Effect of an educational intervention on the breastfeeding technique on the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding

Souza, Tâmara Oliveira de; Morais, Thaize Estrela do Vale; Martins, Camilla da Cruz; Bessa Júnior, José de; Vieira, Graciete Oliveira

doi:10.1590/1806-93042020000100016

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant. 20 (1) • Jan-Mar 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042020000100016 linkcopy

Effect of an educational intervention on the breastfeeding technique on the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Covariates	Experimental Group		Control Group		p ^* * Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's test;
Covariates	n	%	n	%	p ^* * Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's test;
Characteristics of puerperae
Overweight or obesity^ Considering mothers who reported weight and height: 67 from the experimental group and 73 from the control group;	46	68.7	38	52.0	0.20
Mother with more than 9 years schooling	50	55.6	49	54.4	0.88
Couple living together	79	87.8	74	82.2	0.29
Household income > 1 minimum wage	31	41.9	39	48.8	0.39
Tobacco use	3	3.3	2	2.2	0.65
Vaginal delivery	60	66.7	50	55.6	0.12
Primiparity	43	47.8	38	42.2	0.45
Pre-natal carewith ≥ 6 visits	59	67.0	52	57.8	0.23
Guidance on breastfeeding technique in prenatal care	28	31.8	39	43.3	0.12
Guidance on the importance of breastfeeding in prenatal care	41	47.8	50	56.2	0.11
Participation in breastfeeding course in prenatal care	5	5.7	12	13.3	0.12
Has previous breastfeeding experience	44)	48.8	51	56.6	0.37
Mean breastfeeding time with previous children ≥ 6 months^* ***** Considering mothers whose first child was one year of age or older: 45 from the experimental group and 52 from the control group.	38	84.4	42	80.8	0.63
Breast engorgement in the maternity ward	3	3.3	2	2.2	0.66

Characteristics of the newborn
Female	49	54.4	50	55.6	0.88
Birth weight < 2500 grams	3	3.3	8	8.9	0.11
Use of pacifier in the maternity ward	4	4.4	5	5.6	0.73
Received supplementation in the maternity ward	3	3.4	2	2.2	0.64
Breastfed in the first hour after delivery	30	33.3	21	23.3	0.14

Covariates	Experimental Group		Control Group		p ^* * Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's test.
Covariates	n	%	n	%	p ^* * Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's test.
Mother-baby position
Mother with tense shoulders	4	4.5	10	11.4	0.090
Baby far from mother	7	7.9	27	30.7	<0.001
Unaligned baby (baby's neck twisted)	6	6.7	13	14.9	0.080
Chin does not touch the breast	3	3.4	28	31.8	<0.001
Baby not supported (only shoulder or head supported)	2	2.2	21	23.9	<0.001

Baby responses
No response to the breast	1	1.1	3	3.4	0.306
No search for breast	1	1.1	2	2.3	0.547
Baby is not interested in the breast	2	2.	2	2.3	0.982
Baby restless or crying	1	1.1	4	4.6	0.165
Baby does not keep a grip on the areola	2	2.2	24	27.6	<0.001
No sign of milk ejection	4	4.5	6	7.0	0.479

Emotional attachment
Nervous mother or holds the baby wobbly	0	-	2	2.3	0.153
No mother-baby eye contact	0	-	2	2.3	0.153
Mother and baby barely touch	9	10.1	22	25.0	0.009

Anatomy
Engorged breasts	0	-	3	3.4	0.079
Flat or inverted nipples	12	13.5	5	5.9	0.091
Breast tissue with cracks/redness	1	1.1	1	1.2	0.981
Breasts look stretched or drooping	1	1.1	2	2.3	0.554

Baby's grip
Mouth slightly open	7	7.9	20	22.7	0.006
Non-asymmetric grip (more areola below baby's mouth)	13	14.6	43	49.4	<0.001
Lower lip turned inward	13	14.6	37	42.0	<0.001

Suction
Just quick suctions with smacks	0	-	9	10.3	0.002
Loud noises are heard, but not swallowing	2	2.2	7	8.0	0.081

Suction time
> 15 minutes	34	38.2	29	33.7	0.537

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[TFN1] ^*
Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's test;

[TFN2] ^**
Considering mothers who reported weight and height: 67 from the experimental group and 73 from the control group;

[TFN3] ^***
Considering mothers whose first child was one year of age or older: 45 from the experimental group and 52 from the control group.