Parasitism of <i>Arapaima gigas</i> (Schinz, 1822) in fish farms of the state of Amazonas, Brazil

Gama, Marilson Farias; Porto, Daniel Brito; Anjos, Hélio Daniel Beltrão dos; Brandão, Franmir Rodrigues; Jerônimo, Gabriela Tomas; Maciel-Honda, Patricia Oliveira; Chagas, Edsandra Campos

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612022064

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 31 (4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612022064 copy

Parasitism of Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) in fish farms of the state of Amazonas, Brazil

Parasitismo de Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) em pisciculturas do estado do Amazonas, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the parasites occurrences and to determine the rates of infestation/parasitic infection in juvenile Arapaima gigas from seven fish farms in the state of Amazonas, relating to the characteristics of these fish farms. Of the 70 A. gigas evaluated, 43 were infested/infected, with a total of 133 parasites collected. Three fish farms (2, 4, 6) showed the highest levels of prevalence of parasites (100%, 70%, 70%), mean intensity (4.1±2.6, 8.1±9.2, and 2.1±1.3), and mean abundance (4.1±2.6, 5.7±8.1, and 1.5±1.5), respectively. Prevalence ranged from 30% to 100%, mean intensity from 1.0 to 8.1 and mean abundance from 0.3 to 5.7. Monogenea, Digenea, Nematoda (Hysterothylacium sp. and Spirocamallanus sp.) and Acanthocephala (Neoechinorhynchus sp. and Polyacanthorhynchus sp.) were identified. The parasites Hysterothylacium sp. and Neoechinorhynchus sp. were the most prevalent parasites with 31.43% and 15.71%, respectively. The fish presented negative allometry in growth and constant condition factor. Measures to prevent and control the parasitic diseases diagnosed are discussed as well prophylactic practices that contribute to the biosecurity of the farms.

Keywords:
Management practices; fish parasites; pirarucu; paiche; fish farming

Fish	Geographical coordinates	Structure	Area (ha)	Water	Phase	Food
1	03º13'54.10”S	Pond and nursery	0.3	Spring and well	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase	Breeders: live forage fish; Juveniles: zooplankton, brine shrimp and feed
1	60º39'26.62”W	Pond and nursery	0.6	Spring and well	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase
2	03°18'37.98”S	Pond	56.7	River	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase	Breeders: gutted and frozen forage fish; Juveniles: zooplankton.
2	60°35'34.26”W	Pond	56.7	River	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase
3	03º09'31.08”S	Pond and nursery	8	Spring	Reproduction, larviculture, first and second growout phase	Breeders: live forage fish; Juveniles: zooplankton, brine shrimp and feed
3	60º44'32.86”W	Pond and nursery	216.1	Spring	Reproduction, larviculture, first and second growout phase
4	03°16'31.90”S	Pond	1.5	Spring	Reproduction and larviculture	Breeders: live forage fish; Juveniles: zooplankton, brine shrimp and feed
4	60°28'52.50”W	Pond	1.5	Spring	Reproduction and larviculture
5	03°06'07.18”S	Nursery	1.73	Well	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase	Breeders: live forage fish; Juveniles: zooplankton, brine shrimp and feed
5	60°45'30.10”W	Nursery	1.73	Well	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase
6	03°18'54.00”S	Pond	56.7	River	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase	Breeders: gutted and frozen forage fish; Juveniles: zooplankton
6	60°35'07.30”W	Pond	56.7	River	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase
7	03°13'35.40”S	Nursery	2.49	River	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase	Breeders: gutted and frozen forage fish and feed; Juveniles: ground fish
7	60°26'47.01”W	Nursery	2.49	River	Reproduction, larviculture and first growout phase

Fish farm	Wt (g) ± SD	Lt (cm) ± SD	Kn ± SD	P (%)	MI ± SD	MA ± SD	N	Taxa
1	1.56 ± 0.14 ^b	6.54 ± 0.23 ^b	1.01 ± 0.10	60	1.0 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.5	6	Acanthocephala
2	16.15 ± 0.88 ^a	14.02 ± 0.27 ^a	1.00 ± 0.01	100	4.1 ± 2.6	4.1 ± 2.6	41	Digenea and Nematoda, Acanthocephala
3	14.93 ± 0.31^a	12.88 ± 0.27 ^a	1.00 ± 0.00	40	1.0 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.5	4	Nematoda
4	32.13 ± 4.10 ^a	18.05 ± 0.86 ^a	1.00 ± 0.01	70	8.1 ± 9.2	5.7 ± 8.1	57	Nematoda
5	3.02 ± 0.47 ^b	8.83 ± 0.24 ^b	1.02 ± 0.18	30	1.0 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.5	3	Nematoda
6	1.77 ± 0.17 ^b	6.73 ± 0.47 ^b	1.03 ± 0.18	70	2.1 ± 1.3	1.5 ± 1.5	15	Monogenea and Nematoda, Acanthocephala
7	2.17 ± 0.66 ^b	6.65 ± 1.04 ^b	1.02 ± 0.19	60	1.2 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.7	7	Monogenea and Acanthocephala
Overall mean	10.2 ± 10.9	10.5 ± 4.2	1.02 ± 0.22	61.4	3.1 ± 4.4	1.9 ± 3.8	133

Parasite	P (%)	N	F (%)
Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda)	31.43	78	58.65
Neoechinorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala)	15.71	39	29.32
Polyacanthorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala)	8.57	6	4.51
Digenea gen. sp.	5.71	5	3.76
Dawestrema sp. (Monogenea)	5.71	4	3.01
Spirocamallanus sp. (Nematoda)	1.43	1	0.75
Total	68.56	133	100

Parasite	Parasitic indices	Fish farm
Parasite	Parasitic indices	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Dawestrema sp. (Monogenea)	P (%)	-	-	-	-	-	10.0	30.0
	MI ± SD	-	-	-	-	-	1.0 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0
	MA ± SD	-	-	-	-	-	0.10 ± 1.4	0.30 ± 0.7
Digenea gen. sp.	P (%)	-	10.0	-	-	-	-	-
	MI ± SD	-	2.0 ± 0.0	-	-	-	-	-
	MA ± SD	-	0.20 ± 2.6	-	-	-	-	-
Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda)	P (%)	-	10.0	40.0	70.0	30.0	60.0	-
	MI ± SD	-	1.0 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0	8.1 ± 9.2	1.0 ± 0.0	2.2 ± 1.5	-
	MA ± SD	-	0.1 ± 2.6	0.4 ± 0.5	5.7 ± 8.2	0.3 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 1.4	-
Spirocamallanus sp. (Nematoda)	P (%)	-	10.0	-	-	-	-	-
	MI ± SD	-	1.0 ± 0.0	-	-	-	-	-
	MA ± SD	-	0.1 ± 2.6	-	-	-	-	-
Neoechinorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala)	P (%)	-	90.0	-	-	-	10.0	10.0
	MI ± SD	-	4.1 ± 2.8	-	-	-	1.0 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0
	MA ± SD	-	3.7 ± 2.6	-	-	-	0.1 ± 1.4	0.1 ± 0.7
Polyacanthorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala)	P (%)	60.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
	MI ± SD	1.0 ± 0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-
	MA ± SD	0.6 ± 0.5	-	-	-	-	-	-

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: Edsandra Campos Chagas. E-mail: edsandra.chagas@embrapa.br