Water footprint analysis of temporary crops produced in São Carlos (SP), Brazil

Reis, Alan; Santos, Alessandra Campos dos; Anache, Jamil Alexandre Ayach; Mendiondo, Eduardo Mario; Wendland, Edson Cezar

doi:10.1590/2318-0331.252020200017

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Scientific/Technical Article • RBRH 25 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.252020200017 copy

Water footprint analysis of temporary crops produced in São Carlos (SP), Brazil

Análise da pegada hídrica das culturas temporárias produzidas no município de São Carlos/SP

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to evaluate the water footprint (WF) of temporary crops produced in the municipality of São Carlos, Brazil, between 2004 and 2017. The WF calculation was developed following the Water Footprint Network approach (WFN) and using CROPWAT model. The results were compared with the world averages and other studies that analyzed the same crops. We applied statistical tests to verify data behavior over the years and calculated correlation coefficients between WF components and crop yields. The results indicated low values of total WF for sugarcane (total average of 166.2 m³ ton^-1) and tomato (total average of 97.2 m³ ton^-1), while rice (total average of 5212.4 m³ ton^-1) and groundnut (total average of 3865.8 m³ ton^-1) showed the opposite. In general, WF components do not follow a monotonic trend, a normal distribution can be assumed and there is a statistically significant difference when comparing our findings with global mean values. These results ratify the importance of local WF studies, especially in Brazil, considering its importance in global agricultural market and the respective use of water resources.

Keywords:
Water security; Agricultural production; Water scarcity; Water use

C	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
1	23867	24220	23867	23000	23000	38084	37943
	83.7% / 20.99%	85.4% / 21.30%	85.5% / 20.99%	87.2% / 20.23%	87.0% / 20.23%	94.0% / 33.5%	98.1% / 33.37%
2	3580	3080	3580	2900	3000	2000	300
	12.6% / 3.15%	10.9% / 2.71%	12.8% / 3.15%	10.4% / 2.55%	11.3% / 2.64%	4.94% / 1.76%	0.78% / 0.26%
3	1000	1000	400	400	400	400	400
	3.51% / 0.88%	3.52% / 0.88%	1.43% / 0.35%	1.43% / 0.35%	1.51% / 0.35%	0.99% / 0.35%	1.03% / 0.35%
4	10	15	15	12	12	9	9
	0.04% / 0.01%	0.05% / 0.01%	0.05% / 0.01%	0.04% / 0.01%	0.05% / 0.05%	0.02% / 0.01%	0.02% / 0.01%
5	9	6	9	9	9	9	9
	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.02% / 0.01%	0.02% / 0.01%
6	25	25	25	25	25	---	---
	0.09% / 0.02%	0.09% / 0.02%	0.09% / 0.02%	0.09% / 0.02%	0.09% / 0.02%
7	30	30	20	20	---	---	---
	0.11% / 0.03%	0.07% / 0.02%	0.07% / 0.02%	0.07% / 0.02%
8	---	---	---	---	---	---	---

T	28521	28376	27916	26366	26446	40502	38661
	100% / 25.09%	100% / 24.96%	83.7% / 24.55%	100% / 20.99%	100% / 23.26%	100% / 35.62%	83.7% / 34.00%
C	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
1	38084	32967	32967	32500	34500	35000	35000
	98.0% / 33.50%	91.6% / 29.00%	91.25% / 29.00%	91.27% / 28.59%	86.32% / 30.34%	91.96% / 30.78%	91.32% / 30.78%
2	350	2500	2700	1900	1700	1500	1800
	0.90% / 0.31%	6.94% / 2.20%	7.47% / 2.37%	5.34% / 1.67%	4.25% / 1.50%	3.94% / 1.32%	4.70% / 1.58%
3	400	500	400	700	700	1500	1500
	1.03% / 0.35%	1.39% / 0.44%	1.11% / 0.35%	1.97% / 0.62%	1.75% / 0.62%	3.94% / 1.32%	3.91% / 1.32%
4	12	12	12	10	10	12	10
	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%
5	12	10	25	30	38	30	15
	0.03% / 0.01%	0.03% / 0.01%	0.07% / 0.02%	0.08% / 0.03%	0.10% / 0.03%	0.08% / 0.03%	0.04% / 0.01%
6	25	20	20	20	20	20	---
	0.06% / 0.02%	0.06% / 0.02%	0.06% / 0.02%	0.06% / 0.02%	0.05% / 0.02%	0.05% / 0.02%
7	---	---	5	---	---	---	---
			0.01% / 0.004%
8	---	---	---	450	3000	---	---
				1.26% / 0.40%	7.51% / 2.64%
T	38883	36009	36129	35610	39968	38062	38325
	100% / 34.20%	100% / 31.67%	100% / 31.78%	100% / 31.32%	100% / 35.15%	100% / 33.48%	100% / 33.71%

Crop	Planting order	Plant date	Harvest date	Stage (days)
1	----	01/09	31/08	365
2	1st planting	01/09	03/01	125
2	2nd planting	01/02	05/06	125
3	----	01/11	24/01	85
4	----	01/02	25/06	145
5	----	01/09	29/03	210
6	----	01/10	28/01	120
7	1st planting	01/09	19/12	110
	2nd planting	01/01	20/04	110
	3rd planting	01/05	18/08	110
8	1st planting	01/09	08/01	130
8	2nd planting	01/02	08/06	130

Crop	Fertilizer application rate considered (kg/ha)
1. Sugarcane	87.5
2. Maize	60
3. Soybeans	10
4. Tomato	92.5
5. Cassava	30
6. Rice	85
7. Beans	105
8. Groundnut	13

Source: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (2019aEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2019a). Cultivo de tomate para industrialização. Retrieved in 2019, January 15, from https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Tomate/TomateIndustrial_2ed/plantio.htm
https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrap... , 2020aEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2020a). Correção e adubação da cana-de-açúcar. Retrieved in 2020, April 15, from https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/cana-de-acucar/arvore/CONTAG01_6_711200516715.html
https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/ge... , 2020bEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2020b). Adubação mineral (nitrogênio) do milho. Retrieved in 2020, April 15, from https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/milho/arvore/CONTAG01_47_168200511159.html
https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/ge... , 2020cEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2020c). Fixação biológica de nitrogênio na cultura da soja na Região do Cerrado. Retrieved in 2020, April 15, from https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-solucoes-tecnologicas/-/produto-servico/2394/fixacao-biologica-de-nitrogenio-na-cultura-da-soja-na-regiao-do-cerrado
https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-solucoes... , 2020dEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2020d). Cultivo da mandioca: adubação. Retrieved in 2020, April 15, from https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Mandioca/mandioca_amapa/adubacao.htm
https://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrap... , 2020eEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2020e). Fertilização do solo (arroz). Retrieved in 2020, April 15, from https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/arroz/arvore/CONT000fessmgy502wx5eo0y53mhyvcjcebf.html
https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/ge... , 2020fEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2020f). Adubação (feijão). Retrieved in 2020, April 15, from https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Repositorio/CONTAG01_81_1311200215104.html
https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Re... , 2020gEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA. (2020g). Sistemas de produção Embrapa: sistema de produção de amendoim: fertilização e adubação. Retrieved in 2020, April 15, from https://www.spo.cnptia.embrapa.br/conteudo?p_p_id=conteudoportlet_WAR_sistemasdeproducaolf6_1ga1ceportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_-76293187_sistemaProducaoId=3803&p_r_p_-996514994_topicoId=3450
https://www.spo.cnptia.embrapa.br/conteu... ).

Crop	WF component	Global values			Brazil
Crop	WF component	Minimum	Mean	Maximum	Mean	SP State
1. Sugarcane	Green	11	139	10749	122	115
		Egypt – Al Minya		American Samoa
	Blue	0	57	507	5	4
		Indonesia - Papua		Nigeria - Jigawa
	Gray	0	13	266	10	10
		Zambia		Afghanistan - Badghis
	Total	11	209	11522	137	128
2. Maize	Green	33	947	21289	1621	1510
		Kuwait – Al’Asimah		Botswana - Southern
	Blue	0	81	8593	1	0
		Bangladesh – Chittagong		Sudan – An Nil al Azraq
	Gray	0	194	5316	125	113
		Central African Republic – Haut Mbombou		Dominica
	Total	33	1222	35198	1746	1622
3. Soybeans	Green	208	2037	36975	2181	2114
		Egypt – Al Buhayrah		Tajikistan - Kulyab
	Blue	0	70	161176	1	1
		Russian Federation		Tajikistan - Khudzhand
	Gray	0	37	89528	15	14
		Pakistan		Tajikistan – Kulyab
	Total	208	2144	287680	2197	2129
4. Tomato	Green	0.1	108	3234	68	71
		Brunei Darussalam		Somalia - Banaadir
	Blue	0	63	1777	19	14
		Zimbabwe - Midlands		Somalia – Shabeellaha Dhexe
	Gray	0	43	474	7	7
		Zambia		Cuba – Ciudad de la Habana
	Total	0.1	214	5486	94	92
5. Cassava	Green	47	550	3685	433	476
		Saint Lucia		Cayman Islands – G. Cayman
	Blue	0	0	459	1	0
		Brazil - Amazonas		Niger - Agadez
	Gray	0	13	267	17	14
		Tanzania - Kilmanjaro		Guyana – M.-Berbice
	Total	47	564	4412	451	490
6. Rice	Green	49	1146	8822	1943	2222
		Egypt – Al Qalyubiyah		Brunei - Temburong
	Blue	0	341	7405	356	96
		Ecuador – Mor. Santiago		Iraq - Maysan
	Gray	0	187	2145	104	107
		Central African Republic – Haut Mbombou		Kyrgyztan – Jalal-Abad
	Total	49	1673	18372	2403	2425
7. Beans	Green	234	3945	12362	2761	2039
		Libya – Al Jufrah		India – Daman and Diu
	Blue	0	125	4771	62	54
		Bangladesh - Chittagong		Cyprus - Kyrenia
	Gray	0	983	19259	440	225
		Ethiopia		United States - Nevada
	Total	234	5053	36392	3264	2318
8. Groundnut	Green	72	2469	14267	2777	2815
		Israel - HaMerkaz		Angola - Zaire
	Blue	0	150	8956	3	1
		Myanmar – Chin State		Sudan – Janub Darfur
	Gray	0	163	3931	12	12
		Venezuela		Namibia - Luderitz
	Total	72	2782	27154	2793	2828

Crop	$W F_{g r e e n}$	$W F_{b l u e}$	$W F_{g r a y}$	$W F_{t o t a l}$
1. Sugarcane	109.8 ± 7.6 ^a	45.9 ± 13.1 ^a	10.5 ± 0.3 ^a	166.2 ± 9.4^{a a}
2. Maize	1203.4 ± 234.3	395.5 ± 178.4 ^b	124.0 ± 26.6	1722.8 ± 392.2^{b b}
3. Soybeans	1127.1 ± 274.3	118.0 ± 84.3 ^ab	38.9 ± 8.7	1284.1 ± 317.4^{b b}
4. Tomato	56.2 ± 15.4 ^a	23.0 ± 16.0 ^a	18.0 ± 5.8 ^a	97.2 ± 32.2^a
5. Cassava	317.5 ± 35.9 ^a	19.5 ± 18.4 ^a	18.6 ± 2.2 ^a	355.7 ± 41.3^{a a}
6. Rice	2546.7 ± 312.5	2217.9 ± 538.2 ^c	447.9 ± 54.3	5212.4 ± 740.9
7. Beans	5524.3 ± 1018.7	2220.0 ± 676.1 ^c	840.0 ± 78.3	8584.4 ± 692.4
8. Groundnut	2911.9 ± 515.2	894.5 ± 493.4	59.4 ± 10.5	3865.8 ± 1019.1

Crop	WF component	Statistical tests
		Shapiro-Wilk	Mann-Kendall		T-Student
		Shapiro-Wilk	Upward trend	Downward trend	T-Student

1	Green	> 0.1000	0.1622	0.8377	0.0000
	Blue	> 0.1000	0.4564	0.5436	0.0007
	Gray	> 0.1000	0.3920	0.6080	0.0000
	Total	> 0.1000	0.3712	0.6287	0.0000

2	Green	0.0270	0.7079	0.2920	Not applied
	Blue	> 0.1000	0.9227	0.0773	0.0000
	Gray	> 0.1000	0.8632	0.1368	0.0010
	Total	> 0.1000	0.8632	0.1368	0.0003

3	Green	0.0230	0.6692	0.3307	Not applied
	Blue	> 0.1000	0.4564	0.5436	0.0526
	Gray	< 0.0100	0.6291	0.3709	0.0000
	Total	0.0130	0.6692	0.3307	Not applied

4	Green	> 0.1000	0.7444	0.2556	0.0000
	Blue	> 0.1000	0.9601	0.0399	0.0000
	Gray	0.0270	0.9859	0.0140	Not applied
	Total	0.0340	0.8858	0.1142	Not applied

5	Green	> 0.1000	0.9813	0.0187	0.0000
	Blue	0.0440	0.1622	0.8378	Not applied
	Gray	> 0.1000	0.9910	0.0090	0.0000
	Total	> 0.1000	0.9601	0.0399	0.0000

6	Green	> 0.1000	Not applied		0.0000
	Blue	0.0550			0.0000
	Gray	> 0.1000			0.0000
	Total	> 0.1000			0.0000

7	Green	> 0.1000	Not applied		0.0260
	Blue	> 0.1000			0.0020
	Gray	> 0.1000			0.0000
	Total	0.0420			Not applied

Crop	$ρ (W F_{g r e e n} x γ)$	$ρ (W F_{b l u e} x γ)$	$ρ (W F_{g r a y} x γ)$	$ρ (W F_{t o t a l} x γ)$
1. Sugarcane	-0.1791	-0.3779	-0.9998	-0.6924
2. Maize	-0.9260	-0.6762	-0.9445	-0.9250
3. Soybeans	-0.9202	-0.4496	-0.9592	-0.9409
4. Tomato	-0.5618	-0.2873	-0.4544	-0.4938
5. Cassava	-0.9328	-0.1027	-0.9974	-0.9091
6. Rice	-0.7767	-0.7372	-0.9947	-0.9360
7. Beans	-0.8877	+0.4652	-1.0000	-0.9648
8. Groundnut	-1.0000	-1.0000	-1.0000	-1.0000

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[1] E-mails: alanreis.ar@gmail.com (AR), alecampos@usp.br (ACS), anache.jamil@gmail.com (JAAA), emm@sc.usp.br (EMM), ew@sc.usp.br (ECW)