Gunther et al.,2424 Günther J, Hoffmann J, Spies M, Meyer D, Kunath J, Stecher L, Rosenfeld E, Kick L, Rauh K, Hauner H.Associations between the Prenatal Diet and Neonatal Outcomes-A Secondary Analysis of the Cluster-Randomised GeliS Trial. Nutrients. 2019. 13; 11 (8). pii: E1889. 2019, Germany |
Prospective cohort |
2,286/NM |
FFQ/Soft drinks intake, fast food, sweets and snacks |
Birth weight, LBW, weight at birth >4,000g, SGA and LGA/Measured |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, age, parity and agroup assignments. |
Up to the 12th gestational week: maternal daily consumption of a glass (200mL) of soda reduced birth weight in 10.90g (CI95% = -18.17--3.64; p=0.003). After the 29th gestational week: reduction of 8.19g (CI95% = -16.26--0.11; p=0.047) for each glass of soda.. |
Englund- Ogge et al.,88 Englund-Õgge L, Brantsæter AL, Juodakis J, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Jacobsson B, Sengpiel V. Associations between maternal dietary patterns and infant birth weight, small and large for gestational age in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019; 73 (9): 1270-82. 2019, Norway |
Prospective cohort |
65,904/NM |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
SGA, LGA and birth weight /Measured |
Maternal age, energy intake, pre-pregnancy BMI, height, parity, smoking, alcohol intake, total family income, level of schooling, chronic diseases and eating disorders (nausea during pregnancy). |
"High prudent" pattern: lowest birth weight (β=- 0.041; CI95%= -0.068--0.01 3), higher chances of SGA (OR=1.25; CI95%= 1.02-1.54) and lower chances of LGA (OR= 0.84; CI95%= 0.75-0.94), compared to "high Western" pattern. |
Alves-Santos et al.,55 Alves-Santos NH, Cocate PG, Benaim C, Farias DR, Emmett PM, Kac G J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019; 119 (9): 143951. 2019, Brazil |
Prospective cohort |
193/NM |
FFQ/ Dietary Pattern |
LGA and birth length >percentile 90/Measured |
Maternal age, smoking, alcohol intake, level of schooling, first- trimester leisure time physical activity. |
"Fast food and candies"pattern: higher chances of LGA (OR = 4.38; CI95%= 1.32-14.48) and birth lenght >percentile 90 (OR=4.81; CI95% = 1.77-13.07). |
Gomez Roig et al.,2525 Gómez Roig MD, Mazarico E, Ferrero S, Montejo R, Ibáñez L, Grima F, Vela A. Differences in dietary and lifestyle habits between pregnant women with small fetuses and appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2017; 43 (7): 1145-51. 2017, Spain |
Cross-sectional |
127 / 31.10 (0.38) |
FFQ/Intake of colabased soft drinks |
SGA and AGA/ Measured |
Smoking |
Higher cola-based soft drinks intake among the mothers of group SGA (p=0.004) and cola-based diet soft drinks among the mothers of group AGA (p=0.03). |
Grundt et al.,2222 Grundt JH, Eide GE, Brantsaeter AL, Haugen M, Markestad T. Is consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks during pregnancy associated with birth weight? Matern Child Nutr. 2017; 13 (4): e12405. 2017, Norway |
Prospective cohort |
50,280/NM |
FFQ/Sweetened carbonated soft drinks |
Birth weight and birth weight >4,500g/ Measured |
Maternal height, prepregnancy BMI, age, pa rity, level of schooling, income, exercise, smoking, volume of alcohol intake per occasion prior to pregnancy, intake of artificially sweetened beverages, natural birth and baby's birth year, gestational diabetes, glycosuria, preeclampsia and hypertension. |
Intake of 100mL of sweetened carbonated soft drinks: reduction of 7.8g (CI95% = -10.3--5.3) in birth weight and lower chances of birth weight >4,500g (OR = 0.94; CI95%= 0.90-0.97). |
Martin et al.,17 201 6, United States |
Prospective cohort |
389/NM |
FFQ/ Dietary Pattern |
BMI/A z-score/ Measured |
Maternal age, race, level of education, income, marital status, parity, smoking and prepregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy diabetes, chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension. |
No association between the "latent class1" pattern (mostly contains ultra-processed foods) on pregnancy and z-score of birth BMI/A, 6 months and 1 year [(β=-0.12 (CI95%= -0.39-0.14); β = 0.05 (CI95%= -0.23-0.34); β = 0.03 (CI95%= -0.24-0.30, respectively) compared to pattern 2 (mostly contains in natura and minimally processed food). |
Abubakari e Jahn,2626 Abubakari A, Jahn A. Maternal Dietary Patterns and Practices and Birth Weight in Northern Ghana.PLoS One. 2016. 9; 11 (9): e0162285. 2016, Gana |
Cross-sectional |
578/NM |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
Birth weight/ Measured |
Gestational age |
Non-healthly conscious diet" pattern: no association with birth weight [OR=1.04; CI95% = 0.65-1.67; p=0.95] |
Azad et al.,2727 Azad MB, Sharma AK, Souza RJ, Dolinsky VW, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR. Association between artificially sweetened beverage consumption during pregnancy and infant bodymass index. JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 170 (7): 662-70. 2016, Canada |
Prospective cohort |
3,033/32.50 (4.60) |
FFQ/Artificially sweetened beverages and sugar-sweetened beverages |
BMI/A in z-score/Measured |
Maternal BMI, maternal energy intake, points at bhealthy eating index, level of schooling, smoking and gestational diabetes, breastfeeding duration, baby's sex, introduction to solid foods before 4 months old. |
Daily intake of artificially sweetened beverages: higher z-scores of BMI/A (βa = 0.2 2; CI95% = 0.02-0.41) and intake of sugar-sweetened beverages: no association with BM I/A in z-score (βa=0.07; CI95%= -0.06-0.19), both 1 year, for daily consumers vs non-consumers. |
Colón-Ramos et al.,1818 Colón-Ramos U, Racette SB, Ganiban J, Nguyen TG, Kocak M, Carroll KN, Võlgyi E, Tylavsky FA. Association between Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Birth Size Measures in a Diverse Population in Southern US. Nutrients. 2015. 16; 7 (2): 1318-32. 2015, United States |
Prospective cohort |
1,151/NM |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
Birth weight birth and length W/A, length by age, weight/ length and head circunference/Measured |
Age, race, pre-pregnancy BMI, level of schooling, alcohol intake, gestational weight gain. |
"Processed" pattern: no association with birth outcomes (p>0.05). |
Moss and Harris,1919 Moss JL, Harris KM. Impact of maternal and paternal preconception health on birth outcomes using prospective couples' data in Add Health. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015; 291 (2): 287-98. 2014, United States |
Prospective cohort |
372/24.40 (0.25) |
Questionnaire elaborated by the authors/Fast food consumption |
Birth weight /Self- reported |
Age, race, level of education, wellness feeling, immigrant or not, baby's sex, trimester in which started prenatal, parity, period between the interview and the conception and marital status. |
Fast food consumption during pregnancy: no association with birth weight (p=0.93). |
Grieger et al.,2323 Grieger JA, Grzeskowiak LE, Clifton VL.Preconception dietary patterns in human pregnancies are associated with preterm delivery. J Nutr. 2014; 144 (7): 1075-80. 2014, Australia |
Cross-sectional |
309/26.60 (5.40) |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
LBW, SGA, birth length/N M |
Maternal age, maternal BMI, smoking, socioeconomic status, presence of asthma, parity and ethnicity. |
"high-fat/sugar/takeaway" pattern: no association with LBW and SGA (p>0.05). Incresase of 1 SD in the points of this standard: shorter birth length (βa=- 0.5cm; CI95%= -0.8--0.1; p=0.004) compared to the other patterns |
Wen et al.,1111 Wen LM, Simpson JM, Rissel C, Baur LA. Maternal "junk food" diet during pregnancy as a predictor of high birthweight: findings from the healthy beginnings trial. Birth. 2013; 40 (1): 46-51. 2013, Australia |
Prospective cohort |
368/NM |
FFQ/Frequent intake of foods from the "junk food" pattern |
Birth weight >4,000g / Measured |
Maternal nutritional status (normal weight, underweight, overweight, obesity) and gestational age. |
"Junk food" pattern during pregnancy: mothers who did not follow this pattern were less willing to have a newborn weighing >4,000g (OR=0.36; CI95%= 0.14-0.91; p=0.03) compared to those who did. |
Bouwland-Both et al.,2828 Bouwland-Both MI, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Vujkovic M, Lesaffre EMEH, Mook-Kanamori DO, Hofman A, Lindemans J, Russcher H, Jaddoe VWV, Steegers EAP. A periconceptional energy-rich dietary pattern is associated with early fetal growth: the Generation R study. BJOG. 2013; 120 (4): 435-45. 2012, Netherlands |
Prospective cohort |
847/31.70 (4.0) |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
Birth weight/Measured |
Duration of the last menstrual cycle, maternal age, maternal and paternal height and BMI, baby's sex, parity, level of schooling, smoking, folic acid supplementation, diastolic and systolic blood pressure average, and ccrown-rump length of the fetus. |
"Energy-rich dietary"pattern:no association with birth weight [β=0.02; CI95% = -0.05-0.09)]. . |
Phelan et al.,2020 Phelan S, Hart C, Phipps M, Abrams B, Schaffner A, Adams A, Wing R. Behaviors during pregnancy impact offspring obesity risk. Exp Diabetes Res. 2011; 2011: 985139. 2011, United States |
Prospective cohort |
363/NM |
FFQ/Intake of soft drinks and sweets |
W/A, LGA and birth weight >4.000g / Measured |
Baby's sex, intervention and control group, gestational age, drecruiting clinic, gestational weight gain. The analyses at 6 months old were additionally adjusted by breastfeeding. |
Overweight/Obese mothers: higher % of kcal from sweets during pregnancy: higher birth W/A (β=0.19; p= 0.004), higher chance of birth weight >4,000g (OR = 1.1; CI95%= 1.0-1.2; p=0.004), LGA (OR=1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.3; p=0.002) and higher W/A at 6 months (β=0.30; p=0.002). Normal weight mothers: higher intake of soft drinks: higher birth W/A(β=0.16; p=0.04). |
Thompson et al.,2929 Thompson JM, Wall C, Becroft DM, Robinson E, Wild CJ, Mitchell EA. Maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy and the association with small-for-gestational-age infants. Br J Nutr. 2010; 103 (11): 1665-73. 2010, New Zealand |
Cross-sectional |
1,714/NM |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
SGA/ Measured |
Gestational age, baby's sex, smoking during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy height and weight, parity, ethnicity and maternal hypertension.. |
"Junk food" pattern: no association with SGA (OR = 1.01; CI95%= 0.88-1.17). |
Northstone et al.,3030 Northstone K, Ness AR, Emmett PM, Rogers IS. Adjusting for energy intake in dietary pattern investigations using principal components analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr.2008; 62 (7): 931-8. 2008, England |
Prospective cohort |
12,053/NM |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
Birth weight/Measured |
Energy intake |
"Processed" and "confectionery"patterns: no association with birth weight: [β=0.09; 95% CI - 0.67-0.85) and β= -0.42; CI95%= -1.21-0.38, respectively]. |
Wolff et al.,2121 Wolff CB, Wolff HK. Maternal eating patterns and birth weight of Mexican American infants. Nutr Health. 1995; 10 (2): 121-34. 1995, United States |
Prospective cohort |
549/24.20 (5.40) |
FFQ/Dietary Pattern |
Birth weight/Self- reported |
NM |
Nutrient Dilute" pattern: no association with birth weight (p=0.05). |