, mustelids, procyonids, felids and canids (Amin, 2013). In the case of the genus Oncicola, carnivores are prominent definitive hosts (Nickol et al., 2006; Núñez & Drago, 2017). Helminths of the genus Oncicola inhabit the small intestine of the definitive hosts. The pathogenic condition that they cause relate mainly to the chronic inflammatory response that stems from their attachment to the host intestinal mucosa via their proboscis (Richardson, 2013; Núñez & Drago, 2017). This may produce nodules similar to granulomas and, consequently, tissue fibrosis. In homeothermic hosts, the proboscis may penetrate deeply in the various layers of the small intestine (Núñez & Drago, 2017). Several species of Oncicola had already been described in Brazil, simply through morphological analyses of the adult forms. Among these species, O. sigmoides (Meyer, 1932) collected from Galictis sp. and Conepatus sp., and O. luehei (Travassos, 1917) from Nasua nasua (Linn., 1766), in Pará, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul; O. macrurae (Meyer, 1931) from Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821) in Pará; O. magalhaesi (Machado Filho, 1962) from Puma concolor (Linn., 1771) in São Paulo; O. micracantha (Machado Filho, 1949) from Conepatus chinga (Molina, 1782) in Rio Grande do Sul; O. paracampanulata (Machado Filho, 1963) from Puma yagouaroundi (Saint-Hilaire, 1803) in São Paulo, Paraná and Pará; O. oncicola (Ihering, 1892) from Panthera onca (Linn., 1758) in São Paulo and Minas Gerais, from P. yagouaroundi and Leopardus pardalis (Linn., 1758) in São Paulo and from L. wiedii in Pará; and O. campanulata (Diesing, 1851) from L. pardalis, Leopardus geoffroyi, P. onca and P. concolor, and O. chibigouzouensis (Machado Filho, 1963) from L. pardalis, in Mato Grosso (Vieira et al., 2008). The morphological description of O. venezuelensis form L. pardalis in the Serra da Capivara, Piauí was associated with molecular techniques once by Santos et al. (2017). The aim of the present study was to report the occurrence of Oncicola venezuelensis infecting Puma concolor in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using tools for microscopic, histopathological and molecular analysis. Material and Methods The result from the present analysis was inserted in a report on a larger project that was registered under SISBIO number 57635-3, authentication code 0576350320190522. In August 2017, a female Puma concolor was found dead on the Brejal highway (Figure 1), in Petrópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. The carcass was sent to the headquarters of the National Park of Serra dos Órgãos. The animal was of 1.2 m long and weighed 17 kg. Figure 1 Location of the Brejal region in green and the city of Petrópolis in black, on a map of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Morphology A segment of the small intestine was sent to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Fluminense Federal University. It was washed in a sterile buffered saline solution and the parasites adhering to the mucosa were carefully removed and were viewed under a stereoscopic microscope (Diag Tech® XTL 6445, São Paulo, Brazil). The helminths were stored in receptacles containing 70% glycerinated alcohol. Subsequently, they were cleared using 10% phenol for 30 minutes and were individually laid out on microscope slides for morphological analysis. The liquid that resulted from washing the intestinal segment was aliquoted into conical-based tubes, for subsequent recovery of eggs. These tubes were subjected to centrifugation-sedimentation for 5 minutes, at 252g. Microscope slides of the sedimented eggs were covered with a 24 × 32 mm coverslip. Intestinal segments that contained the helminths were photographed. Parts of these tissues had been fixed in 10% formalin for 48 hours and then cut out, embedded in paraffin blocks and sectioned at 5 µm using a microtome Leika RM 2125 RT (Leica®, Germany) for mounting on microscope slides for analysis. These slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (hematoxylin – Confiança® São Paulo, Brazil; eosin - Reagen®, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The slides with the sectioned tissues were analyzed under an optical microscope. The adult forms of the helminths and the eggs were measured and photomicrographed under an optical microscope (Olympus® BX 41, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a digital camera (Samsung® SDC415, Korea) using the software (Honestech® TVR, USA). Measurements of the helminths, their internal structures and their eggs were described using (minimum and maximum values), followed by the mean and standard deviation. So are these the specimens that were measured and included in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Minimum and maximum values, means and standard deviations of the different parts of the bodies of female specimens of Oncicola and their eggs that were recovered in the present study and other studies. Biometry (µm) This study Other reports about Oncicola sp. Rio de Janeiro Oncicola venezuelensis (Piauí. Brazil) Santos et al. 2017 Oncicola venezuelensis (St. John Island. U. S. Virgin Islands) Fuller, Nickol. 2011 Oncicola venezuelensis (Venezuela) Marteu. 1977 Female (n=5) Female (n=7) Female (n=15) Female (n=2) Total lenght 6170-8520 6250-13250 13200-18300 15000-16000 7340 ± 810 9890 15500 NR Total width 2010-2400 1000-1950 1800-2600 1900-2200 2200 ± 120 1470 2200 NR Proboscis lenght 500-550 430-600 432-480 0.50-0.55 520 ± 24.49 540 458 NR Proboscis width 550-600 650-700 528-566 0.60-0.62 602 ± 34.87 670 547 NR Proboscis receptacle 1300-1450 970-1200 1001-1390 1200-1400 1362.5 ± 64.95 1060 1210 NR Lemnisci 8600-13400 NR ≤10000 10000-12000 10100 ± 19000 NR NR NR Hooks I - Lenght 80-170 110-140 115-139 95-145 107 ± 23 127 127 NR I - Base length 30-90 NR NR NR 46.5 ± 18.51 NR NR NR II - Lenght 80-200 80-120 120-139 95-135 121 ± 36.73 103 131 NR II - Base length 30-110 NR NR NR 73.5 ± 23.51 NR NR NR III - Lenght 70-180 70-100 98-110 70-110 106.5 ± 24.75 88 102 NR III - Base length 20-110 NR NR NR 53.5 ± 23.72 NR NR NR IV - Lenght 70-190 70-90 91-96 65-95 115 ± 23.45 84 92 NR IV - Base length 20-60 NR NR NR 36.25 ± 10.53 NR NR NR V - Lenght 50-130 70-100 77-86 65-75 94.5 ± 16.87 81 82 NR V - Base length 20-60 NR NR NR 33 ± 9.54 NR NR NR VI - Lenght 50-110 50-70 74-82 60-75 79.45 ± 22.4 62 77 NR VI- Base length 10-70 NR NR NR 32.5 ± 13.74 NR NR NR Neck lenght 250-400 300-340 250-302 500 314 ± 48.86 320 289 NR Neck width 496-504 400-550 384-422 620 500 ± 2.82 476 396 NR Cerebral ganglion length 130-180 110 110-149 NR 152 ± 17.88 NR 131 NR Cerebral ganglion width 110-130 110 62-86 NR 112 ± 10.95 NR 73 NR Uterine bell length 300-650 350-500 499-538 0.65 535 ± 126.19 422 520 NR Uterine bell width 103.6-150 NR 259-336 0.33 125.53 ± 23.52 NR 301 NR Uterus lenght 480-750 400-720 672-816 1000 611.9 ± 117.03 610 752 NR Sphincter length 220-370 200-400 264-384 NR 212 ± 92.17 318 330 NR eggs (n=50) eggs (n=NR) eggs (n=NR) eggs (n=NR) Length 35-74 30-55 67-72 NR 59.8 ± 11.29 42 69 Width 25-70.3 22-30 43-50 NR 39.4 ± 10.12 26 47 NR: Not reported. Table 2 Minimum and maximum values, means and standard deviations of the different parts of the bodies of male specimens of Oncicola that were recovered in the present study and other studies. Biometry (µm) This study Other reports about Oncicola sp. Rio de Janeiro Oncicola venezuelensis (Piauí. Brazil) Santos et al. 2017 Oncicola venezuelensis (St. John Island. U. S. Virgin Islands) Fuller, Nickol 2011 Oncicola venezuelensis (Venezuela) Marteu. 1977 Male (n=5) Male (n=3) Male (n=10) Male (n=2) Total length 5020-8210 5630-12500 6500-8400 13500-14000 6790 ± 970 9170 8000 NR Total width 2060-2550 750-1500 1200-1300 2000 2280 ± 180 1170 1200 NR Proboscis lenght 450-550 400-500 336-348 0.50-0.55 490 ± 37.41 433 344 NR Proboscis width 580-600 370-600 476-480 0.60-0.62 596 ± 8 507 479 NR Proboscis receptacle 1300-1400 600-1180 1001-1390 1200-1400 1334 ± 76.31 960 1210 NR Lemnisci 5500-13000 NR ≤ 10000 10000-12000 9700 ± 3400 NR NR NR Hooks I - Lenght 50-120 120-125 115-139 95-145 96.84 ± 23.85 NR 127 NR I - Base length 20-70 NR NR NR 48.95 ± 16.19 NR NR NR II - Lenght 60-170 145-150 120-139 95-135 105.33 ± 29.18 NR 131 NR II - Base length 30-100 NR NR NR 60.67 ± 18.43 NR NR NR III - Lenght 70-120 125 98-110 70-110 97.5 ± 14.36 NR 102 NR III - Base length 20-70 NR NR NR 38.13 ± 11.03 NR NR NR IV - Lenght 40-120 105-110 91-96 65-95 92.78 ± 18.02 NR 92 NR IV - Base length 20-70 NR NR NR 37.22 ± 11.16 NR NR NR V - Lenght 70-120 95-105 77-86 65-75 90.56 ± 16.05 NR 82 NR V - Base length 20-60 NR NR NR 37.78 ± 14.45 NR NR NR VI - Lenght 50-110 95-100 74-82 60-75 92 ± 16.57 NR 77 NR VI- Base length 20-80 NR NR NR 36 ± 17.17 NR NR Neck lenght 200-300 220-270 250-302 500 254 ± 40.7 245 289 NR Neck width 200-550 200 384-422 620 424± 122.08 NR 396 NR Cerebral ganglion length 140-190 NR 110-149 NR 157.5 ± 22.17 NR 131 NR Cerebral ganglion width 100-140 NR 62-86 NR 124 ± 17.07 NR 73 NR Anterior testis length 500-660 930-1180 NR 1800-2000 593.33 ± 68.23 NR NR NR Anterior testis width 370-550 500-600 NR 720 460 ± 64.81 NR NR NR Posterior testis length 540-730 1040-1250 NR NR 608.33 ± 66.99 NR NR NR Posterior testis width 300-580 600-680 NR NR 430 ± 92.38 NR NR NR Cement glands length 570-800 600-700 528-672 850 712 ± 77.04 NR 595 NR Cement glands width 420-950 550-850 269-288 350 500 ± 244.86 NR 281 NR Safftigen's pouch length 600-790 1150-1200 1056-1392 NR 670 ± 70.59 NR 1264 NR Safftigen's pouch width 310-600 550-650 288-480 NR 466 ± 109.10 NR 384 NR Copulatory bursa length 300-520 1500 NR NR 398.33 ± 73.35 NR NR NR Copulatory bursa width 210-620 550 NR NR 356.67 ± 131.23 NR NR NR NR: Not reported. Molecular study To perform molecular analyses, five adult specimens, weighing-around 50 mg were placed in a conical-based tube containing 15 mL of sterile buffered saline solution. This tube was then subjected to three cycles of centrifugation at 447g for 10 minutes. Afterwards, the helminths were macerated on a Petri dish using a scalpel blade. The macerate was placed in a 1.5 mL microtube, 200 µL of the tissue buffer and 40 µL of the enzyme proteinase K was added. This material was then incubated at 37 °C (Nova Técnica, São Paulo, Brazil) in a bacteriological chamber for 24 hours. Subsequenthly, 20 µL of the enzyme proteinase K was added and incubate for 2 hours at 55 °C. After this incubation, no helminth tissue particles were evidenced. For DNA extraction the High Pure PCR Template Preparation (Roche®, Indianapolis, USA) commercial kit was used. The primer for implementing the PCR was chosen after verifying the morphological characteristics. A pair of universal eukaryote primers described by Chen et al. (2010) was used. These amplified the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of RNAr: forward (5’-GTCGTAACAAGGTTTCCGTA -3’) and reverse (5’-TATGCTTAARTTCAGCGGGT -3’). The total volume of the reaction mix was 25 µL, consisting of 5 µL of each primer (at 10 pM), 7 µL of the DNA extracted and 8 µL of ultrapure water. For this PCR, the PuReTaqTM Ready-To-GoTM PCR (GE®, New Jersey, USA) beads were used. The reaction was performed using the following cycling: 94 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 60 s and 72 °C for 7 min. Electrophoresis was performed using 1.5% agarose gel, and the bands were viewed by adding red gel. The amplified product was purified using the Promega commercial kit Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega®, Wisconsin, USA). Following this, the purified product was subjected to genetic sequencing in an automated sequencer. The sequences were input to the BioEdit 7.2.5 (Hall, 1999) software and were compared with the reference sequences deposited in GenBank (Table 3). To compile the phylogenetic tree, the Mega® software, version 6 (Tamura et al., 2013), with the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm in the Tamura Nei model with 5000 bootstraps, was used. Table 3 Helminth species and genera used in the phylogenetic analysis of this study. Species Family Genbank acess number Genbank Reference Oncicola venezuelensis Oligacanthorhynchidae KU521566 Santos et al. (2017) Oncicola sp. Oligacanthorhynchidae AF416416 Garcia-Varela et al. (2003) Unpublished Macracanthorhynchus ingens Oligacanthorhynchidae AF416414.1 Garcia-Varela et al. (2003) Unpublished Mediorhynchus sp. Gigantorhynchydae AF416413 Garcia-Varela et al. (2003) Unpublished Acanthosentis cheni Quadrigyridae JX960752 Song et al. (2013) Unpublished Neoechinorhynchus roseum Neoechinorhynchidae FJ388981 Martínez-Aquino et al. (2009) Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides Neoechinorhynchidae KC004175 Pinacho-Pinacho et al. (2013) Unpublished Neoechinorhynchus schmidti Neoechinorhynchidae KC004173 Pinacho-Pinacho et al. (2013) Unpublished Pseudoacanthocephalus nguyenthileae Echinorhynchidae KC491890 Tkach et al. (2013) Pseudoacanthocephalus nickoli Echinorhynchidae KC491884 Tkach et al. (2013) Polymorphus minutus Polymorphidae AY532067 Garcia-Varela et al. (2005) Polymorphus altmani Polymorphidae AY532066 Garcia-Varela et al. (2005) Moniliformis moniliformis Moniliformidae AF416415 Garcia-Varela et al. (2003) Unpublished Heteroxynema cucullatum Heteroxynematidae MH011309 Bell et al., 2018 Necator americanus Ancylostomatidae MH6658431 Monteiro et al. (2018) Results Morphology Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1977) A total of 140 helminths and 50 eggs were recovered. Measurements were made of 10 helminths (5 males and 5 females) and on all the eggs (Tables 1 and 2). Trunk globous that was slightly wider in the anterior portion. Males 6790 µm long (5020-8210) by 2280 µm wide (2060-2550) and females 7340 µm long (6170-8520) and 2200 µm wide (2010-2400). Proboscis globular, 490 µm long (450-550) by 596 µm wide (580-600) in males and 520 µm long (500-520) and 602 µm wide (550-600) in females with six rows of six hooks each. Proboscis receptacle single walled, 1334 µm long (1300-1400) in males and 1362 µm long (1300-1450) in females (Figure 2D). Cerebral ganglion, males 157.5 µm long by 124 µm wide and females 152 µm long by 112 µm wide. Neck short, males 254 µm long (200-300) by 424 µm wide (200-550) and females 314 µm long (250-400) by 500 wide (496-504). Long tubular lemnisci reaching posterior portion of trunk, occasionally rolledinged up. Leminisci in the males had 9700 µm long and in the females 10100 µm long medium (Figure 2). Figure 2 Line drawings of mature Oncicola venezuelensis from Puma concolor, in Rio de Janeiro. (A) Entire male; (B) Egg detected in sediment stool; (C) Outline showing shape of a gravid female; (D) Proboscis of a female. Males: Reproductive tract in posterior half of trunk. Testes elliptical, in tandem. Anterior testis 593 µm long (500-600) by 460 µm wide (370-550). Eight cement glands in pairs 712 µm long (570-800) by 500 µm wide (420-950) and Safftigen pouch 670 µm long (600-790) by 466 µm wide (310-600). Copulatory bursa 398 µm long (300-520) and 356 µm wide (210-620) (Figure 2A). Females: Uterine bell 535 µm long (300-650) and 125.53 µm wide (103.6-150), uterus 611 µm long (480-750), uterine bell, vagina with sphincter 212 µm long (220-370) and genital pore in the posterior region (Figure 2C). The eggs were generally very pale and slightly oval, with a very delicate external membrane with medium 59.8 µm long by 39.4 µm wide (Figure 2B). The measurements on the females, eggs and males are reported in Table 2 . Macroscopically, adults partially attached to serous membrane intestinal wall could be seen and in mucous content (Figure 3A, B). Adults attached to the mucosa were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue (Figures 3C). Histopathological slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin showed that the parasites were attached by means of the proboscis and its hooks surrounded by collagenous tissue (Figures 3D, E). Parasite eggs are surrounded by host tissue (Figure 3F). Adult were deeply attached as far as the muscle layer (Figure 3G). The results from the morphological analysis, measurements on the parasites made it possible to identify them as members of the genus Oncicola. Figure 3 (A) Adult specimen attached to the serous membrane of the intestinal wall; (B) Segment jejunum with mucous content and specimens of adult attached to the mucosa; (C) Cut surface of a nodule located close to the pylorus region with parasites; (D) Histological section in which the proboscis with its hooks can be seen surrounded by collagenous tissue; (E). Collagenous tissue, in 400 x, observed in figure D; (F) Histological section through the nodule with parasite eggs surrounded by granuloma; (G) Histological section through a fragment of jejunum, in which the adult form of the parasite can be seen to be deeply attached to in muscle layer; (D-G) Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Molecular study After alignment of the nucleotide sequence obtained in the present study with other sequences of the phylum Acanthocephala retrieved from GenBank, it could be seen that the present sequence had 99% similarity with a sequence of Oncicola venezuelensis that had been recovered from a specimen of Leopardus pardalis in Serra da Capivara, Piauí (Figure 4). Figure 4 Maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm used with the Tamura Nei model that was based on the gene sequence obtained from the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, compared with reference sequences from different species of helminths of the phylum Acanthocephala that had been detected in different animas, and from Necator americanus, obtained from GenBank. The numbers associated with the branches refer to the bootstrap values for 5000 replications. Discussion In this study, it could be seen that the helminths presented morphology compatible with the family Oligacanthorhynchidae and genus Oncicola, since they had a globous body in the anterior region, a spherical proboscis with six rows of hooks, a proboscis receptacle on a single wall, inserted into the base of the proboscis, and presence of a cerebral ganglion. It was also observed that the males had cement glands. However, it was difficult to quantify the number of cement glands. This fact also reported by Yamaguti (1963). Oncicola hooks were strongly attached to the mucosa of the small intestine of the felid. This characteristic was similar to what was described by Richardson (2013) and Núñez & Drago (2017). Through histopathology it was possible to confirm the proboscis’ deep insertion in tissues, reaching the muscle layer. Unfortunately, through histopathology it was not possible to characterize the inflammatory cells in the most of the tissue, because of the autolysis process. The autolysis process occurred because the carcass was found at random in a Conservation Unit by a person, who had no experience in forensic analysis, so it is not known how long the carcass was exposed in the environment. This type of situation ends up being a reality evidenced in studies with wild animals in free living, highlighting the importance and rarity of the information that is generated with this type of material. The eggs found in the present study had a delicate clear external shell membrane. This was morphologically similar to what was described by Yamaguti (1963) for the genus Oncicola and by Santos et al. (2017) and Fuller & Nickol (2011) for the species O. venezuelensis, which were reported infecting, an ocelot in Piauí, Brazil, and a feral cat in the U.S. Virgin Islands, respectively. In addition, tubular lemnisci were observed extending to the posterior trunk where they tapered and rolled up. Not much is known about the importance of lemnisci, but these structures may have a function relating to transportation of fluids to the proboscis, with importance in the hydraulic system for its eversion (Núñez & Drago, 2017). In the present study, the lemnisci were long: around 9700 µm in males and 10000 µm in females. They occupied a large portion of the parasite’s body. Fuller & Nickol (2011) also reported similar measurement for lemnisci in O. venezuelensis, of around 10000 µm. According to Marteau (1977), few authors have reported measurements on lemnisci in species of the genus Oncicola. Nonetheless, this structure is fundamental in microscopy for classifying this parasite. This author provided the first description of O. venezuelensis infecting L. pardalis in Venezuela and also reported characteristics of the lemnisci that were similar to what was found in the present study, with compatible length measurements of around 10000 to 12000 µm. Measurements of the proboscis were compatible with described by Santos et al. (2017) and Marteau (1977), who reported that the proboscis was around 500 to 550 µm in length by 600 to 620 µm in width. However, measurements the proboscis of specimens from wild felids in Brazil, both in Rio de Janeiro and in Piauí, as well as from an ocelot in Venezuela, were slightly bigger than those from worms infecting feral cats in the United States by Fuller & Nickol (2011). Changes in biometry of worms may be related to geographical locations and hosts species (Barbosa et al., 2017). Morphological examination of our specimens suggested that they might belong to the species O. venezuelensis. In order to ensure correct identification and study the phylogenetic interrelationships of these specimens we performed a molecular analysis using universal eukaryote primers that amplified the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region (Chen et al., 2010). In general, the sequence analyzed was within the Acanthocephala group next to Macracanthorhynchus, a genus that is also inserted into the same Oncicola family, Oligacanthorhynchidae. The sequence analyzed showed 99% identity with the species O. venezuelensis. The high branch support in the phylogenetic tree as well as the pairwise comparison evidence confirmed the identity of our specimens as O. venezuelensis. The histopathological analysis on the tissues showed that the parasites were strongly attached to the deep tissue layers of the small intestine. In some places, they were surrounded by collagenous tissue, thus suggesting chronic infection. Despite the strong insertion of the parasite in the host tissue with the proboscis, in this report it was not possible to characterize the inflammatory cells, since the tissue was already very autolyzed, since the feline carcass was found in the environment for an undetermined period of the time. Although this finding is rare, Núñez & Drago (2017) emphasized that when high parasite loads are present, acanthocephalans may cross the intestinal wall, thus causing the death of the host, since they carry bacteria that can reach the peritoneal cavity. This is the second report of O. venezuelensis in Brazil. However, this is the first description of this infection in P. concolor. It is important to emphasize that the number of nucleotide sequences in the phylum Acanthocephala deposited in GenBank remains very small. This is especially so regarding the genus Oncicola, which draws attention to the need to conduct molecular studies to phylogenetically validate the 24 species of Oncicola, which have only been reported through morphological descriptions. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the National Park of Serra dos Órgãos, the University Center of Serra dos Órgãos and the Primatology Center of the State of Rio de Janeiro for supplying the helminths and tissues, which were fundamental for conducting this study. How to cite: Palmer JPS, Dib LV, Lobão LF, Pinheiro JL, Ramos RCF, Uchoa CMA, et al. Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1977) (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in Puma concolor in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2020; 29(3): e009620. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612020046 References Amin OM Classification of the Acanthocephala Folia Parasitol 2013 60 4 273 305 http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2013.031 24261131. Amin OM. Classification of the Acanthocephala. 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